air purification technology overview
TRANSCRIPT
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Air Purification Technology
Overview
Air Purification Technology
Overview
Presented by
Christopher J. Karwacki
Co-Authors: Michael Parham, Greg Peterson,
Alex Balboa, Cheri Borruso, John Mahle
Chemical Biological Radiological Filtration Team
Research & Technology Directorate
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
COLLECTIVE PROTECTION (COL PRO) 2005 CONFERENCE
MONTEREY CALIFORNIA, 21-23 JUNE 2005
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AP TECHNOLOGIESAP TECHNOLOGIES
Single Pass Filtration w/ Optimized Adsorbents Regenerative Filtration (Regen)
ECBC Mission• Develop a Center of Excellence in respiratoryprotection through technology development, design,test, and evaluation of advanced air purificationtechnologies
• Develop test standards for technology selection,
integration and certification• Support the Warfighter/DHS in development programsincorporating air purification technologies
REDUCE PRESSURE,COOL, AND SPLIT
BED #1 BED #2
HIGH-PRESSUREFEED STREAM
PURGEDUMP
PRODUCT AIR
PURGE AIR
SWITCHINGVALVE #2
SWITCHINGVALVE #1
Advanced FilterSystems
Nanotubes
Zeolites
Fibers
Catalytic Reactor
Heat Exchanger
PTS
Heater
Contaminated Air
Less Toxic By-Products
Clean Air
Catalytic Oxidation (CatOx)
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ECBC PARTNERSHIPS &CUSTOMERS
ECBC PARTNERSHIPS &CUSTOMERS
ACE
DARPA
DHSEPA
JECP
JPEO – CBD
JSTO – DTRA
OSHA/NIOSH
NSWC
NIST
PM-IP
PM-COLPRO
PM EFV
PM FCS
PM Guardian
TSWG
•Concept Exploration
•AP Technology Development
•Material/System Modeling
•Application Requirements
•AP Selection and Integration
•Standards for Qualification and Certification
Air Purification Technology Development
Reaching Out to The Community
•CRADAs•MOU
•Proposals
•Publications
•Conference Presentations
•Patents
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SINGLE PASS FILTRATIONPRINCIPLES
SINGLE PASS FILTRATIONPRINCIPLES
Dust/fines filter
HEPA Filter
Adsorbent filter
Adsorbent RequirementsAdsorbent Requirements
TEDA
CuSO4, H+
ZnO
Microporosity for physical adsorption
Pore distribution that can support reactants
Basic sites for removal of acid gases
Acid sites for removal of base-forming and basic gases
Access to reactive sites when adsorbed water is present
C
Bed Depth0 1
MTZ
Zone
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SINGLE PASS FILTRATIONDESIGN-LIMITING CHEMICALS
SINGLE PASS FILTRATIONDESIGN-LIMITING CHEMICALS
33
TIC’s
4 Cyanides/Cyanates
5 Basic/Base-forming
14 Acidic/Acid-forming
2 Nitrogen Oxides
1 Hydride
2 Aldehydes/Ketones
1 Strongly
Physically
Adsorbed
1 Marginally
Physically
Adsorbed
Inadequately
Physically
Adsorbed
2 Epoxides
Select
Performance-
Limiting
Chemicals
30 Chemical
Reaction
Required
1 No Clear
Reaction
Mechanism
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BFBF--38 Impregnated38 Impregnated ZeoliteZeolite
SINGLE PASS FILTRATIONNOVEL TIC FILTRATION MEDIA
SINGLE PASS FILTRATIONNOVEL TIC FILTRATION MEDIA
KRMKRM ZeoliteZeolite
Target Chemicals: AmmoniaEthylene Oxide
Target Chemicals: Fuming Nitric Acid
Nitrogen Dioxide
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9
Time, min
[ N O ] , m g / m 3
0.2 cm KRM-623
0.3 cm KRM-623
0.4 cm KRM-623
0.5 cm KRM-623
Filter:
KRM-623 (inlet)
2.0 cm ASZM-T (outlet)
[NO2] = 375 mg/m3
9.6 cm/s Velocity
12 x 30 Mesh
Pre-humidified, 80% RH
0
.5
1
.5
2
.5
3
.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time, min
1.0 cm deep
1.5 cm deep
2.0 cm deep2.5 cm deep
Inlet: 2.0 cm ASZM-TEDA
Outlet: BF-38-3S
[EO] = 1,000 mg/m3
9.6 cm/s Velocity12 x 30 Mesh
Pre-Humidified, 80% RH
OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE: Develop adsorbents to improve filtration of representative TICs
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SINGLE PASS FILTRATIONCOLPRO APPLICATIONS
SINGLE PASS FILTRATIONCOLPRO APPLICATIONS
Novel COLPRO Filter Designs
FLOW
FLOW
ANNULUS
B e d
H e
i g h t
Adsorbent Bed OD
Adsorbent Bed ID
HEPA FILTER
BF-38
ASZM-TEDA
KRM
Ammonia, Ethylene oxide
CWA,
Acidic/Acid-forming gasesNitrogen dioxide
Filter Composition
4.3 cmExitBF-38-3S
5.2 cmMiddle ASZM-TEDA1.5 cmInletKRM-623
Bed DepthLayer/PositionMaterial
15,500Nitrogen Dioxide
112,000Ethylene Oxide
48,000 Ammonia
76,000Sulfur Dioxide
226,000Phosgene (CG)
62,000Cyanogen Chloride (CK)
45,000Hydrogen Cyanide (AC)
215,000DMMP
Estimated Performance
(mg-min/m3)Chemical
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CATALYTIC OXIDATIONBROAD THREAT PROTECTION
CATALYTIC OXIDATIONBROAD THREAT PROTECTION
• Catalytic Oxidation converts chemical vaporthreats into carbon dioxide, water, and less toxicacid by-products.
• The catalyst monolith reactor is an establishedindustrial technology.
• Combined with a post treatment system toremove acid gases, CatOx offers:
– Broad threat protection
– Low maintenance
– Destruction of chemical threats
• Drawbacks of technology
– Catalyst operates at a high temperature (200-400°C)
– Uses a recuperative heat exchanger which heats upincoming contaminated air with clean hot air.
• Design Drivers
– Activity: What temperature is required for the desiredlevel of chemical destruction?
– Selectivity: What level of undesired by-products aregenerated at the operating temperature? What is thepost treatment strategy?
– Durability: How much loading of P, As, Se, B, Br canoccur before activity decreases?
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CATALYTIC OXIDATIONPROGRESS AT ECBC
CATALYTIC OXIDATIONPROGRESS AT ECBC
• Partners
– Honeywell
– Guild Associates
• Commercial Catalyst
Screening
• Lab scale catalystreactor studies
• 50 SCFM
Demonstrator Test
and Evaluation• System Application
Studies
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CATALYTIC OXIDATIONSYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
CATALYTIC OXIDATIONSYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
• Catalyst
– Operating temperature drives energyutilization and determines burden onpost treatment system.
• Post Treatment System
– High temperature reactive adsorbent. – Ambient temperature water scrubbing.
– In both cases NOx is design limiting.
– All other compounds are more easilyremoved.
• Heater or waste heat utilization – Aggressive start up time requirements
will drive up the peak power demandand lead to infeasible heater or wasteheat exchanger designs.
– Start up time requirements of 30minutes are more reasonable.
• Recuperative heat exchangerdesign
– Operating temperature of catalyst willdrive material selection.
– Utilization of waste engine heat or
catalyst material improvements is alower risk power reduction strategy.
Catalytic Reactor
Heat Exchanger
PTS
Heater
Contaminated Air
Less Toxic By-Products
Clean Air
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• Regenerative Filtration cleans air by adsorption
– Adsorbent beds are regenerated by counter-current bypressurized or thermal purge.
• Regenerative Filtration is an establishedindustrial technology
• Regenerative Filtration offers:
– Broad threat protection
– Low maintenance
• Drawbacks of technology
– Higher energy consumption may limit its use to suitablewaste heat sources
– Mitigation of contaminant purge
• Design Drivers – Chemical Requirement: What chemicals need to be
removed and dosage
– Bed Size/Cycling/Energy: Energy available foroptimum pressurization
REGENERATIVE FILTRATIONBROAD THREAT PROTECTION
REGENERATIVE FILTRATIONBROAD THREAT PROTECTION
REDUCE PRESSURE,
COOL, AND SPLIT
BED #1 BED #2
HIGH-PRESSUREFEED STREAM
PURGEDUMP
PRODUCT AIR
PURGE AIR
SWITCHINGVALVE #2
SWITCHINGVALVE #1
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Maturation
– Adsorbents – Adsorption Equilibria has been measured for awide range of chemicals
– Bed Design – Sorbent type, layering, bed velocity
– Process Optimization – Cycling, temperature and purge
characterized to minimize energy
– Modeling – Process models matured and validated to for a
wide range of chemical requirements and operating conditions
REGENERATIVE FILTRATIONREGENERATIVE FILTRATION
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• System Testing and Validation
– Industry test stands 50 – 200 CFM
• Integration in Relevant Applications
– Abrams Tank, Shelter, EFV, FCS
• Standard Test Method Development
– Technical Readiness Evaluation – JSTO Test & Evaluation
REGENERATIVE FILTRATIONREGENERATIVE FILTRATION
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• Single AP technology will likely not be suitable for
all emerging requirements and applications
• Protection and application requirements must be
assessed against the capabilities of a particular AP
technology
– Energy per CFM
– Size and Weight per CFM
– Reduced Chemical threat – Critical Asset
TRADE-OFF ANALYSISTRADE-OFF ANALYSIS
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
• Major advances in key AP technologies (single-pass
filtration, regenerative filtration, catalytic
oxidation) show promise in meeting current and
emerging protection requirements
– Technology must provide BREATHABLE AIR
• TIC, CWA, NTA
– Technology must integrate effectively into application
• Energy Requirements
• Weight and Space Claim
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• ECBC - Michael Parham, Greg Peterson, Alex Balboa, Cheri Borruso,
John Mahle
• Domnick Hunter – Prof Rob Fielding
• Guild, Inc - Dr. Joseph Rossin
• Honeywell - Dr. Russell Johnson
• Hunter Manufacturing - Dr. David Friday
• New World Associates – Dr. Tom Van Doren