air quality monitoring in singapore. objectives of air quality monitoring programme of singapore...
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Air Quality Air Quality Monitoring In Monitoring In
SingaporeSingapore
Objectives Of Air Quality Monitoring Objectives Of Air Quality Monitoring Programme Of SingaporeProgramme Of Singapore
1) To assess the nature and magnitude of any air pollution problems
2) To monitor trends in the air quality so that timely policy decisions can be made to prevent air pollution episodes
3) To assess the adequacy and effectiveness of pollution control programmes
Air Monitoring Network Of SingaporeAir Monitoring Network Of Singapore
• Air Quality Monitoring started in 1972
• Telemetric Air Quality Monitoring and Management System (TAQMMS) was commissioned in 1994
• The network has 16 air quality monitoring stations which are linked via public telephone lines to a Central Control Station (CCS)
Air Monitoring Network Of SingaporeAir Monitoring Network Of Singapore
• 13 of the stations in the network are ambient stations
(a) Urban
(b) Industrial
(c) Suburban
• 3 are roadside stations
Air Monitoring Network Of SingaporeAir Monitoring Network Of Singapore
• The air monitoring stations are equipped with continuous automatic analysers for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM10) and hydrocarbon
• At selected stations, meteorological parameters like wind speed and direction, temperature and relative humility are also monitored
Air Monitoring Network Of SingaporeAir Monitoring Network Of Singapore
• The CCS is equipped with a sophisticated computer system which calls up the 16 stations at regular intervals for an immediate update of air quality data collected at the stations
• The computer system is equipped with an application software which can be used to give an accurate overview of the air quality using reports, graphs and maps plus modelling various air pollution scenarios
ROADSIDE
MODEM
CENTRAL CONTROL STATION
Telemetric AirQuality Monitoring
& ManagementSystem
SUB-URBAN
Remote Station
LEGEND
Central ControlStation at
Environment Bldg
URBANINDUSTRIAL
State of Johor
State of JohorState of Johor State of Johor
4
6
8
10
9
11
7
5
3
2
1
16
14
LOCATION OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONSLOCATION OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
15
ROADSIDE STATIONS
14 Southern EHDO15 National Museum16 Ngee Ann Polytechnic
AMBIENT STATIONS
Urban
1 Tanjong Katong Girls Sch2 Bishan ITE3 Environment Bldg4 Temasek Polytechnic5 Woodlands Sec Sch6 Stagmont Camp
Industrial
7 Singapore Science Centre8 Hong Kah Pri Sch9 Nanyang Technological
University
Suburban
10 Siglap Sec Sch11 Yishun ITE12 Kranji Reservoir13 Changi Airport
12
13
Method Of MeasurementMethod Of Measurement
PollutantsPollutants Method Of MeasurementMethod Of Measurement
Sulphur Dioxide Pulsed Fluorescence
Nitrogen Oxides Chemiluminescence
Ozone Ultraviolet Photometry
Carbon Monoxide Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy
Particulate Matter 1) Continuous Filter-Based Mass Measurement2) Beta Attenuation
Hydrocarbon Flame Ionisation Detection
Lead Hi-Volume Sampling followed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Ambient Air Quality StandardsAmbient Air Quality Standards
PollutantsPollutants Averaging TimeAveraging Time USEPA Primary Air USEPA Primary Air Quality StandardQuality Standard
WHO Long WHO Long Term GoalsTerm Goals
Sulphur Dioxide Annual Mean
24 Hours
80 µg/m3
365 µg/m3
50 µg/m3
125 µg/m3
Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Mean 100 µg/m3 40 µg/m3
Carbon Monoxide
1 Hour
8 Hours
40 mg/m3
10 mg/m3
30 mg/m3
10 mg/m3
Ozone 1 Hour
8 Hours
235 µg/m3
–
–
120 µg/m3
Particulate Matter (PM10)
Annual Mean
24 Hours
50 µg/m3
150 µg/m3
–
Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)
• The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) developed by the USEPA has been used to report daily air pollutant concentrations in Singapore since 1991
• The PSI converts the measured sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and particulate matter (PM10) concentration to a number on a scale of 0 to 500
Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)
• Intervals on the PSI scale are related to the potential health effects of the daily measured concentrations of the five major pollutants
• A PSI level in excess of 100 means that a pollutant is in the unhealthy range on a given day while a PSI level less than 100 means that the pollutant reading is in the satisfactory range
Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)
PSIPSI Air Quality DescriptorAir Quality Descriptor
0 to 50 Good
51 to 100 Moderate
101 to 200 Unhealthy
201 to 300 Very Unhealthy
301 and above Hazardous
75
25
77
23
68
32
4946
5
61
39
64
36
49 48
3
70
30
65
35
70
30
83
17
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% o
f D
ay
s
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Good Moderate Unhealthy
Air Quality Trends (1991-2001)Air Quality Trends (1991-2001)
Thank you.Thank you.