air-to-air air conditioners and heat pumps unep workshop on hydrofluorocarbons (hfc) management...
TRANSCRIPT
Air-to-air air conditioners and heat pumps
UNEP Workshop on hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) Management
UNCC, Bangkok, 20th – 21st April 2015
Dr Daniel [email protected]
Prof. Roberto [email protected]
Introduction
Types of air conditioners
Sectors and alternatives
Use in existing systems
High ambient issues
Hurdles
Introduction
AC, chillers and heat pumps
Chillers
Positive displace
Centrifugal
Heating only heat
pumps
Air-to-air ACs and
HPs
Split type
Ducted split
Residential
Commercial
Non-ducted single split Multisplit
VRF
Residential
Factory sealed
Packaged rooftop
Small self-contained
Portable
Window/ PTAC/ TTW
Options for new equipment
low GWP (<300)
HFC-152a, HFC-161, HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234ze(E), HCFC-1233zd, R-744, HC-290, HC-1270
medium GWP (300 – 1000)HFC-32, R-444B, R-446A, R447A, … etc
high GWP (>1000)HFC-134a, R-407C, R-410A
Small factory sealed AC
1kW 10 100 1000
2½–5kW
½–1 kg
Current (ODP)
R22Current (0 ODP)
R410A, R407C, R290
Options
R290, R32, R444B, R446A, R447A, etc
1kW 10 100 1000
Non-ducted single split AC
3 – 7 kW
1 – 1½ kg
Current (ODP)
R22Current (0 ODP)
R410A, R407C, R290, R32
Options
R290, R32, R444B, R446A, R447A, etc
Ducted split AC
Current (ODP)
R22Current (0 ODP)
R410A, R407C, R744
Options
R744, R32, R444B, R446A, R447A, etc (R290)
1kW 10 100 1000
20 – 200 kW
5 – 50 kg
Packaged “rooftop” ducted AC
Current (ODP)
R22Current (0 ODP)
R410A, R407C, R134a, R744
Options
R744, R290, R32, R444B, R446A, R447A, etc
1kW 10 100 1000
20–100 kW
5 – 30 kg
Multi-split systems
Current (ODP)
R22Current (0 ODP)
R410A, R407C
Options
R32, R444B, R446A, R447A, etc (R290)
1kW 10 100 1000
10 – 150 kW
4 – 60 kg
Chillers
Current (ODP)
R22, R123Current (0 ODP)R410A, R407C, R290, R1270, R744, R717, R1233zd, R1234ze
OptionsR717, R744, R290, R1270, R1234ze, R1233zd, R1234yf, R32, R444B, R446A, R447A, etc
1kW 10 100 1000
10 – 1000 kW; 1-5 MW
4 – 300 kg; 0.5-2.5 Mt
Alternative technology: absorption
Cogeneration/trigeneration
Heating only heat pumps
8 – 200 kW
2 – 50 kg
Current (ODP)
R22Current (0 ODP)R410A, R407C, R404A, R134a, R290, R600a, R744,
OptionsR744, R290, R1270, R600, R1234ze, R1234yf, R32, R444B, R446A, R447A, etc
1kW 10 100 1000
Options for existing equipment
Existing equipment
Existing refrigerant
“Drop-in”
Retrofit
Conversion80%
90%
100%
110%
80% 90% 100% 110%
Capa
city
rela
tive
to R
22COP realtive to R22
R-22
R-428AR-422A
R-425A
R-417A
R-424A
R-422B
R-438A
R-422D
R-442A
R-434A
R-417BR-422C
22
High ambient considerations
Good performance
Poor performance
Lots of data
Absenceof data
1234yf
744
290
161
152a
1270
32446A
447A 444B410A
Main hurdles
Standards organisations to ease efforts to
revise
Disparate national
regulations and codes
National actions to
revise regulations
Obstructive safety standards
Selection, design and installation
can be more complicated
More, thorough training, formalisation
of service sectors
Lack of knowledge (flammability, high
pressure)
