aircraft engine lecture 4. 1903- 1940s propeller + piston engines era
TRANSCRIPT
AIRCRAFT ENGINELecture 4
1903- 1940sPropeller + Piston
Engines Era
History of Aircraft Propulsion From 1903 (Wright bros.) until the Early 1940s, all aircraft
used the piston engine combined with propeller as their propulsion system.
Piston engine is just similar with car engine except with several different.
A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust.
Aircraft Piston Engines
In-Line engineRotary Engine
Radial EngineV-type EngineOpposed
Propeller + PistonEngine Aircraft
The engine takes air from the surroundings, mixed it with fuel, burns the fuel, fuels energy release, the energy of the heated gas exhaust is used to move a piston that is attached to a crankshaft.
Crankshaft turn the propeller to generate the thrust.
Thrust
Propeller: Acts as a rotating wing, creating a thrust force because of its motion through
the air.
Car Engines
Car EnginesValves The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to
let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust. Spark plug The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel
mixture so that combustion can occur. Piston A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and
down inside the cylinder.Crankshaft The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion
into circular motion.
What are the differences between piston engines and car engines
The differences between piston aircraft engines and car engines Crankshaft – The crankshaft in an piston aircraft engine
turns a propeller, crankshaft in car engine is used to move the wheels of the car.
Weight – the piston aircraft engine must be lightweight compare to car engine.
Power demand to run the engines- the piston aircraft engine demands high power for very long times compare to car engines
Numbers of engine parts - an aircraft engine has at least two sets for every parts, including ignition system (spark plugs and magnetos) and fuel pumps compare to car engine that only have one set.
Operating environment different- an aircraft engine no need radiator for air-cooling compare to the car.
Propeller Aircraft
Very efficient for low speed flight. Lower load capacity compared to similar sized jet
powered aircraft. Consumes less fuel, thus cheaper and much more
economic than jets. Quiet, but fly at lower speeds. The best option for people who need to transport a
few passengers and/or small amounts of cargo. Best choice for pilots who wish to own their own
aircraft. Propellers are not used on high speed aircraft.
1941- TodayJet Engines Era
Jet Aircraft History
1939: The 1st jet aircraft (Heinkel He 178) was developed in England and Germany
1943: The first jet fighter aircraft, Messerschmitt Me 262 went into service in the German Luftwaffe.
Heinkel He-178(1939): 1st jet engine aircraft
1931: 1st turbojet engine
designed 1930 by Sir
Frank Whittle
Jet Engines HistoryJet Engines History Used for Lockheed
SR71 Blackbird
Fastest in 1989 Now retired
• Dr. Hans von Ohain•designer of turbojet
engine
History of Aircraft Propulsion
1944 (After World War 2)-Today : Airplanes used jet engines to generate thrust. Jet engines also referred to as Gas Turbine
Engines. Various types (turbo-jet, turbo-prop, turbo-shaft,
turbo-fan , ramjet, scramjet) Messerschmitt Me-262 : 1st operational jet-powered
aircraft German V-1 bomb (pulse jet engine): 1st application
for military purposes. Bell P-59: 1st American aircraft MiG-15: 1st Soviet jet aircraft.
Jet Aircraft
Jet aircraft make use of turbines for the creation of thrust.
Consumes more fuel but provide much more thrust than a piston engine.
Fly faster than propeller driven aircraft. Greater weight capacity Example: Airbus A340 and Boeing 777, can carry
hundreds of passengers and several tons of cargo, and are able to travel for distances up to 13 thousand kilometers.
Noisy, this makes jet aircraft a source of noise pollution.
Turbo-jet Engine A turbojet is a type of gas turbine engine that
was originally developed for military fighters during World War II.
A turbojet is the simplest of all aircraft gas turbines.
Newton's 3rd law
The theory of jet propulsion is based on the Newton’s third Law, which state that For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
When the jet engine is operating, it draws a lot of air from the front and after air-fuel burns the gas ejects at high speed.
During this process, the engine applies force to the gas and lets the gas accelerate in the backward direction and in the meantime, the gas also gives the engine a reactive force to push the aircraft to move forward.
Turbo-jet Engine
Inlet- inlet is the opening at the front of engine, it allows the outside air to enter the engine.
Compressor – compressor is made up of fans with many blades, it compress the air and raises the pressure & temperature of the air, the compressed air then is delivered to the burner.
Burner – Burning process occur here. Fuel is sprayed to the compressed air .The mixture of the fuel + air will be burned. The results is heated gas with high energy, high pressure and high temperature.
Turbine- turbine used some of the heated gas energy to turn the compressor . This energy is transferred through the shaft.
Nozzle- The balance of heated gas energy exits through the nozzle at very high speed. This causes thrust. As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust forward.
(Newton 3rd Law)
Thrust
Newton's 3rd law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is called thrust.
Turbojet Engine
Turbojet Engine
Cross section of turbojet engine
Turbo-prop Engine
•The propeller located at the front of engine •The propeller converts the power developed by the engine into thrust as efficiently as possible under all operating conditions.These aircraft are popular with commuter and regional airlines, as they tend to be more economical on shorter journeys.
Hercules-1 C130
Turbo-prop Engine
Jetstream 32
PC-7 & PC-7 MkII CN235-220M
C-130H
Turbo-fan Engine
Similar to the turboprop, except a fan replaces the turboprop propeller.
Larger fan at the front provides thrust in the same way as a propeller. The turbofan engine has a front fan, which runs at the same speed as
the compressor and fan turbine located at the back to drive the fan. Most modern airliners use turbofan engines because of they can
produce high thrust, lower fuel consumption and low engine-noise.
Turbo-fan Engine
Pratt & Whitney F100 turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle and the F-16 Falcon
Ramjet & Scramjet
Ramjet & Scramjet aircraft are in the experimental stage.
Question?
What is the different between piston aircraft engine and car engine?
What is the different between a propeller aircraft and jet aircraft?