airport planing & & layout layout -...

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AIRPORT PLANING AIRPORT PLANING & & LAYOUTLAYOUTInstructor:Instructor:Dr. Yahya R. SarrajDr. Yahya R. Sarraj

Introduction Introduction � The air age began on December 17, 1903

at Kitty Hawk beach in North Carolina, USA.

� Wilbur and Orville Wright (Wright Brothers) tried their first heavier than-air craft.

� Air transportation, the most recent mode in modern technology, has vastly changed world travel

� Improved opportunities to reach distant places in minimum travel time for business and recreational communities.

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IntroductionIntroduction

First flight of theFirst flight of the Wright FlyerWright Flyer I, December I, December 1717, , 19031903, , Orville piloting, Wilbur running at wingtip Orville piloting, Wilbur running at wingtip

Wright brothers in Wright brothers in 1910 1910

IntroductionIntroductionAir Transportation and AirportsBasic requirements

�Forecast future traffic for airports�Capacity of an airport�Winds and runway orientation�Delay for operations

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IntroductionIntroductionBasic requirements (continued)

�Runway length�Allowable takeoff weight�Landside components including the

terminal, parking and curbside�Airfreight

Airport Demand Airport Demand After making forecasts of annual air passengers, this figure must be converted to a peak hour flow. The following empirical equations can be used:

Average monthly passengers

= 0.08417 x annual passenger flow (1/12)*1.01

Average daily passengers

= 0.03226 x average monthly flow 1/31

Peak-day flow = 1.26 x average daily passengers

Peak-hour flow = 0.0917 x Peak-day flow

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Airport DemandAirport DemandPeak hour passenger flow can be used to estimate peak hourly aircraft movements, using estimates of average passenger load/aircraftAviation is growing fast In the USA:

11 September 2001 had a major impact on the growth of aviation in the U.S. However it is gradually returning to previous levels.

Year Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM)1945 005.3 Billion

1970 104.1 Billion

1999 668.0 Billion

Selection of Airport SiteSelection of Airport SiteThis is the most important aspect of the planning and design of airports.Procedure:

I. Desk study of the area1. review of existing land-use plans2. analysis of wind data (runway

orientation)3. study of national survey, 4. road maps5. study of land costs

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Selection of Airport SiteSelection of Airport SiteII. Physical inspection

Site visits for potential sites for the airport

III. Evaluation and recommendationsFactors that should be considered when analyzing potential airport sites:

1. convenience to users2. availability of land and land costs3. design and layout of the airport4. airspace obstructions

Selection of Airport SiteSelection of Airport Site5. engineering factors (level, topography, soil ..)6. social and environmental factors (noise, …)7. availability of utilities8. atmospheric conditions9. hazards due to birds10.coordination with other airports

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Runway OrientationRunway Orientation

Runways are oriented in the direction of prevailing winds.Crosswind is not very safe for the operation of aircraft.Limits for crosswind is 12 mph – 15 mph.

Runways should be oriented so that aircraft may be landed at least 95% of the time without exceeding the allowable crosswind.


� Wind Rose Method:A graphical procedure utilizing a wind rose is used to determine the best runway orientation.10 years of wind observations are required.Wind data are arranged according to velocity, direction and frequency as shown in Table 16-1 page 554 (Paquette)

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Runway OrientationRunway OrientationThe table indicates the % of time wind velocity can be expected.

Typical Wind Data

Wind Direction

Percentage of Winds

4-15 mph 15-31 mph 31-47 mph Total

N 4.8 1.3 0.1 6.2

NNE 3.7 0.8 4.5

NE 1.5 0.1 1.6

ENE 2.3 0.3 2.6

E 2.4 0.4 2.8

ESE 5.0 1.1 6.1

SE 6.4 3.2 0.1 9.7

SSE 7.3 7.7 0.3 15.3

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Runway OrientationRunway OrientationTypical Wind Data (continued)

Wind Direction

Percentage of Winds

4-15 mph 15-31 mph 31-47 mph Total

S 4.4 2.2 0.1 6.7

SSW 2.6 0.9 3.5

SW 1.6 0.1 1.7

WSW 3.1 0.4 3.5

W 1.9 0.3 2.2

WNW 5.8 2.6 0.2 8.6

NW 4.8 2.4 0.2 7.4

NNW 7.8 4.9 0.3 13.0

Calms 0 –4 mph 4.6

Total 100.0%


These data are plotted on the wind rose by placing the percentages in the appropriate segments of the graph.

On the graph:Circles represent wind Velocity Radial lines indicate wind direction

Wind speed Wind speed Wind direction Wind direction

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Wind direction

Runway OrientationRunway OrientationSteps to determine the best runway orientation and to determine the percentage of time that orientation conforms to the cross-wind standards:

1. Place the template on the wind rose so that the middle line passes through the center of the wind rose.

2. Rotate the template to get the maximum sum of percentages between the outside lines of the template.

3. Read the bearing of runway on the outer scale of the wind rose, beneath the centerline of the template.

4. Check cross-wind

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Objects affecting navigable airspaceObjects affecting navigable airspace

� The required space around the airport should be with controlled building heights.

� This is important for safety during landings and takeoffs of aircrafts.

Objects affecting navigable airspaceObjects affecting navigable airspace

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Runway CapacityRunway Capacity

Runway capacity is the determining element of airport capacity.

� Definition:Runway capacity refers to the ability of a runway system to accommodate aircraft operations (landings and takeoffs).It is expressed in operations per unit time. i.e. operation per hour or per year.

Runway CapacityRunway Capacity� Ultimate or saturation capacity:

It is based on the assumption of a continuous backlog of aircraft waiting to take off and land.

� Definition:Ultimate or saturation capacity is the maximum number of aircraft operations that can be handled during a given period under conditions of continuous demand.

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Runway CapacityRunway Capacity

� Factors that affect capacity:�minimum safe allowable separation

between aircraft during landing and takeoff�size of aircraft�weather conditions�over all layout and design of airport.

Runway configuration Runway configuration

� single� non-intersecting divergent runway� parallel runway� offset parallel� intersecting runway

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Single Runway

Non-intersecting divergent runway

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Parallel Runway

Offset parallel

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Intersecting runway

Number of gatesNumber of gates� The required number of gates at an airport can

be determined using the following equation:

� Where:n = number of gates requiredv = design hour flow for departures or arrivals (aircraft / hour)t = mean stand occupancy (hour)u = utilization factor 0.6 – 0.8

n =v t

u

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Number of gatesNumber of gates� Example:

Determine the number of gates required at an airport which has 30 arrival aircraft / hour. The mean time for stand occupancy is 45 minutes. Assume that the airport has a utilization factor of 0.8.

� Solution:

Use 29 gates.

n =30 x 0.75

0.8

28.1

Kansai Airport – Japanconstruction (step by step)

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