airport systems planning & design / rdn dr. richard de neufville professor of systems...
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Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Dr. Richard de Neufville
Professor of Systems Engineering and
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Current Status of the Airport / Airline Industry
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Current Status of the Air Transport Industry
Objective: To define current situation major new factors
Topics: Airline and Airport Rankings Current Trends
• Shake-up / Disappearance of Network Airlines• Coming and Going of Transfer Hubs• Commercialization / Privatization of Airports
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Principal drivers of air transportation industry
Long-term 6% annual decrease in air fares: Driving comparable annual worldwide traffic growth
Commercialization: market economy management replaces government ownership
and control in a regulated environment
Low-cost carriers Southwest, AirTran, Jet Blue, Westjet, Ryanair, easyjet, etc
Globalization: transnational airline alliances and airport groups
Technical innovation: e-commerce, RJs, A380 NLA, satellite-based navigation
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Major Recent Events
Disappearance of Major Airlines TWA, Swissair, Sabena
Mergers of Japan Airlines and Japan Air Systems (2002) Air France and KLM (Sept 04)
Major Bankruptcies United, US Airways, Air Canada – others near!
Surge by Low-Cost Passenger Carriers Air Tran, Ryanair, easyjet
Surge by Chinese Carriers Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, EVA
… also by Fedex
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
World Traffic, (Pax-Km x 109) World and IATA
Year IATA
IATA World share, % IATA World2003 2704 3236 83.5 (0.4) 12002 2770 3196 86 (1) (1)2001 2652 2912 91 (4) (4)2000 2757 3018 91 4 (2)1999 2657 3074 86 6 61998 2514 2888 87 7 41990 1600 2186 73 18 81987 1042 1763 59 9 81982 712 1263 56 4 41977 600 1036 58
Pax-km, Billions Annual Growth %
Source: IATA World Air Transport StatisticsNote: Change in Series; now includes charter travel
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
IATA Members’ Traffic, Revenues, Yield, and CPI
Source: IATA World Air Transport Statistics
0
50
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1991
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Traffic Revenues Yield Inflation
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Interpretation of Trends
Over past 13 years… Yields (revenues/unit distance) have
dropped about 20% While inflation has risen about 50% So: costs on a constant basis cut in half Thus: traffic doubled Implying price elasticity about -1.3 > -1.0 So total revenues grow as price drops
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airports by millions of pax., 2003 (IATA data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)
Rank Airline Annual %
2003 2002 2001 2000 1993 1993-2003
1 Atlanta 78.8 76.6 75.9 80.2 47.8 6.52 Chicago / OHare 69.4 66.5 66.8 72.1 65.1 0.73 London / Heathrow 63.2 63.0 60.7 64.6 47.6 3.34 Tokyo / Haneda 63.2 61.1 58.7 56.4 41.5 5.25 Los Angeles / Internatl 55.0 56.2 61.0 68.5 47.8 1.56 Dallas / Ft. Worth 53.2 52.8 55.2 60.7 49.7 0.77 Frankfurt / Main 48.1 48.1 48.6 49.4 31.9 5.18 Paris / de Gaulle 47.9 48.1 48.0 48.2 25.7 8.69 Amsterdam / Schiphol 39.8 40.6 39.5 39.6 20.1 9.810 Denver / International 37.5 35.7 36.1 38.7 32.6 1.511 Phoenix 37.4 35.6 35.5 35.9 23.5 5.912 Las Vegas 36.3 35.0 35.2 36.9 22.5 6.113 Madrid 35.4 33.7 34.0 32.8 17.3 10.514 Houston / Bush 34.1 34.4 34.8 35.2 20.3 6.815 Minneapolis / St. Paul 33.2 32.6 35.2 36.7 23.4 4.216 Detroit / Metro 32.7 32.4 32.3 35.5 24.2 3.517 New York / Kennedy 31.7 28.9 29.4 32.8 26.8 1.818 London / Gatwick 29.9 29.5 31.2 32.1 20.1 4.919 Miami / International 29.6 30.1 31.7 33.6 28.7 0.320 New York / Newark 29.6 29.0 30.5 34.2 25.8 1.5
Millions of Passengers
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airports by millions of pax., 2003 (IATA data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)
In 2003, airport traffic mostly stagnated
Big drops in • Asian market (Hong Kong, Beijing, Singapore,
Tokyo – also Hawaii and San Francisco)• St Louis, Pittsburgh and Zurich as hubs close
Several airports have fallen lower in rankings (e.g. due to failures of TWA, Swiss, Sabena)
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Changes in Transfer Hubs
Big changes in recent years
New Hubs Big: Paris/de Gaulle, Amsterdam, Munich Small: London/Stansted
“Close” of old hubs Pittsburgh (US shrinking to Philadelphia) St Louis (TWA merged out of existence) Zurich (collapse of Swissair)
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airports by millions of pax., 2003 (IATA data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)
21 Bangkok 29.1 30.5 30.6 29.6 17.1 7.022 San Francisco / Internatl 28.8 30.7 34.6 41.2 32.0 -1.023 Orlando / International 27.3 26.7 28.2 30.8 21.5 2.724 Seattle / Tacoma 26.7 26.7 27.0 28.4 18.8 4.225 Hong Kong / C L K 26.4 33.5 32.6 32.7 24.4 0.826 Rome / Fuimicino 25.8 25.0 25.6 25.9 18.8 3.727 Toronto / Pearson 24.7 25.9 28.0 28.8 20.5 2.028 Philadelphia 24.7 24.4 23.9 24.9 16.5 5.029 Beijing / Pudong 24.4 27.2 24.2 21.7 *30 Sydney 24.2 23.4 24.3 23.5 16.6 4.631 Munich 24.0 23.0 23.6 23.1 12.5 9.232 Tokyo / Narita 23.5 25.8 25.4 27.4 20.0 1.833 Singapore 23.1 27.4 28.1 28.6 18.8 2.334 Charlotte 23.1 23.6 23.2 23.1 17.3 3.435 Boston / Logan 22.8 22.6 24.2 27.4 24.0 -0.536 Barcelona 22.5 21.2 20.7 19.8 *37 New York / LaGuardia 22.5 21.3 21.9 25.2 19.8 1.438 Paris / Orly 22.4 23.1 23.0 25.4 25.3 -1.139 Mexico City 21.7 20.3 20.6 20.7 *40 Cincinnati 21.2 20.9 17.3 22.5 12.3 7.2
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airports by millions of pax., 2003 (IATA data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)
41 St. Louis / Lambert 20.4 25.6 26.7 30.5 19.9 0.342 Seoul/Gimpo 19.8 21.0 22.0 36.7 22.6 -1.243 Washington/Baltimore 19.7 19.0 * * *44 Manchester (UK) 19.5 18.6 19.5 12.8 5.245 Honolulu 19.4 21.1 21.1 22.7 22.0 -1.246 Palma de Mallorca 19.1 17.8 19.2 12.4 5.447 Osaka / Itami 18.8 * 19.3 20.5 *48 Fukuoka 18.8 * * * *49 London/Stansted 18.7 * * * *50 Jakarta 18.6 * * * *
Zurich 17.0 17.7 21.0 22.7 13.1 3.0Washington / Dulles 17.0 17.9 20.0 *
Brussels 15.2 19.6 21.6 *Pittsburgh 14.2 18.0 19.9 19.8 18.5 -2.3
Washington / Reagan 14.2 16.1 -1.2
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Current Major Airport Projects
Bangkok, Guangzhou Major New Airports Nagoya/Chubu Airport in Sea Osaka/Kansai, Tokyo/Haneda Runway landfills Toronto Airport Makeover London/HRW Terminal 5 ($8 billion) Washington/Dulles Mid-field Pax Bldg, etc Madrid ; Miami/Intnatl Runway, Buildings NY / JFK; SFO; DFW; Singapore; Rail projects Boston/Logan ; Pax Buildings, Roads Doha (Qatar); Dubai Major Projects
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airline Rankings (Pax-Km, billions)Airline 2003 2002 1995 1992 Annual % 95-03*
American 193 196 165 157 2.1United 167 176 180 149 (0.9)Delta 144 153 137 130 0.6
Northwest 110 116 101 94 1.1British 100 99 94 72 0.8
Air France 99 99 50 37 12.3Lufthansa 97 94 62 49 7.1
Continental 91 91 57 69 7.5Southwest 77 71 22 22.7
JAL 76 83 70 55 1.1Qantas 69 73 52 31 4.1
Singapore 64 74 48 37 4.2USAirways 61 64 61 56 0.0Air Canada 59 69 * * NA
KLM 57 59 44 31 3.7ANA 52 54 43 38 2.6Thai 45 * * * NA
Cathay Pacific 43 49 * * NA
Sources: IATA World Air Transport Statistics, Southwest press release
Southwest growth since 1992
Note: Southwest continues to grow spectacularly. Also Air France has been growing by acquisitions, first of Air Inter and in 2004 of KLM. In 2003, Air Canada, Singapore and Cathay Pacific each lost over 10%
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airline Rankings (Passengers, millions)
Airline 2003/4 2002/3 1995 1992 Annual % 95-03*
American 89 94 80 86 1.4Delta 84 90 87 83 (0.4)United 67 69 79 67 (1.9)
Southwest 66 64 * 28 12.3Northwest 53 54 49 44 1.0Lufthansa 44 44 33 27 4.2Air France 44 43 * 14 19.5
ANA 43 44 38 35 1.6US Airways 41 47 58 55 (3.7)Continental 38 40 35 38 1.1
British 35 34 32 25 1.2JAL 34 34 29 24 2.2
Iberia 25 24 * * NAQantas 24 24 * * NARyanair 23 21 NAAlitalia 22 22 21 20 0.6eastjet 22 21 NAKorean 21 22 22 20 (0.6)
Air Canada 20 23 * * NASAS 20 23 19 14 0.7
America West 20 19 17 15 2.2
Japan Air Sys 19 21 * * NAWestjet 7 6 * * NA
Sources: IATA World Air Transport Statistics, airline press releases * Rates for 92-03
Note: The low-cost carriers continue to grow -- the legacy carriers stagnate US Airways and SAS lost over 10% in 2003
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airline Rankings (Freight Tonne-Km, Billions)
Airline 2003 2002 1995 1992 % Change 00-02
Fedex 13.2 13.0 7.0 5.8 11.1Lufthansa 7.3 7.2 5.8 4.3 3.2
Korean 6.9 6.0 4.3 2.7 7.6UPS 6.7 6.6 * * NA
Singapore 6.7 6.8 3.7 2.9 10.1Cathay Pacific 5.2 4.8 2.8 1.7 10.7
Air France 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.3 1.4China Airlines 4.7 4.5 * * NA
EVA 4.7 4.1 * * NAJapan 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.2 2.0
Cargolux 4.3 4.2 * * NABritish 4.2 4.1 3.3 2.5 3.4KLM 4.1 4.0 3.6 2.4 1.7
Northwest 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 0.9Emirates 2.6 * * * NAAsiana 2.6 2.6 * * NA
American 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.6 1.0United 2.4 2.8 2.5 1.9 (0.5)Nippon 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.1 6.7
Source: IATA World Air Transport Statistics
Note: About 20% increases in 2003 for Korean, Cathay Pacific, EVA, Emirates
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airline Rankings (Freight Tonne, millions)
Airline 2003 2002 1995 1992 % Change 00-02
Fedex 13.2 13.0 7.0 5.8 11.1Lufthansa 7.3 7.2 5.8 4.3 3.2
Korean 6.9 6.0 4.3 2.7 7.6UPS 6.7 6.6 * * NA
Singapore 6.7 6.8 3.7 2.9 10.1Cathay Pacific 5.2 4.8 2.8 1.7 10.7
Air France 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.3 1.4China Airlines 4.7 4.5 * * NA
EVA 4.7 4.1 * * NAJapan 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.2 2.0
Cargolux 4.3 4.2 * * NABritish 4.2 4.1 3.3 2.5 3.4KLM 4.1 4.0 3.6 2.4 1.7
Northwest 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 0.9Emirates 2.6 * * * NAAsiana 2.6 2.6 * * NA
American 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.6 1.0United 2.4 2.8 2.5 1.9 (0.5)Nippon 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.1 6.7
Source: IATA World Air Transport Statistics
Note: About 20% increases in 2003 for Korean, Cathay Pacific, EVA, Emirates
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Main Freight Airports (ACI data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)
Airport Growth, % Hub2000 2002 2003 3-yr rate
Memphis 2.45 2.63 3.39 12.8 FedexHong Kong / CLK 2.27 2.10 2.68 6.0Anchorage 1.88 1.69 2.10 3.9Tokyo/Narita 1.93 1.68 2.15 3.8Seoul / Incheon 1.87 1.20 1.84 (0.5)Los Angeles 2.05 2.12 1.83 (3.6)Paris/de Gaulle 1.38 1.48 1.72 8.2Frankfurt 1.71 1.61 1.65 (1.2)Miami/Internatl. 1.64 1.64 1.64 0.0Singapore 1.71 1.53 1.63 (1.6)New York/Kennedy 1.83 1.50 1.63 (3.6)Louisville 1.49 1.47 1.62 2.9 UPSChicago/O'Hare 1.46 1.28 1.51 1.1Taipei 1.21 1.19 1.50 8.0Amsterdam 1.27 1.23 1.35 2.1London/Heathrow 1.40 1.26 1.30 (2.4)Shanghai/Pudong * * 1.19Indianapolis 1.17 1.15 0.98 (5.4)Dubai * * 0.96Bangkok 0.87 0.82 0.95 3.1New York/Newark 1.09 0.80 0.84 (7.6)Atlanta 0.87 0.74 0.80 (2.7)
Tons, Millions
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Main Freight Airports (ACI data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)
Osaka/Kansai 1.00 0.87 0.79 (7.0)Tokyo/ Haneda na 0.72 0.72Dallas/Fort Worth 0.90 0.79 0.67 (8.5)Beijing * * 0.66San Francisco 0.77 0.56 0.61 (6.9)Dayton 0.83 0.55 CNF/Menlo
Source: ACI web 2004 and World Report Mar/Apr 2001, 2002; Airport reports
Major increases at: Memphis, Paris/de Gaulle, Taipei, Shanghai/Pudong, Dubai, Beijing
Major decreases at: Los Angeles, Indianapolis, Osaka/Kansai, New York/Newark, Dallas/Fort Worth, San Francisco/Inter.
US Airports in Bold, Cargo hubs in Italics
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airline Rankings (Employees, thousands)
Airline
2003 1992
%Change '92-'03 2003 1992 2003 1992
American 78 91 (14) 1.1 0.9 2.5 1.7United 63 84 (25) 1.1 0.8 2.7 1.8Delta 60 79 (24) 1.4 1.1 2.4 1.6
Air France 60 43 40 0.7 0.3 1.7 0.9British 50 47 6 0.7 0.5 2.0 1.5
Continental 40 36 11 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.9Northwest 39 46 (15) 1.4 1.0 2.8 2.0Lufthansa 39 48 (19) 1.1 0.6 2.5 1.0Southwest 33 11 200 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.0US Airways 27 47 (43) 1.5 1.2 2.3 1.2
Qantas 27 15 80 0.9 0.3 2.6 2.1Iberia 26 26 0 1.0 0.6 1.6 0.9Thai 26 19 37 0.7 0.5 1.7 1.1KLM 25 26 (4) 0.8 0.3 2.3 1.2
Malaysia 23 20 15 0.7 0.7 1.6 0.8Indian 20 * * 0.4 * 0.8 *
Norm ~1.1 ~0.7 ~2.3 ~1.4
Sources: IATA World Air Transport Statistics, 99 data for Southwest from www.southwest.com
Pax / Emp Pax-km / Emp(thousands) (millions)
Employees(thousands)
Note: Major airlines have shed employees and improved labor productivity rapidly over decade. Air France is toward bottom end, Southwest is at top.
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Aircraft Inventory (Jet Fleet)
Airline 2003 2002 1995 % Change 95-03
American 783 822 635 2.9Delta 550 573 539 0.3United 532 567 556 (0.5)
Southwest 388 378 224 9.2Northwest 364 438 380 (0.5)Continental 342 352 314 1.1
Fedex 339 328 249 4.5Lufthansa 303 324 234 3.7
British 282 319 222 3.4US Airways 279 280 394 (3.6)
UPS 257 250 166 6.9Air France 230 252 156 5.9Air Canada 208 244 * NA
China Southern 191 122 * NAJAL 189 131 126 6.3
Iberia 149 147 * NAANA 149 * * NA
Qantas 144 141 * NASaudi 143 127 * NA
KLM 142 * * NASAS 131 * 128 0.3
Alitalia 94 132 144 (4.3)Aeroflot 90 102 * NAeasyjet * 72 * NARyanair 67 67 * NA
Sources: IATA World Air Transport Statistics, airline web sites
Note: Biggest innovative airlines continue to grow and advance in rankings. Legacy airlines stagnate or shrink, absent consolidation.
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Economic Deregulation
Deregulation Full: USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa Mostly: European Union
Result: Competition, Cost Cuts Existing Airlines have difficulty with staff New Airlines start with new, younger staff
with lower pay, more flexibility, less sense of entitlement...
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Innovations originating in the U.S.
Type of InnovationDecade
Legislative Operational Airport Design
1970s
Economic Deregulation:
US Airlines can fly where
they want at any price
Shuttle Services
Integrated Air Cargo
Services: Fedex, UPS
People Movers: eventual
wide use at transfer hubs
1980s
Transfer Hubs: Atlanta,
Dallas/Fort Worth, etc.
Yield Management
Systems: Sabre, etc.
Airline Franchising:
Branding of Commuters
Midfield Concourses:
Atlanta, Pittsburgh, Denver,
Chicago, Detroit, etc.
1990s Open Skies Policy: US
Government promotes free
access between countries
Airline Alliances: Star,
Oneworld
Electronic Tickets
GPS: Satellite Positioning of
aircraft for air traffic control
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Privatized status of airlines, previously publicly owned
Airline Comments Stock sign Price, Sept 04 Aerolineas Argentinas Air Canada Near bankruptcy AC.TO 0.07 Air France Govt. owns 44% AKH 16 Air New Zealand Govt. owns 74% ANZFF.PK 0.26 Alitalia Near bankruptcy ALRMF.PK 0.25 British Airways BAB 41 Iberia Govt owns 5%
and Gold Share IBRLF.PK 3
Japan Air Lines Took over JAS JALSY.PK 14 Lufthansa (Germany) DLAKY.PK 11.5 Qantas Owns Australian QUBSF.PK 2.5 SAS (Scandinavia) Govts own 50% BASDF.DK 5.6
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airline Market “Caps” (=price/share x shares)
Airline Symbol Market Capitalization2004 2001 Feb-03 Sep-03 Dec-03 Aug-04 US $, billions, Aug 04
UPS UPS 55 59 63 75 72 80.8Fedex FDX 42 52 66 70 82 24.5Southwest LUV 18 13 18 16 15 11.7Ryan Air * RYAAY 25 39 45 51 30 4.5British BAB 48 19 29 42 41 4.4Lufthansa DLAKY.PK * 9 14 16 11.5 4.4Air France AKH * * * * 16 3.4Jet Blue * JBLU 12 31 27 26 2.7American AMR 32 3 13 13 9 1.5easyjet EJETF.PK 3 4 4 5 3 1.2AirTran AAI 17 12 12 1.1Northwest NWAC 21 6 10 13 10 0.8Continental CAL 44 6 18 16 10 0.6Alaska ALK 33 19 29 28 22 0.6KLM KLMR.PK 15 7 11 16 12 0.6Delta DAL 38 9 14 12 4 0.5Westjet * WJA.TO 18 11 16 19 13 0.4America West AWA 10 2 10 12 7 0.2Hawaiian HA 3 2 1 3 7.8 0.2JAL JALSY.PK 6 11 13 13 14 NAUSAirways UAIR 13 0.2 Ch 11 6 2 0.1Air Canada ac.to 6 3 1 1 0.07 0United 33 1 Ch 11 NA 0 0Airborne Freight 14 15 mergedTWA 0 mergedSources: Yahoo Finance and Google *Adjusted for Stock Split
US $/Share
US Airways in Chapter 11 as of September 15 !!
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airport Market “Caps” (=price/share x shares)
Airport % Change US$, Billions2001 2002 2003 2004 2001 -2004 Market Cap
BAA 6.13 6.2 5.1 5.5 (10) 10.70Fraport * 25.6 19.6 23 NA 2.51Copenhagen 770 589 460 885 15 1.31AIAL (New Z.) 3.46 4.54 5.27 6.75 95 1.27Beijing 2.03 1.82 1.65 2.33 15 1.15Vienna 39.1 34.6 31.5 43.8 12 1.11TBI 0.81 0.62 0.52 0.64 (21) 0.65ASUR (Mexico) 18.1 13.4 13.9 18.4 2 0.55Malaysia 1.54 2.15 1.46 1.41 (8) 0.41Zurich 201 124 34 101 (50) 0.39Florence * * 15.8 9.8 NA 0.11Source: Jane's Airport World, Summer issues
Share Price, Local Money
Many airports are economically more powerful than airlines!
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Airline Alliances
Star Alliance -- United, Lufthansa, Air Canada, Varig,
ANA, Singapore, Thai, Air New Zealand,
SAS, Asiana, Bmi, LOT Austrian, Tyrolean, Spanair
oneworld -- American, British, Aer Lingus, Finnair, Iberia, Qantas, Cathay Pacific, Lan Chile
Wings -- KLM, Northwest, Continental
SkyTeam -- Air France + KLM, Delta, Alitalia, Korean, Aeromexico, Czech
Aeroflot? China Southern? Wings???
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Alliances’ Market Shares
Alliance Measure Year
Star Oneworld Sky Team KLM/NW 2002 123 86 57 29 Pax
Millions 2003 118 84 56 28 2002 441 309 198 110 Pax-Km
Billions 2003 417 306 193 104 2002 278 244 176 72 Employees
Thousands 2003 255 219 169 64 2002 24 18 13 7 % of IATA
Traffic 2003 25 18 13 7
Relative strength of Alliances has been stable. However, Air France KLM merger may lead to consolidation of Sky Team with KLM/NW
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
New Types of Airlines
Cargo Integrators UPS, Fedex, DHL Role of “Post Offices” ??
Low-Cost Carriers Point-to-point: Southwest, Ryanair “Network”: Easyjet, AirTran Quasi-Network: Southwest??
The innovators are the most profitable and valuable airlines
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Challenge to TraditionalNetwork Carriers
Is their business model working? Will people pay enough for convenience of
• easy connection at hubs• big expensive passenger buildings• travel agents
If not, what will they do? Squeeze out costs (wages, standards) and
survive on a more modest scale? Manage by having “cheap” partners
• Delta -- Song; United -- Ted… Or disappear? Swissair, USAir? United?
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
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Source: US DOT
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Consequences for Airports
Cheaper travel will increase traffic Where will it go?
To traditional hubs of legacy majors? To/from leisure locations and homes?
• Malaga, Faro, Bali, etc To secondary airports?
• London/Stansted, Frankfurt/Hahn, Rome/Ciampino, etc.
Airport customers likely to demand new locations, cheaper facilities
Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN
Meanwhile...
The nature of the Airport Business is changing dramatically More Commercially oriented Less Government control More competition from “new” entrants
• Providence, Cincinnati, Lübeck, Liverpool...
Not at all clear that current generation of airport professionals fully recognizes what this means