INTRODUCTION

The Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA) was created vide Act No.48 of 1999 of The Federal republic of Nigeria, to develop the Nigerian Airspace to a level of consistent with the requirements of ICAO Standards And Recommended Practices (SARPS). ICAO is charged with the responsibility of regulating and ensuring safe Air Navigation worldwide, in lieu of this, the Nigerian Airspace Management Agency is therefore propelled to provide Air Traffic Management to ensure a safe, efficient, and economic flight operations.

VISIONThe organization, NAMA has set a vision of making the Nigerian

Airspace rank among the safest airspaces in the African – Indian Ocean Region.

OBJECTIVES

Towards the actualization of vision, the Company has set the following objectives:

- To continue to provide safe and functional air navigation services that will meet international standards.

-To increase Air Traffic Control (ATC) capacities in order to manage the increasing air traffic volume and simultaneously reduce delays.

-To enhance the service quality.

-To reduce the cost for users.

FUNCTIONS OF AGENCY

The agency is to:

- Provide Air Traffic services in Nigeria, including air traffic control, visual and non-visual aids, aeronautical telecommunication services and electricity supplies relating thereto, to enable public transport, private businesses and military aircraft fly, as far as

practicable and as safe as possible.

-Obviate the need for civil aircraft to obtain special air defense clearance.

- Co-ordinate the implementation of Aeronautical, Search and Rescue Services.

-Discharge the operational, technical and financial air traffic services commitments arising from Nigeria’s membership of international organizations and other air navigation service agencies.

-Take necessary steps to prevent as far as possible penetration of controlled airspace by any aircraft civil or military, in co-ordination with the air traffic control unit concerned.

-Charge for services provided by the agency.

- Undertake systems engineering development and implementation for communication,

navigation, surveillance, and air traffic management.

- Generally, secure the safety, efficiency, and regularity of air navigation.

- Ensure an effective co-ordination in the use of Nigerian Airspace in line with established standards and procedures.

OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE

The organization is guided by the following principles: -Aircraft Operating agencies and flying public are our primary customers and

must be given the highest quality services.

-Aviation equipment manufacturers and other related agencies are those we rely on for our operational equipment / services.

DIRECTORATE OF THE COMPANY

NAMA has three directorates namely:

(1) Operations.

(2) Electronics and Engineering Services.

(3) Finance and Admin.

DIRECTORATE OF ELECTRONICS AND ENGINEERING SERVICES

The Air Traffic Safety Electronics Services directorate of the Nigerian Air space

Management Agency (NAMA), is one of the three directorates that constitute the

agency. It is structured to incorporate the following departments:

- Satellite Communication (SATCOM) / Electronic Communication.

- Air Navigational Aids (NAVAIDS).

- Surveillance.

- Electro-Mechanical / Networking Layout.

FUNCTIONS OF EACH DEPARTMENTS

ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS: the primary function of the department is

to provide, install, and maintain communication facilities that are employed

in Air Traffic Management Services, and operates for improved and enhanced

Air-Navigational safety. These include:

(i) Very High Frequency (VHF) Air-to-Ground Radio Communication.

(ii) High Frequency (HF) Voice and Data Network.

(iii) Satellite Communication Network (AFISNET) supporting the following

Services: - Aeronautical Fixed Telecom Network (AFTN)

-ATS Direct Speech (ATS-DS) Network.

- Remote Control Air-to-Ground (RGAG) Network.

(iv) Telephone and Switching Systems.

SURVEILLANCE: the surveillance department is responsible for the provision of

both the Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR), and the Monopoles Secondary Radar (MSSR)

for the purpose of Radar Control of the Air-space. The Nigerian ATM Project aimed at

providing coverage for the Nigerian Air-space in progress.

ELECTROMECHANICAL:

The principal duties of the department are to provide, install, and

Maintain Generating plants, Air conditioners, Refrigerators, Vehicles and

Pneumatic / Hydraulic based equipment that will enhance Air Navigation Safety.

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION (SATCOM)

Satellite technology was invented to curb the set back suffered by the

Air Traffic Services in Nigeria aviation which range from unreliability to poor quality service delivery.

The ability of its signal being able to penetrate the ionosphere without

bending or being reflected and not being affected by electrical noise or weather makes it more effective than the old technology. It has digital signals for data and voice communication.

The Satellite presently in use by NAMA SATCOM is the INTELSAT 10-02

located at 359 E. It has both hemispherical and zonal coverage. ̊�

COMPONENTS

SATCOM system has two major components which are:

(1) The Ground Earth Station, and

(2) The Aircraft Earth Station.

WHAT IS AN EARTH STATION?

An Earth Station is the transmission and reception terminal of a telecommunication link via Satellite. It operates large dishes for communicating with Satellite.

An Earth Station consists of the following main sub-systems:

i. The Antenna System

ii. The Receiver Amplifier ( Low-noise )

iii. The Transmitter Amplifier ( Power )

iv. The Telecommunication Equipment (Frequency converter and MODEMS )

v. The Multiplexing and De-multiplexing Equipment

vi. The Equipment for connection with the terrestrial network

vii. The Auxiliary Equipment

viii. The Power Supply Equipment

ix. The General Infrastructures

DESCRIPTION OF NAMA EARTH STATION

It is a standard BF2 Earth Station which operates in the C-band of INTEL SAT 10-02.

It operates in 6 / 4GHz band-width with medium size antenna diameter. The Up-link

Frequency is 6GHz.The transmission line use elliptical wave guide while reception lines

use co-axial.

Modulation technique is PSK-SCPC-FDMA telephony and data. It also employs voice

Voice activation for telephony.

The sub-systems of SATCOM Earth Station are described below:

THE ANTENNA SYSTEM

It is the most conspicuous and the most impressive sub-system of the Earth

station. It is common to transmission and reception and it must have;

i. High gain for transmission and reception, requiring reflectors which are large in relation to wave length and frequency.

ii. Low level of interference (for maximum transmission) and low level of sensitivity to interference (for reception), calling for radiation diagram with low levels outside the main lobes (small side lobes).

iii. Radiation with High Polarization Purity.

iv. For reception, low sensitivity to Thermal Noise due to ground radiation and various losses.

The antenna consists of:

i. Mechanical System which comprises of the; main reflector, pedestal, driving gear and the servo-system.

ii. The Primary Source comprising of the; illuminating horn, and non-radiating components like tracking coupler, polarizer, diplexers, etc.

iii. Receiver of automatic tracking device (Beacon receiver and ACU).

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

SHELTER

THE LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The signals from the Satellite is usually weak hence, the Earth Station

Antenna has to be connected to a highly sensitive receiver in order to be

able to capture the weak signal from the Satellite. i.e. a receiver with low

inherent thermal noise. It should be connected close to the antenna to minimize

feed line losses or make it less critical. i.e. additional noise caused by losses

from the wave guide and are being reduced by connecting the LNA close to the

Diplexer of the antenna field. It is wideband . i.e. a single amplifier simultaneously

amplifies all the carrier emerging from the receivers’ port of the antenna diplexer

The basic parameter that characterizes the sensitivity for reception is the

ratio of the antenna gain (G) to the total noise temperature (T) ; G/T.

LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER

POWER AMPLIFIER (HPA/SSPA)

As a result of the directivity of the antenna, the antenna has a substantial

gain which typically allows the power required at the transmitter output to be

One Watt (1 W) or less per telephone channel.

The two (2) main types of microwave tubes used in power amplifiers

are ;

a. Travelling wave tube (TWT) and

b. Klystrons.

The travelling wave tube is a wide band amplifier which covers the entire

usable band amplifier which covers the entire usable band of the Satellite

(500 MHz or more). It allows several carriers to be transmitted simultaneously

with a single tube, irrespective of the repeaters and the frequencies allocated

to these carriers. On the other hand, Klystrons are narrow instantaneous pass band

tubes used to transmit only a small number of Frequency Division Multiple Access

(FDMA) carriers.

The Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPA) are used in small low-capacity stations

like NAMA network.

SOLID STATE POWER AMPLIFIER

TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS

A Telecommunication equipment is an equipment which modulates the very

high frequency signals (base-band) for emission and extracts (demodulates) these

Audio-frequency signals on reception. These equipments are the; Frequency

converters and the Modulating / Demodulating Equipment (MODEM).

FREQUENCY CONVERTERS

a. UP CONVERTER (U/C)

It converts intermediate frequency signals e.g. (IF 70Hz, 140Hz etc)

from modulator to radio frequency signal (6GHz or 14GHz).

The signals are then amplified by the SSPA before transmission

to the antenna.

b. DOWN CONVERTERS

The change radio-frequency signals e.g. (4GHz or 11GHz) received by

the antenna and pre-amplified by the Low Noise Amplifier, LNA into

Intermediate Frequency (IF) signals. These signals are then translated to

the base band in the demodulator.

MODULATING / DEMODULATING EQUIPMENT (MODEM)

It super imposes audio-frequency signals on the intermediate frequency (modulators) or

extracts them from the intermediate frequency (IF) carrier (demodulator). The base-band

frequency used here is 70GHz.

The demodulator is to recover the AM of the base-band signal which is proportional

to the instantaneous frequency deviation of the received carrier.

SIGNAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT (TIM, CODER, DECODER)

For digital transmission using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), signal processing

equipment is required to:

i. Format the digital data.

ii. Synchronize on transmission and reception position of burst in

the frame (on transmission) recovery of bursts (on reception)

iii. Encode / Decode to modify the bit streams for transmission via

satellite as in correction coding.

iv. Improve transmission and make it more reliable.

MULTIPLEX / DEMULTIPLEX EQUIPMENT

This serves as an interface between Satellite transmission and connection to the terrestrial network. Its particular functions is the multiplexing / de multiplexing the service

channels which are normally transmitted in the 4 – 12KHz sub-base band.

The multiplex / de multiplex equipment may also perform the function of digital speech

Interpolation (DSI). This function ensures that the in-active periods in both directions of a duplex

telephone call may be profitably used to combine the bits from the telephone channels of the

multiplex and thereby increase the capacity of the transmission channel.

THE MULTIPLEX / DEMULTIPLEX EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENTS FOR CONNCETION TO THE TERRESTRIAL NETWORK A switching system (SITTI) which forms a local distribution network is used to

connect the Earth Station to the Terrestrial Network for Telephony. The equipment

is made up of two (2) sections; the radio and the telephone switching section.

The terrestrial locations include the Control Tower, ACC of Stations on ATS / DS and

remote location of radio (RCAG).

ADDITIONAL (AUXILLIARY) EQUIPMENTS

They include: Supervisory and command equipment.

Measuring instruments such as spectrum analyzer, Marconi digital

analyzer, Power. Other test gears; Noise generator, Oscilloscope.

The Monitoring and Control Systems (MACS) are used for: monitoring alarm signals

from the Station sub-systems, Controls, sometimes automatic for switching of spare

part equipment, and analogue information for supervising the operation of the

sub-systems and sometimes equipments for storing and / or recording the station’s

most important operating parameters.

POWER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT

The two (2) main sources of power used here are :

I .The main power supply with stand-by capacity.

ii. The Un-interrupted Power Supply (UPS).

An auxiliary low voltage (24V greater than 4ѕV) D.C source is used to supply

certain automatic equipment, radios and consoles.

THE SPECTRUM ANALYZER

INFORMATION TECH

AUDIT

LEGAL

PUBLIC AFFAIRS

QUALITY ASSURANCE

PROP. & MAINTENANCE

LOGISTICS

PROTOCOL

MANAGING

DIRECTOR

DIRECTORATE OF

ADMINISTRATION

DIRECTORATE OF

FINANCE

DIRECTORATE OF

AIR TRAFFIC SAFETY

ELECTRONICS SERV

DIRECTORATE

OF AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

ADMINISTRATION

SUPPLIES

FINANCE

COMMERCIAL

ELECTRONICS COMM

NAVIGATION

SURVEILLANCE

ATC & STD.SEARCH & RESCUE

AIRSPACE PLANNING / TECHNICAL EVALUATION AERO OPERA

AERO INFO SERV

SOUTHERN REGION NORTHERN REGION

NAMA ORGANOGRAM

BACK GROUND OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)

The Industrial Training Fund was established in 1971, she has operated efficiently

and fair starkly within the context of the establishing laws i.e. Decree 47 of 1971. The

objectives of her establishment has been vigorously and efficaciously pursued. In

almost four decades of establishment, the ITF has not only ignite training consciousness

in the economy but has also assisted in generating a corps of skilled indigenous man

power which has been making and managing various sectors of the Nation’s Economy.

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the bridge between two

Seemingly parallel worlds: the four walls of a classroom and the world of work hence,

the participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of

Diploma and Degree certificates in specific disciplines in most Higher Institutions of

learning in this country, in accordance with the education policy.

OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND

FIELD REGIONS

As part of its responsibilities, the Industrial Training Fund:

1. provides direct training, vocational, and apprentice training.

2. reimburses 100% levy paid by employers of labour registered with it and administers the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES).

3. provides human resource development information and training technology service to industry and commerce to enhance their effort.

4. has its main thrust of establishment to be stimulation of human performance, improving productivity and induction of value added production in Industry and Commerce.

5. through its SIWES and Vocational and Apprentice Training program, it has built capacity for Graduates and Youth Self-employment in context of all small scale industrialization in the economy.

CONCLUSION / SUMMARY

In my six months of Industrial Training at The Nigerian Airspace Management

Agency (NAMA), I have had a practical experience of the theories learnt in class

and have been built on how to handle some technical problems when they arise.

Though streinous and challenging, I have been made to realize that a Engineer

must be able to face any challenge boldly for in it lies his strength. NAMA has not

only built me to face engineering challenges but has also trained never to give up

no matter the challenge as an up-coming Engineer, this was well proven in the

participation I had in all the activities in the three departments under the directorate

I was attached to.

In conclusion, the importance of the Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) cannot be under estimated as it has been very helpful in exposing

Students to the practical experiences of the theories learnt in class in their various

Institutions of learning which makes the course of study more real, thereby preparing

them for the outside world and also teaches them how to usefully contribute to the

industry and the economy.

Though enjoyable, I encountered some limitations such as being used like a

Staff without any compensation, which however thought me that learning first,

reward follows. I was also faced with dealing with arrogant staff and imposing ones

too, all these helped in improving my human-relation ability an additional experience

beside academics.

With reference to the program, I can confidently walk into the employment

world in pursuit of my future career.

RECOMMENDATION

The meaningful contribution of SIWES to the society development and the building

of man-power cannot be under rated as it has been contributing effectively to the

educational sector of this country. Kudos to the initiators and the initiative of the

Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

I recommend that the SIWES program should not be eradicated as it has been

giving students the opportunity to have Industrial experience of the theories learnt

in class thereby preparing them for the outside world and also giving them the real

picture of their course of study.

However, companies should have a more concrete plan for the training of the

Industrial trainee as it is rampant that most instructors have to combine their normal

job with the training of the students, having to concentrate on their job more than the

trainee.

Finally, the welfare of the students should be well considered as most

organizations do not pay the students while those who manage to do so give peanuts.

This has been left unattended to by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

5.0 SURVEILLANCE DEPARTMENT

Surveillance simply means monitoring a particular thing. In aviation, it is simply monitoring

the air space. The Surveillance Department is responsible for the provision of both the

Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and the Monopulse Secondary Surveillance Radar (MSSR)

for the purpose of the radar control of the airspace.

5.1 RADAR AND ITS FUNCTIONS

RADAR is the acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. It is simply using radio waves

to detect and get the range of an object. In aviation, it is simply using radio waves to

and get the range of an object in the air space. The radio waves are simply microwave

signals. The ones used in NAMA have a speed of 15rev/min.

5.1.1 TYPES OF RADAR

As far as NAMA is concerned, there are two types of RADAR namely:

THE PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR; this sends signals from the ground to hit

the surface

of the object in air; a metal surface in the case of an air plane. The sent signal is reflected

from the object surface and the radar receives an echo called SKIN RETURN. Hence, it can

be said that the Primary Surveillance Radar uses the echo principle. It covers 250 Nortical

miles.

It is used as back up as the Skin return is very weak, and the radar is not intelligent

since it does not supply adequate information about the object in air.

5.1.1.2 THE MONOPULSE SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (MSSR); it consists of the

Transponder; a transmitter- responder which receives a signal from a ground station

(‘’ an interrogator ‘’) and automatically transmits a reply. The transponder reply provides

the airplane’s ID, altitude, and other data. It has coverage of 250 Nortical miles

as specified by ICAO. It works with the transponder in the aircraft. The transponder of

the aircraft sends to and receives from the top section of a surveillance radar known as a

beacon integrator.

IMPORTANCE OF TRACON TO NAMA

The design of the Total Radar Coverage of Nigeria (TRACON) has:

i. addressed the complete breakdown of Surveillance in NAMA.

ii. Ensured effective surveillance of the Nigerian airspace using six (6)

en-route and four (4) terminal radar and ADS-B facilities.

LIMITATIONS OF RADAR

The short-comings of RADAR are:

1. Weather which reduces its coverage. Although it is minimized when the signal travels elliptically but the effect is that the RADAR will not cover the required range.

2. It cannot transmit data and voice signals.

THE RADAR