ak html
DESCRIPTION
HTML session by Kahate sir at SICSRTRANSCRIPT
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HTML History Physicists at CERN (Centre Europeen
pour la Recherche Nucleaire) needed a way to easily share information
In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee developed the initial program for linking documents with each other
A decade of development led to WWW and HTML, including Web browsers
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HTML Basics HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup
Language An HTML file is a text file containing
small markup tags The markup tags tell the Web browser
how to display the page An HTML file must have an htm or html
file extension An HTML file can be created using a
simple text editor
HTML Syntaxes
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Sample HTML Page<html><head><title>Title of page</title></head><body>This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b></body></html>
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How to view it? Save it with a .htm or .html
extension Open it in browser or by simply
double clicking on it
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HTML Tags HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements HTML tags are surrounded by the two
characters < and > HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and
</b> The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the
second tag is the end tag The text between the start and end tags is the
element content HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means
the same as <B>
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Why lowercase tags? The World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4 recommendation
XHTML (the next generation HTML) demands lowercase tags
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Tag Attributes Attributes provide additional information
regarding HTML tags/elements Always added to the start tag Come in name=“value” pairs Examples
<body bgcolor="red"> bgcolor attribute provides additional information
about the body tag (that the background color should be red)
<table border="0"> border attribute states that this table should not
have a border
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Headings Headings are defined with the
<h1> to <h6> tags <h1> defines the largest heading <h6> defines the smallest heading HTML automatically adds an extra
blank line before and after a heading
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Headings Example<h1>This is a heading</h1><h2>This is a heading</h2><h3>This is a heading</h3><h4>This is a heading</h4><h5>This is a heading</h5><h6>This is a heading</h6>
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Aligning Headings Use “align=left/center/right”
attribute Example
<H1 align=“center”>Heading in the center</H1>
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Paragraphs Paragraphs are defined with the
<p> tag HTML automatically adds an extra
blank line before and after a paragraph
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Paragraphs Example<p>This is a paragraph</p><p>This is another paragraph</p>
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Line Breaks <br> tag is used when you want to
end a line Does not start a new paragraph The <br> tag forces a line break
wherever you place it Does not have a closing </br> tag
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Line Breaks Example<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph
with line breaks</p>
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Comments The comment tag is used to insert a
comment in the HTML source code A comment will be ignored by the
browser You can use comments to explain
your code, which can help you when you edit the source code at a later date
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Comments Example<!-- This is a comment -->
General tips
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General Tips – 1 Different browsers display the
same HTML text differently The display size also drives this The text will be reformatted every
time the user resizes the window Never try to format the text in your
editor by adding empty lines and spaces to the text
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General Tips – 2 HTML will truncate the spaces in your
text Any number of spaces count as one Using empty paragraphs <p> to insert
blank lines is a bad habit Use the <br> tag instead
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after some elements, like before and after a paragraph, and before and after a heading
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Character Entities – 1 Some characters such as < have a
special meaning in HTML They cannot be used as they are,
inside text Character entities are used in their
place
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Character Entities – 2 Made up of three parts
& Entity name or # and the ASCII value
of the character ;
Example < or < should be used in the
place of <
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Common Entities
Result Description Entity Name Entity
Number
non-breaking space  
< less than < <> greater than > >& ampersand & &" quotation mark " "' apostrophe ' '
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Anchor Tag and Href Attribute The anchor tag can be used to
create a link to another document Called as hyperlink or URL The tag is <a>
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Anchor Tag and Href Attribute Syntax
<a href="url">Text to be displayed</a> a = Create an anchor href = Target URL Text = Text to be displayed as substitute for
the URL Example
<a href="http://www.yahoo.com/">Visit Yahoo!</a>
Result: visit Yahoo!
HTML Tables
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TablesTag Use<table> Marks a table within an HTML
document.<tr> Marks a row within a table.
<td> Marks a cell (table data) within a row.
<th> Marks a heading cell within a row.
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Table Exercise Create the following HTML table
Book Name AuthorComputer Networks TanenbaumTCP/IP ComerTCP/IP Protocol Suite Forouzan
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Solution – 1 Start with the <table> and </table> tags
<table></table>
Add <tr> tags between the boundaries noted above for each row.<table><tr></tr><tr></tr><tr></tr><tr></tr></table>
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Solution – 2 Add <th> tags for the headings
<table><tr>
<th></th><th></th>
</tr><tr></tr><tr></tr><tr></tr></table>
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Solution – 3 Add <td> tags for the data
<table><tr>
<th></th><th></th>
</tr><td></td><td></td>
<tr><td></td><td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td><td></td>
</tr></table>
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Solution – 4 Add the element for each cell, including headers
<table><tr>
<th>Book Name</th><th>Author</th>
</tr><tr>
<td>Computer Networks</td><td>Tanenbaum</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>TCP/IP</td><td>Comer</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>TCP/IP Protocol Suite</td><td>Forouzan</td>
</tr></table>
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Exercises1. How would add rows to this
table?2. How would add columns to this
table?
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Solutions1. Add one more <tr> and </tr>
pair.2. Add one more <th> and </th>
pair.
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Table ExampleHTML Code<table border="1"><tr><td>row 1, cell 1</td><td>row 1, cell 2</td></tr><tr><td>row 2, cell 1</td><td>row 2, cell 2</td></tr></table>Output
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2 row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2
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Table HeadingsHTML Code<table border="1"><tr><th>Heading</th><th>Another Heading</th></tr><tr><td>row 1, cell 1</td><td>row 1, cell 2</td></tr><tr><td>row 2, cell 1</td><td>row 2, cell 2</td></tr></table>
Output
Heading Another Heading
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2 row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2
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Spanning Rows and Columns Spanning means stretching a cell
over multiple rows or columns Example
Publisher Book Name AuthorComputer Networks Tanenbaum
Pearson TCP/IPComer
Modern Operating SystemsTanenbaum
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HTML Syntax for SpanningAttribute UseRowspan=n Used in <td> or <th> tags,
indicates how many rows the cell should span. For example, rowspan=3 spans three rows.
Colspan=n Used in <td> or <th> tags, indicates how many columns the cell should span. For example, colspan=3 spans three columns.
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Exercise Create the following HTML table
Publisher Book Name AuthorComputer Networks Tanenbaum
Pearson TCP/IPComer
Modern Operating SystemsTanenbaum
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Solution – 1 Start with the basic HTML table
<table><tr>
<th>Book Name</th><th>Author</th>
</tr><td>Computer Networks</td><td>Tanenbaum</td>
<tr><td>TCP/IP</td><td>Comer</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>TCP/IP Protocol Suite</td><td>Forouzan</td>
</tr></table>
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Solution – 2 Add a new column for the Publisher title and name: Output would be distorted at
this stage<table><tr>
<th>Publisher</th><th>Book Name</th><th>Author</th>
</tr><tr>
<td>Pearson</td><td>Computer Networks</td><td>Tanenbaum</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>TCP/IP</td><td>Comer</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>TCP/IP Protocol Suite</td><td>Forouzan</td>
</tr></table>
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Solution – 3 Add rowspan attribute to the <th> or <td> tag that we want to span across
rows<table><tr>
<th>Publisher</th><th>Book Name</th><th>Author</th>
</tr><tr>
<td rowspan=3>Pearson</td><td>Computer Networks</td><td>Tanenbaum</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>TCP/IP</td><td>Comer</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>TCP/IP Protocol Suite</td><td>Forouzan</td>
</tr></table>
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Exercise Create the following table
Organization Project Completion %FCIB 90%
i-flex GCB 50%ADCB 95%
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Column Spanning Create the following table
structureBook Descriptive information
Type Name Price ClassificationC++ 100 Language
Ref Java 200 LanguageWeb Tech 250 Concepts
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Solution – 1 Start with the following<table><tr>
<th>Type</th><th>Name</th><th>Price</th><th>Classification</th>
</tr><tr>
<td rowspan=3>Ref</td><td>C++</td><td>100</td><td>Language</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>Java</td><td>200</td><td>Language</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>Web Tech</td><td>250</td><td>Concepts</td>
</tr></table>
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Solution – 2 Add a <TR> tag with <TH> for spanning<table><tr>
<th>Book</th><th>Descriptive information</th>
</tr><tr>
<th>Type</th><th>Name</th><th>Price</th><th>Classification</th>
</tr><tr>
<td rowspan=3>Ref</td><td>C++</td><td>100</td><td>Language</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>Java</td><td>200</td><td>Language</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>Web Tech</td><td>250</td><td>Concepts</td>
</tr></table>
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Solution – 3 Add <colspan> attribute for spanning<table><tr>
<th colspan=2>Book</th><th colspan=2>Descriptive information</th>
</tr><tr>
<th>Type</th><th>Name</th><th>Price</th><th>Classification</th>
</tr><tr>
<td rowspan=3>Ref</td><td>C++</td><td>100</td><td>Language</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>Java</td><td>200</td><td>Language</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>Web Tech</td><td>250</td><td>Concepts</td>
</tr></table>
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Table Colors, Alignment <TABLE BGCOLOR = “…”> allows
us to specify the background color <TR ALIGN> allows specifying the
text alignment
Text Colors
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Setting Text Colors Use the <TEXT = “Color”> tag
Example <BODY TEXT = “BLUE”>
Use the <FONT> tag Set font size, color, face (style) Example
<FONT FACE = “Comical” SIZE = “+2” COLOR = “RED”> Look at this! </FONT>
HTML Lists
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Lists Two types
Unordered List of items marked with bullets Starts with <ul>, each item starts with
<li> Ordered
List of items marked with numbers Starts with <ol>, each item starts with
<li>
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Allowed “types” in Lists Numbered lists
Type=“A”Number or letter with which the list should start; other options are a, I, i, or 1 (Default)
Bulleted lists Type=“disc” Bullet type to be used; other
options are square and circle
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Unordered List ExampleHTML code<ul><li>Coffee</li><li>Milk</li></ul>
Output• Coffee • Milk
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Another Unordered List Example
HTML code<ul type=“square”><li>Coffee</li><li>Milk</li></ul>
Output Coffee Milk
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Ordered List ExampleHTML code<ol><li>Coffee</li><li>Milk</li></ol>
Output1. Coffee 2. Milk
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Another Ordered List Example
HTML code<ol type=“A”><li>Coffee</li><li>Milk</li></ol>
OutputA. Coffee B. Milk
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Nested List ExampleHTML code<html><body>
<h4>A nested List:</h4><ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Tea <ul> <li>Black tea</li> <li>Green tea</li> </ul> </li> <li>Milk</li></ul>
</body></html>
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Output of Nested List Example• Coffee • Tea
o Black tea o Green tea
• Milk
HTML Forms
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Forms Form is an area containing form
elements A form element allows user to enter
information Text fields Drop-down buttons Radio buttons Checkboxes
<form> and </form> tags are used
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<input> tag Most commonly used form element Type of input is specified with the
type attribute Concept
<form><input type=“text” …>…</form>
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Input field tag and attributesTag/Attribute
Use
<input> Sets an area in a form for user inputType=“…” Text, Password, Checkbox, Radio, File, Hidden,
Image, Submit, ResetName=“…” Processes form resultsValue=“…” Provide default valuesSize=“n” Sets visible size for text inputsMaxlength=“n”
Maximum input size for text fields
Selected Default selection when form is initially displayed or reloaded
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Forms Example – Textboxes<form>First name: <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname"></form>
Output:
First name:
Last name:
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Forms Example – Radio Buttons<form><input type="radio" name=“fruit" value=“apple"> Apple<br><input type="radio" name=“fruit" value=“orange"> Orange</form>
Output:
o Appleo Orange
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Forms Example – Checkboxes<form><input type="checkbox" name=“vehicle“ value=“bike”>I have a bike<br><input type="checkbox" name=“vehicle“ value=“car”>I have a car</form>
Output:
I have a bike I have a car
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Forms Example – Submit Buttons<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp“ method="get"> Username: <input type="text" name="user">
<input type="submit" value="Submit"></form>
Output:
Username: Submit
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Forms Example – Dropdown Boxes<form><select name="cars"><option value="volvo">Volvo<option value="saab">Saab<option value="fiat">Fiat<option value="audi">Audi</select></form>
Output:
A dropdown box showing these four car names
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Exercise Create the following form with guidelines
as specified below. Fields in the form should be first name, last
name, email, address, city, state, pin, and country
All text fields except City should have display length of 40 and maximum length of 50
City should have display length of 20 and maximum length of 40
State should have the following set of values to choose from: AP, Bi, Ma, MP, TN
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Solution<html><body>
<title> Forms Example </title>
<form><input type="text" name="firstname" size="40" maxlength="50">First Name<br><input type="text" name="lastname" size="40" maxlength="50">Last Name<br><input type="text" name="email" size="40" maxlength="50">Email Address<br><input type="text" name="address" size="40" maxlength="50">Postal Address<br><input type="text" name="city" size="20" maxlength="40">City<select name="state"><option value="ap">AP<option value="bi">Bi<option value="ma">MH<option value="mp">MP<option value="mp">TN</select>State<input type="text" name="pin" size="10" maxlength="15">Pin code<br><input type="text" name="country" size="40" maxlength="50">Country<br>
</body></html>
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Text areas Used for multi-line
inputs Example:<textarea
name=“comments” rows=“5” cols=“40”> Please provide comments</textarea>
Tag/Attribute
Use
<textarea> Area for multi-line user input
Name=“…” Name for the text area
Rows=“n” Number of visible rows
Cols=“n” Number of visible rows
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Formatting Forms <html>
<head> <title>Formatted Form Example</title> </head>
<body> <form action="donothing.jsp" metod="POST">
<table border="2">
<tr> <th>Choose your payment mechanism:</th> <td> <select name="paymentmode"> <option value="creditcard">Credit Card</option> <option value="debitcard">Debit Card</option> </select> </td> </tr>
<tr> <th align="left">Type:</th> <td> <input type="radio" name="cardtype" value="visa">Visa <br> <input type="radio" name="cardtype" value="master">Master <br> <input type="radio" name="cardtype" value="other">Other </td> </tr>
</table> </form> </body> </html>
Images
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Images The <img> tag is used The <src> tag specifies the URL of the
image we want to display Syntax
<img src="url"> The ‘alt’ attribute is used to define
alternate text for an image, in case the image is not found e.g. <img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat">
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Image Example<html><body>
<h3>Image Example</h3>
<img src="crypto.jpg">
</body></html>
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Sizing Images We can set the width and height of
images in pixels Example:
<img src=“crypto.jpg” width=“800” height=“400”>
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Adding Background Images<html><body background="background.jpg">
<h3>Look: A background image!</h3>
<p>Both gif and jpg files can be used as HTML backgrounds.</p>
<p>If the image is smaller than the page, the image will repeat itself.</p>
</body></html>
Stylesheets
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Formatting Nightmares The original HTML was never intended to
contain tags for formatting a document HTML tags were intended to define the
content of the document like: <p>This is a paragraph</p> <ul>This is an unordered list</ul>
When tags like <font> and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a nightmare
A long, expensive and unduly painful process!
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Enter HTML 4.0 All formatting can be moved out of
the HTML document and into a separate style sheet
Separation of the presentation of the document from its structure
Total control of presentation layout without messing up the document content
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One css, Many html documents
Corporate.css
Document1.html
Document2.html
Document3.html
Document4.html
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Styles When a browser comes across a
style sheet, it formats the document according to it
Three ways External style sheet Internal style sheet Inline style sheet
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External Style Sheet Ideal when the style is applied to many
pages With an external style sheet, you can
change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file
Two methods to use such a style sheet Each page must link to the style sheet using the
<link> tag The <link> tag goes inside the head section
Use the @import directive
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External Style Sheet Example: Using link Allows different style sheets to be used
with one HTML (e.g. view.css, print.css) One of these would be used, depending
on the requirement
<head><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"href=“view.css"> <!--(OR “print.css”) --></head>
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External Style Sheet Example: Using import Multiple style sheets, each one having
a separate function (e.g. one for organization, one for department, …)
<HEAD><STYLE>@import url (“red.css”)@import url (“green.css”)</STYLE>
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Internal Style Sheet Should be used when a single
document has a unique style You define internal styles in the
head section with the <style> tag
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Internal Style Sheet Example<head><style type="text/css">body {background-color: red}p {margin-left: 20px}</style></head>
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Inline Style Sheet Should be used when a unique
style is to be applied to a single occurrence of an element
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag
The style attribute can contain any CSS property
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Inline Style Sheet Example<p style="color: red; margin-left:
20px">This is a paragraph</p>
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HTML Head The head element contains general information,
also called meta-information, about a document Meta means "information about" Meta-information means information about
information Elements inside the Head element are not
displayed by the browser According to the HTML standard, only a few tags
are legal inside the head section: <base>, <link>, <meta>, <title>, <style>, and <script>
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HTML URLs Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to
address a document (or other data) on the World Wide Web
scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename Scheme: Type of Internet service. The most
common type is http. Domain: The Internet domain name, e.g.
yahoo.com. Host: The domain host (default is www) :Port: The port number at the host (Default 80) Path: Path (a sub directory) on the server Filename: The name of the document
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HTML URL Examples Email
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>
JavaScript: Introduction
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HTML Scripts Scripts make static HTML pages
interactive <script> tag is used Browsers are programmed to
interpret scripts
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Script Example<html><head></head><body><script type="text/javascript">document.write("Hello World!")</script></body></html>Output:
Hello World!
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Handling Old Browsers Old browsers that cannot interpret
scripts will display the scripting code on the screen!
To prevent this, we can comment out the scripting code Old browsers would ignore scripts Newer browsers would interpret and
execute the scripts, as expected See next slide
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Handling Old Browsers – Code JavaScript:
<script type="text/javascript"><!-- document.write("Hello World!") //--></script>
VBScript:<script type="text/vbscript"><!-- document.write("Hello World!") '--></script>
Thank you!
Questions and Comments Welcome!