al durus al nahawiyya 1 eng

8/6/2019 Al Durus Al Nahawiyya 1 Eng

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The Formation of Words ) (

Explanation:

Each one of us knows the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet, the first of which is the and

the last of which is the .

From these letters are formed: all the words that we utter in our conversations and use in our

dialogues, like: (father), (mother), (brother), (sister), (diligence), (success, passing), etc.

The (word) can consist of:

(1) one letter, like the (in, with) in (In the Name of Allah), and the

(question article) in [Have we not open for you (your

bosom)],

(2) two letters, like: " " (from, of), " " (in, at),

(3) three letters, like: " " (grapes), " " (trees),

(4) four letters, like: " " (brook), (rivulet, Ja¶far),

(5) five letters, like: " " (quince),

(6) six letters, like: " " (saffron), or

(7) seven letters, like: "" (questioning)

Furthermore, the does not exceed this number (i.e. it cannot be made up of more than

seven letters).

From the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet words are constructed.



The Types of Word ) (

Explanation:

All the that are formed from the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet are confined to

three types only:

j a type called " " (verb),

j a type called "" (noun) and

j a type called " " (particle).

The is like:

(wrote) (write/will write) (Write!)

(rolled) (roll/will roll) (Roll!)

(went) (go/will go) (Go!)

(extracted) (extract/will extract)

(Extract!)

and every other word that denotes the occurrence of an action in a particular time.

The (which includes nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.) is like:

: " " " : " " " " " "" " : " "" " " " " " : " " " " "

They (i.e. the ) are divided into three types:

j a typed called " " (verb), like: " " (wrote), " " (write/will

write), and " " (Write!),

j a type called "" (noun), like: " " (Muhammad), ""

(sparrow), and " " (apple), and

j a type called " " (particle), like: " " (question article), " " (in)

and " " (did not)



" " (Muhammad), "" (sparrow), " " (apple), " " (earth),

" " (heaven, sky), " " (sun), " " (moon), and other examples which we use

to refer to people and things. Of these are: the names of people, the names of mountains,

rivers and countries, and every other word that denotes animals, plants or inanimate objects.

The (which includes prepositions, interrogative particles, negative particles, future

particles, conjunctions), is like:

" " (question article), " " (in, at), " " (did not), " " (from, of), "" (to,

towards), " " (then, thereafter, after awhile), and every other word that denotes a meaning

that does not become apparent except when used with other words.



The Categories of Verb ) (

Explanation:

You have learnt previously that all the are limited to three types: (verb), (noun) and (particle), and we explained to you that every word denoting the occurrenceof an action in a particular time is called a " " .

Moreover, the is divided into three categories: (past, perfect), (present or

future, imperfect) and (command, imperative).

The is that which denotes the occurrence of an action in a time that has elapsed (i.e.

the past tense), like: " " (wrote), " " (rolled), "" (went), and ""

(extracted).

The is that which denotes the occurrence of an action in the present tense ) (

or future tense ) ( , like: " " (write, will write), " " (roll, will roll),

" " (go, will go) and " " (extract, will extract). Furthermore, it is necessary

for the to have one of the following four letters prefixed to it:

j [first person singular, e.g. " " (I write or will write)],

j [first person dual or plural, e.g. " " (We write or will write)],

j [third person masculine and third person feminine plural, e.g. " " {he writes,

will write} , " " {they (masc. dual) write or will write}, " " {they (masc.

pl.) write or will write} and " " {they (fem. pl.) write or will write}] or

j [second person and third person feminine singular and dual, e.g. " " {you

(masc. sing.) or she write(s) or will write}, " " {you (fem. sing.) write will write},

" " {you (masc. dual) or they fem. dual write or will write}, " " {you

(masc. pl.) write or will write}, " " (you (fem. pl.) write or will write}] .

: " : " " : " " : "

The is divided into three categories:

j (past, perfect), like: " " (wrote)

j (present or future, imperfect), like: " " (write, will write)

j (command, imperative), like: " " (Write!)



The is that through which an action is requested, like: " " [Write! (which is a

request for writing)], " " [Roll! (which is a request for rolling s.th.)], "" [Go!

(which is a request for going)] and "" [Extract!(which is a request for extracting)].



Masculine and Feminine ) (

Explanation:

You already know that:

j the is of three types: (verb), (noun) and (particle), and

j the in turn is of three types: (past), (present or future) and (command).

Know now that the is of two types:

j (masculine), which is every that denotes a male, like: "" (Ali), " "

(Husain), " " (camel), " " (mule), " " (stallion), " " (donkey),

"" (cat), etc.

j (feminine), which is every that denotes a female, like: "" (Aishah),

" " (Fatimah), "" (Azizah), " " (she-camel), " " (female mule),

" (female donkey), "" (female cat), etc.

[The can either be :j in meaning and in form like "" , " " , etc. or

j in meaning only like " " (Hamzah), " " (Talhah), etc. or

j in form only, like " " (book), " " (pen), etc.

Similarly, the can either be :j in meaning and in form like "" , " " , etc. or,

j in meaning only like " " (Zainab), "" (Hind), etc. or

j in form only, like " " (Hamzah), " " (Talhah), etc.]

: " :" " " " " " :" " " ""

The

is divided into two categories:

j (masculine), like: "" (Ali), " " (camel) and " " (stallion),

and

j (feminine), like: "" (Aishah), " " (she-camel) and ""

(female-cat)



The Singular, Dual and Plural ) (

Explanation:

You (already) know that the is divided into (masculine) and (feminine).

Know now that it is also divided into:

j (singular), which is that which denotes a single male or female, like:

" " (a very good man) and " " (a very good woman),

" " (a diligent male) and " " (a diligent female),

j (dual), which is that which denotes two males or two females by adding (i.e.

suffixing) an and or a and to its singular form, like:

" " or " " (two very good men),

" " or " " (two very good women),

" " or " " (two diligent men),

" " or " " (two diligent women),

± ± : : " : " " " " "" " :" "" "" "

The is also divided into three (more) categories:

j (singular), like: " " (a very good man), and (a very good

woman),

j (dual), like: " " (two very good men in the nom. case) or " "

(two very good men in the acc. and gen. cases) and " " (two very good

women in the nom. case) or " " (two very good women in the acc. and

gen. cases), and

j (plural), like: " " (very good men in the nom. case) or " "

(very good men in the acc. and gen. cases) or " " (very good people)



j (plural), which is that which denotes more than two males or two females by

changing its singular form, like:

" " , " " (very good men),

" " (very good men), or

" " (very good women).



The Categories of Plural ) (

Explanation:

You have learnt previously that the can be , or , and now you will

learn that the is not merely of one type but of two types:

j (broken plural), which is that whose singular form undergoes a change in

structure, like:

" " , the plural of " " (a very good man),

" " , the plural of " " (book), and

"" , the plural of " " (pen),

j (sound plural), which is that whose singular form remains sound or intact,

and comprises two categories:

(a) (sound masculine plural), like: " " (in the nom. case) or

" " (in the acc. and gen. cases), and " " (in the nom. case) or

" " (in the acc. and gen. cases), as regards every which has a and or a and suffixed to its singular form, and

(b) (sound feminine plural), like: " " and " " , as

regards every which has an and suffixed to its singular form.

: " : " " " "" :" " " " " "

" " " "

The is further subdivided into two categories:

j (broken plural), like: " " (very good people), " "

(books), "" (pens), and

j (sound plural), like: " " or " " (very good men)

and " " (very good women), and when it refers to masculine it is called

" " (sound masculine plural), and when it refers to feminine it is

called " " (sound feminine plural).



The Composition of Speech ) (

Explanation:

We know from what has gone before that all the do not exceed three types: the

, the and the . It is clear that to understand what is communicated (by the

speaker) is not achieved by means of one word only due to it being insufficient by itself,

instead it is necessary ± in order for communication to take place ± that there be two or morewords so that what we utter conveys a complete and self-contained message.

The sentence )( which is composed of two or more words such that it conveys the

intended and desired sense (to the listener) is called " " (speech), like: " "

(Knowledge is beneficial) and " " (Ignorance is harmful).

It is not required, however, that be composed of all three types (of ), for it is

sufficient that it be composed of two nouns only, like: " " (Ali is coming or

approaching) or a verb and a noun, like: " " (a river is overflowing).

Furthermore, the

is called:

j " " (verbal) if its initial part is a , like: " " (The teacher was

present) and " " (The onlooker or investigator is present), and

j " " (nominal) if its initial part is an , like: " " (The teacher is

standing) and " " (The investigator is inspecting).

[Note that the occurrence of a (particle) before the or the does not affect

the status of the as a or a ]

""

From words informative sentences are constructed, and they are called ""

(Speech)



The Types of Indeclinability ) (

Explanation:

You already know that the ± when they are grouped together ± their ending either

adheres strictly to one state or it changes by changing the construction.

Know now that the modes and states that the endings of words have to adhere to do not

exceed four: the , the , the and the .

Every

whose ending adheres strictly to the

is said to be: "

"

(built or fixed on the ), like " " (did not), " " (will not), " " (from), ""

(of, about), " " (in), etc.

Every whose ending adheres strictly to the is said to be: " "

(built or fixed on the ), like " " (where), " " (we), " " (since, from), etc.


(built or fixed on the ), like "" (where), " " (hoping, hopefully, perhaps),

" " (then, thereafter), etc.


(built or fixed on the ), like the and in your statement: " "

(Progress is/comes with diligence) and " " (For every diligent person there

is a share/portion).

That a particular is on a , or a , or a , or a cannot be

determined from some rule, rather the method for determining the particular sign on which it

" " " " "" " "

.

That whose ending does not change, either adheres (permanently) to:

j the like " " (did not),

j the like " " (where),

j the like "" (where), or

j the like " " (In the Name of Allah)

The method for determining that (i.e. for determining which words are

indeclinable) is contingent on sound transmission (based on how previous Arabs

used it, and there are no particular rules for logically deriving that).



is is contingent on how it has been used in reliable and credible books and by expert

users and speakers of Arabic.

When someone says to you: ³By what means do you know that " " is on the , " " on the , "" on the and the on the , and why is it not

allowed for " " to be on the for example?´

In response to him, you cannot but say that knowledge thereof is not acquired via rules thatare learnt, instead it is acquired via oral transmission and hearsay, and that I have not heard

the word " " in any of the constructions of eloquent and grammatically sound Arabic

speech except that its ending has been unvowelled (with a ), like the statement of the

poet:

(I did not break a covenant nor did I breach promises)

Hence, based on that you know that " " is on the and not on the nor

any of the other (vowel-markings), and because of that I do not pronounce it exceptas (unvowelled with a ).

Likewise for most indeclinable words ) ( there is no way of knowing what

sign they are on except through sound transmission, while at the same time it is not

difficult for us know that, because the (indeclinable words) in comparison to

the (declinable words) are very few (in number) and the people¶s pronunciation

thereof is generally correct, due to the fact that their endings are not subject to change. Even

with this in mind, we will still mention those most commonly used among these .



The Classes of Indeclinables ) (

Explanation:

You already know that the are not all (indeclinable) nor all (declinable).

Rather, some of them are and some of them are . Also, it has been mentioned to

you previously that the are of three types: (verbs), (nouns) and (particles).

As for the all of them are , and they comprise five classes:

(1) (composed of one letter), like: the , the , the , the , the

, the , the and the , like:

j (Did Zaid travel?)

j (I wrote with your pen)

j (The maid went out and she will return)

j (The scholars entered into the presence of the sultan,

then the emirs)

j (Knowledge is like light)

j (The result will be yours)

j (You will rule/reign through knowledge and good character)

" " "" "" "" "

" " " " " " " ""

"" " " " " " ."

Belonging to the are all the (particles) and like wise the (verbs) and some words from the (nouns) some of which are called

" " (personal pronouns) like "" (I), "" {you (masc. sing.)} and

"" (he), and some of which (are called) " " (relative

pronouns), like " " {that which, who (masc. sing.)} and " " {that which,

who (fem. sing.)}, and some of which is called " "

(indicative/demonstrative pronouns), like "" {(this (masc. sing.)} and ""

{this (fem. sing.)}, and some of which are called " " (conditional

pronouns),like " " (whosoever) and " " (whatever).



(2) (composed of two letters), like: " " (the), "" (or), "" (to, that), "" (if),

" " (rather, instead), " " (definitely, maybe, about to), " " (if, had it been that, was it

that) and " " (question article, interrogative), like:

j (Is the travel near or far?)

j (It pleases me that you will be returning)

j (If you show mercy, you will be shown mercy to)

j [Yusuf did not go but Ibrahim (went) instead]

j (I definitely saw the train)

j (If people were just and fair, then the judge would

have been relieved)

j (Did the appointed time come?)

(3) (composed of three letters), like: "" (all of a sudden, suddenly), "" (Alas!),

"" (to), "" (indeed, verily), " " (will, shall), "" (on, on top of), " " (I

wish) and " " (yes), like:

j (I thought he was absent and then all of a sudden he was

present)

j (Alas! Truly, the causes of wealth are many)

j (You will see)

j [I wish I had a kantar of gold]

j (Yes) in response to someone saying: " " (Will you spend it in the

way of Good?)

(4) (composed of four letters), like: " " (if), "" (except, excluding), " "

(as for), " " (either/or), " " (until, up to including, even), " " (as if) and " "

(I hope, hopefully, hoping, in order), like:

j (If you learn you will progress, advance)

j (Everything will perish except His Countenance)

j (The two guards were negligent,

as for the first he abandoned the door and as for the second, he slept)

j (Sa¶id will attend either tomorrow or after tomorrow)

j (The pilgrims arrived including the pedestrians / those who

walked)

j (As if you were with us)

j (Hopefully, the weather will become moderate)

(5) (composed of five letters), like: " " (only, nothing except), " " (that) and

" " (but), like:

j (It was only revealed to me that your Lord is One

God)



j (Yusuf is wealthy but he is stingy)

As for the (verbs):

j the and thereof are (indeclinable): the first on the and the

second on the , and

j the is (declinable) except when the ( Nun of Intensification,

Strengthening) or ( Nun of the Feminine Plural) is attached (i.e. suffixed) to it.

As for the , all of them are (declinable) except for a limited number (of

classes), some of which are called " " (personal pronouns), some of which are

called " " (relative pronouns), some of which are called "" (indicative/demonstrative pronouns) and some of which are called " " (conditional pronouns).



As for the , they are:

I Me

We Us

You (masc. sing.) You (masc. sing.)

You (fem. sing.) You (fem. sing.)

You (masc. fem. dual) You (masc. fem. dual)

You (masc. pl.) You (masc. pl.) You (fem. pl.) You (fem. pl.)

He Him

She Her

They (masc. fem. dual) Them (masc. fem. dual)

They (masc. pl.) Them (masc. pl.)

They (fem. pl.) Them (fem. pl.)

These are called " " (Detached Personal Pronouns)

That which is attached (i.e. suffixed) to the (only) occurs in for example:

I wrote

We wrote

You (masc. sing.) wrote

You (fem. sing.) wrote

You (masc. fem. dual) wrote

You (masc. pl.) wrote

You (fem. pl.) wrote

)( He wrote

)( She wrote

They (masc. dual) wrote

They (fem. dual) wrote

They (masc. pl.) wrote

They (fem. pl.) wrote



That which is attached (i.e. suffixed) to the or the occurs in for example:

My book taught me

Our book taught us

Your book taught you (masc. sing.)

Your book taught you (fem. sing.)

Your book taught you (masc. fem. dual)

Your book taught you (masc. pl.) Your book taught you (fem. pl.)

His book taught him

Her book taught her

Their book taught them (masc. fem. dual)

Their book taught them (masc. pl.)

Their book taught them (fem. pl.)

These are called " " (Attached Personal Pronouns).

As for the (relative pronouns), among them are:

the one who / that which (masc.)

the one who / that which (fem.)

the ones who / which (masc. dual)

the ones who / which (fem. dual)

the ones who (masc. pl.)

the ones who (fem. pl.)



The Types of Declinability / Declension ) (

Explanation:

It has become clear to us that the words whose endings change by changing the constructions

(in which they appear) are from the classes of and , and not from the class of

.

It remains for us to know the modes or states in which this change exists. Know that they (i.e.

these modes or states) are four: the , the , the and the . Thechange:

j by means of the is called " " (i.e. nominative case for nouns and indicative

mood for verbs),

j by means of the (is called) " " (i.e. accusative case for nouns and

subjunctive mood for verbs),

j by means of the (is called) " " and

j by means of the (is called) " " .

.. .

" " " "

" " " " " ."

That whose ending changes,

j if it is a , then its change is by means of the , the and the

, and

j if it is an , then its change is by means of the , the and the

.

The change:

j by means of the is called " " ,j by means of the (is called) " " ,

j by means of the (is called) " " and

j by means of the (is called) " "

The , the , the and the are said to be the

" " (primary signs of declinability).



Hence, it is said that the types of declinability )( are: , , and , and

the , the , the and the are said to be the " " (primary signs of declinability).

It is necessary for us to know that does not apply to just as does not apply

to .

[Furthermore:

j is called the nominative case when applied to nouns and the indicative mood when

applied to verbs,

j is called the accusative case when applied to nouns and the subjunctive mood

when applied to verbs,

j is called the genitive case and applies to nouns only and

j is called the jussive mood and applies to verbs only.]



Declining the Dual and Sound Plural ) (

Explanation:

You already know that:

j the (primary sign of ) is the ,

j the ) ( (primary sign of ) is the ,

j The ) ( (primary sign of ) is the and

j The ) ( (primary sign of ) is the .

Moreover, there exist also (secondary signs)which take the place of these

(primary) signs in certain types of the as will be mentioned.

. . .

" ."

The (dual) is:

j (i.e. declined in the case of ) with the and

j (i.e. declined in the case of ) and (i.e. declined in the

case of ) with the .

The (sound masculine plural) is:

j with the and

j and with the .

The (sound feminine plural) is:

j with the .

[As for being and it takes the standard declension, that is, with the and with the ]

The , the , the and the are said to be " "

(secondary signs).



Thus:

(1) the is:

j with the in place of the (i.e. ), like: " " (two men were present here)

j and with the in place of the and the (i.e. ), like: " " (I honoured the two men) and

" " (I looked at the two men).

(2) the is:

j with the in place of the (i.e. ), like: " " (The engineers left / went out)

j and with the in place of the and the (i.e. ), like: " " (I bid the engineers

farewell) and " " (I looked at the engineers).

(3) the is with the in place of the (i.e. ) like: " " (I planted trees). As for its and ,

it is declined with the two primary signs: the and the , like: " " (The trees are ripe) and " " (I brought other trees).



Declining the Weak Verb ) (

Explanation:

When the ending (i.e. final letter) of the is:

j an (even if it is written as a ), like: " " (fear/will fear), " "

(strive/will strive) and " " (meet/will meet), or

j a , like: " " (call/will call), " " (rise/will rise) and " " (play/will

play) or

j a , like: " " (throw/will throw), " " (disobey/will disobey) and " "

(walk/will walk),

then, it is called " " (the weak ending verb).

The of the is not by means of the (which is the standard

declension) but rather by means of dropping of its (weak) ending in place of the (i.e.

). The dropping of the ending (i.e. ) is among the (secondary signs), like: " " (did not fear), " " (did not strive), " " (did not meet), " " (did not call), " " (did not rise), " " (did not

play), " " (did not throw/cast), " " (did not disobey) and " " (did not

walk).

[Note that in these examples the at the end of " " , " " and " "

indicates that an has been dropped, the at the end of " " , " " and " "

" " " : " " " " ."

.

When the ending (i.e. final letter) of the is an , or , it is

called " " (weak ending verb), and it is with the dropping of it

(i.e. the weak ending) in place of the , like: " " (did not fear),

" " (did not call) and " " (did not throw/cast).

As for it is apparent (i.e. or uttered and pronounced) on the and

and implied (i.e. or not uttered or pronounced but assumed in the mind

of the Arabic user) on the .

As for it is implied (i.e. ) on all (three weak letters).



indicates that a has been dropped and the at the end of " " , " " and

" " indicates that a has been dropped].

As for it being and , it is (so) by means of the (the two

primary signs): the and the except that:

j the is (implicit i.e. implied and assumed to exist in the mind of the Arabic

user only) in the case of the due to (i.e. the impossibility of

vowelling it, that is, vowelling the ) but is (explicit i.e. uttered and

pronounced) in the case of the and the (due to the ease with which the is pronounced on these two letters), and

j the is (implicit) in the case of the due to (i.e. impossibility of

vowelling the ) as well as in the case of the and the due to (i.e. due

to heaviness and difficulty of pronouncing it on these two letters).

[The declension by means of a (implicit and implied ) or (implicit and implied ) belongs to a type of (declension) known as (implied or hypothetical declension) and is applicable to the as when dealing

with particular types of ]



Declining the Five Forms / Patterns ) (

Explanation:

When the is predicated of:

j the (i.e. of duality), like: " " (the two men write/will

write) and "

" (You two write/will write), or

j the (i.e. of the masculine plural), like: " (the men are

write/will write) and " " (You write/will write), or

j the (i.e. of the second person feminine), like: " " (you

write/will write fem. sing.)

then it is by means of the attachment of the (i.e. ), like that you

have seen, and it is and by means of its dropping (i.e. ), like:

.

The ± when it has the (i.e. of duality), or the (i.e. of the masculine plural), or the (i.e. of the

second person feminine) suffixed to it ± is:

j with the attachment of the (i.e. ) in place of the

and

j and with the dropping thereof (i.e. ) in place of

the and the .



will not write (3rd

masc. dual) did not write (3rd

masc. dual)

will not write (3rd

per. fem. dual /

2nd

per. dual) did not write (3

rdper. fem. dual /

2nd

per. dual)

will not write (3rd

per. masc. pl.) did not write (3rd

per. masc. pl.)

will not write (2nd

masc. pl.) did not write (2nd

masc. pl.)

will not write (2nd

fem. sing.) did not write (2nd

fem. sing.)

These (verbs) and their likes are called " " (the five forms / patterns).

Moreover, the and the are among the (secondary

signs).



The Importance of Distinguishing (Different) Constructions) (

Explanation:

We hear from the (Arab) people the word "" ± for example ± sometimes ,

sometimes and sometimes , such that they say (for example):

j " " (Ali is brave),

j " " (Truly, Ali is eloquent)

j " " (Ali has righteous and very good children)

Is the fact that the word "" is in the first construction, in the second

and in the third binding and obligatory on the one who wants his speech to becorrect? The answer is ³yes´.

Anyone who utters something other than that has indeed erred, and his speech is contrary to

the language of the Arabs, the language of the Noble Qur¶an, the (Prophetic) Traditions,

authentic books and the speech of the eloquent.

Every from among the (declinable words) is in specific places,

in specific places, and likewise is the case when it is and . For that

there are rules and principles such that when a person knows them he will be free from error and his speech will conform to the language of the Qur¶an.

When it is the case that the change of the is confined to , and , the

change of the is confined to , and , it is for us to know (then) in

which construction is the :

j or

j or

j ,

.

For each type of these changes there are places, should it occur in any other than

these (places) it will be counted as an error. Hence, it is necessary for us ± in order that we be free from error and our pronunciation (i.e. speech) be correct ± to know

in which construction the is or or , and in which

construction the is , or or .



and in which construction the is:

j or

j or

j

and so on until we reach our intended goal.



Making the Verb ) (

Explanation:

If to be free from error in speech is contingent on us knowing in which construction the is , or and in which construction the is , or

, then it is necessary for us to know the rules that will lead us to realise that aim.

Thus, the is in four places, in sixteen places and in other than

the aforementioned.

It is in every sentence ) ( in which it occurs after one of the following words:

j "" like: " " (That you have passed pleases me)

j " " like: " " (The lazy person will never prevail)j "" like: " " (In that case you will achieve glory and prestige) in

response to some who said: " " (I will work hard / be diligent), and

j " " like: " " (I came in order to learn)

and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases.

" :"" """" ."

As for the , it is when one of these particles comes before it:

j "" (to, that)

j " " (will not, will never)

j "" (in that case, thus, hence)

j " " [(in order) to, that]



Making the Verb ) (

Explanation:

We know the four places in which the is . It remains for us to know the

sixteen places in which it is .

It is in every (sentence) in which it occurs after one of the aforementioned

words. These words are divided into two groups:

(1) a group after which one is made :

" : "" " "" """ "" "" "" "" " " """" "" "" ""."

It (i.e. the ) is when one of these words comes before it:

j " " (did not)

j " " (did not yet)

j (the of command meaning ³let´)

j "" (Prohibitive "" meaning ³Don¶t´)

j "" (If «.., ««)

j " " (If «.., ««)

j " " (Whosoever, anyone who «.., ««)

j " " (Whatever «.., ««)

j " " (Whatever «.., ««)

j " " (Whenever «.., ««)

j " " (Whenever «.., ««)

j "" (Wherever «.., ««)

j " " (Wherever «.., ««)

j " " (Wherever «.., ««)

j " " (However «.., ««)

j "" (Whichever «.., ««)



j " " (did not), like: " " (I did not break a covenant nor

did I breach promises)

j " " (did not yet), like: " " [Our garden did not

produce fruit yet while the (other) gardens produced fruit]

j (the of command meaning ³let´), like: " " (Let every

person adhere or stick to his limit)

j "" (Prohibitive "" meaning ³Don¶t´), like: " " (Do

not despair concerning Allah¶s Mercy)

(2) a group after which two (verbs) are made , the first (of which) is called the

" " (conditional verb) and the second the " " (reply to or result of

the condition), and it comprises:

j "" (If «.., ««), like: " " (If you have patience, you will achieve),

j " " (If «.., ««), like: " " (If you learn, you will progress),

j " " (Whosoever, anyone who «.., ««), like: " " (Whosoever

searches, will find),

j " " (Whatever «.., ««), like: " " (Whatever you obtain in childhood, will benefit you in adulthood),

j " " (Whatever «.., ««), like: " " (Whatever you

conceal the days will reveal),

j " " (Whenever «.., ««), like: " " (Whenever

your heart is sound your limbs are sound),

j " " (Whenever «.., ««), like: " " (When your

heart is good your behaviour becomes praiseworthy),

j "" (Wherever «.., ««), like: " " (Wherever you

venture, you will find your sustenance),

j " " (Wherever «.., ««), like: " " (Wherever the possessor of wealth goes, he will find friends),

j " " (Wherever «.., ««), like: " " (Wherever

you are upright, Allah will decree success for you),

j " " (However «.., ««), like: " " (However you are, so will

your friend be) and

j "" (Whichever «.., ««), " "

(Whichever person the leader respects, the subjects will also respect).

and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases. Moreover, "" and what comes

after it are called " " (Conditional Instruments).



Making the Verb ) (

Explanation:

There is no difficulty in us knowing the places in which the is after knowing the

places in which it is and .Every that does not occur after one of the previous four words or after one of

the sixteen words mentioned thereafter is necessarily , like: ? A (Allah

has given you relief), " " (Our garden bears fruit), " " (A manadheres or sticks to his limit), etc.

Up to this point we have completed our knowledge of the places in which the is

, the places in which it is and the places in which it is , so we do not

have to fear any error entering (into our speech) coming from that direction (at least).

However, it is now on us to strive to know:

j the places in which the is ,j the places in which it is and

j the places in which it is ,in order that we might be free from error as regards the (declinable words).

It (i.e. the ) is when it is stripped of that (i.e. the aforementioned

and ).



Making the Noun ) (

Explanation:

Knowing what has gone before, there does not remain anything thereafter except to know in

which construction the is , or . That is something easily

attainable and not difficult for the mind to grasp. Thus, it is in six places, ineleven places and in two places. What follows is the explanation of the six places of

:

.

As for the it is in six places.



The Doer / Subject of the Verbal Sentence ) (

Explanation:

When you see someone called " " , for example, cutting ) ( a branch )(

from a tree, and you want to state or report that event, you say:" "

(Mahmud cut the branch). Now, the word " " which denotes the occurrence of the act of

cutting is called a " " as was explained before, and the word " " which indicates

the one who performed and carried out the act of cutting is called a " " (doer/subject of

a verbal sentence), and it is necessary for it to be , and the word "" which

indicates the thing onto which the action occurred is called a " " (direct object) and

more will be said about that (i.e. the ) later.

Similar to the word " " in this example are:

j the word " " (Muhammad) in " " (Muhammad memorised the

book),

j " " (intelligent person) in " " (The intelligent person seeks

knowledge),

j "" (Allah) in" " (Allah created humanity),

j " " (the wolf) in" " (The wolf eats/is eating the flock),

j " " (the Prophets) in " " (The Prophets guided the people)

and

j " " (the people) in" " (The people hate the traitor),

and likewise is the case of every word occurring after the and denotes the one doing the

action.

: " " " " " "

The first (place of ) is every construction like: " "

(Muhammad memorised the book) and " " (The intelligent

person seeks knowledge), and the , then, is called " " (doer/subject of

verbal sentence).



The Agent or Deputy of the Doer ) (

Explanation:

If someone steals your watch and you know his identity and you want to inform him about

that, you say: " " [So-and-so (like Zaid, for example) has stolen the

watch]. However, if you do not know his identity or you know his identity but you do not

want to mention his name, you say: " " (The watch has been stolen). Thus,you drop the and you put in its place the word denoting that onto which the action

occurred which is the word " " and it is for this reason (i.e. " " occupying the

place of the ) that it (i.e. " " ) becomes and is called the " " (agent/deputy of the doer).

The form and structure of the is subsequently changed when used with it (i.e. with the

). Thus:

j if it is (past tense verb), its initial letter is vowelled with a and the second last

letter is vowelled with a andj if it is (present or future tense verb), its initial letter is also vowelled with a

and the second last letter is vowelled with a .

Furthermore, similar to the word " " in this example are:

j the word"" (the book) in" " (The book was memorised),

j "" (knowledge) in" " (Knowledge is sought or acquired),

j "" (humankind) in" " (Humankind was created),

j "" (the sheep) in" " (The sheep is being eaten),

j " " (the people) in" " (The people were guided) and

j "" (the traitor) in" " (The traitor is hated).

Likewise is the case with every word that is preceded by a after having changed its form

and structure and denotes that onto which the action occurs.

It becomes clear to us from the previous examples that the constructions of the first place (i.e.

the ) are transformed into the constructions of the second place (i.e. the ) by dropping the and vowelling the first letter of the with a and the second

last letter with a or a based on what you know already.

: " " " " " "

The second (place of ) is every construction like: " " (The book

was memorised) and " " (Knowledge is sought or acquired), and the

is, then, called " " (Agent/Deputy of the doer).



The Subject (of the Nominal Sentence) and Predicate ) (

Explanation:

The complete sentence is either (a) composed of a and an and the latter is either the

or the (and these two places have already been explained), or (b) it iscomposed of two (i.e. an followed by another), the first is called " "

(subject) and the second " " (predicate), and it is necessary that both these be .

This can be illustrated as follows:

j " " (The garden is bearing fruit)

j " " (The trees are growing leaves),

j " " (The rain is heavy or abundant),

j " " (The weather is moderate),

j as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards all sentences composed of two

(i.e. an followed by another), such that the one is commenced with and at the

same time also predicated of (i.e. given information of) by the other.

: " " " " " ."

The third and fourth (places of ) are every construction, like: "" (The garden is bearing fruit). The first is called " " (Subject)

and the second " " (Predicate).



Similar to " " (in terms of function and its effect on the and ) are " "

(became) and all the (verbs) mentioned after it, like:

j " " (The garden became a bearer of fruit)

j " " (The trees became bearers of leaves in the morning)

j " " (The weather continued to be moderate),

j and so on and so forth.



The Predicate of "" ) "("

Explanation:

We know that when " " or any of the mentioned with it enters upon the and

, then the first is

and the second

.

Know now that when "" enters upon them (i.e. the and ), then the first is

and the second , the exact opposite and converse of " " , and the first is

also called "" but of "" and the second its . Thus, you say for the same

previously mentioned examples:

j " " (Truly, the garden is bearing fruit)

j " " (Truly, the trees are growing leaves)

j " " (Truly, the rain is heavy or abundant)

j " " (Truly, the weather is moderate)

Similar to "" (in terms of function and its effect on the and ) are those

(particles) mentioned after it, like:

j " " (I knew that the garden was bearing fruit)

j " " (As if the trees are growing leaves)

j " ..." («but the rain is heavy or abundant)

: " " "" "" " " :""" "" "" "" ""."

The sixth (place of ) is every construction like: " " (Truly,

the garden is bearing fruit) and the first is called "" (Noun) of "" .

Similar to "" (truly, indeed) are:

j "" (that, to in the infinitive sense)

j " " (as if)

j " " (but)

j " " (I wish, wishing)

j " " (I hope, hoping)

j "" (³There is no «´ in the absolute and total sense of denial and negation).



j " " (I wish that the weather was moderate)




Making the Noun ) (

Explanation:

We know that the places in which the is are six in number. It now remains for

us to know the categories of the among them, and they are eleven in number.

.

The categories of the among the nouns are eleven.



The Direct Object ) (

Explanation:

Every action that occurs in the world has to have a (doer / agent) doing and executing

it, and sometimes this action is transferred and made to occur on something-else.

The word denoting the one from whom the action occurs is called " " (doer / agent) and

it is necessary that it be as was mentioned previously.

The word denoting that onto which the action is transferred and made to occur is called

" " (direct object), and it is necessary that it be " " . Therefore, when you

say: " " (Mahmud cut the branch), " " is a and" "

a because (i.e. the action of cutting) occurs on it (i.e. "" ).

Similar to "" in this example are:

j "" in" " (Muhammad memorised the book),

j "" in" " (The intelligent person seeks knowledge),

j "" in" " (Allah created humankind),j "" in" " (The wolf is eating the sheep),

j " " in" " (The prophets guided the people) and

j "" in" " (The people hate the traitor).

Such is the case with every denoting that onto which the action of the occurs and

on account of which the form of the remains unchanged. As for when the form of the

is changed in the process, then the (denoting that onto which the action of the

occurs) is a instead and it is necessary for it to be as was discussed

previously.

: "" " " " "

The first (category of ) is like " " in " "

(Muhammad memorised the book) and is called

" "(direct object).



The Absolute / Unqualified Object ) (

Explanation:

When you say: " " (The guard killed the thief), the listener might take the

act of killing (as mentioned by the speaker) to be an exaggeration and actually understand

that what is meant (by the action " " ) is ³beating him up´ and not actually ³killing him´.

To prevent this erroneous understanding you add (for the purpose of adding emphasis anddefiniteness) the word " " to the previous sentence, such that you say:

" " (The guard really killed the thief). The word " " is called

" " and it is necessary that it be . Similar to the word " " (in

function and semantic effect) are:

j " " in" " (Muhammad really memorised the book),

j "" in" " (The Prophets really guided the people),

j " " in " " (The intelligent person proceeds in a

praiseworthy fashion),

j as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every denoting the very

action that the is performing (in the real and not metaphorical sense).

: " " " " " "

The second (category of ) is like " " in " " (Muhammad really memorised the book) and is called " "

(Absolute / Unqualified object).



The Object of Reason ) (

Explanation:

Every has to have a reason (or motive) on account of which that action is performed.

Thus, when we say: " " (The soldiers stood), the listener understands that the

soldiers stood but he does not know the reason for (or the motive behind) their standing.

Should the intention be to inform him about the reason or motive as well, we say:" " (The soldiers stood out of reverence for the Commander), for

example. The word "" in this example is called " " (Object of Reason),

and it is . Similar to it (i.e. "" ) are:

j " " in " " (Muhammad memorised the book out

of a desire to advance and progress),

j " " in " " (The people perform the pilgrimage seeking

to please Allah),

j " " in " " (The city was beautified in honour of the

newcomer or visitor),

j as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every that is mentioned in

the sentence to clarify the reason or cause for theoccurrence of the action.

: " " " " " "

The third (category of ) is like " " in

" " (Muhammad memorised the book out of a

desire to advance and progress) and is called " " (Object of Reason).



The Adverb ) (

Explanation:

Every has to occur in a time ) ( and a place ) ( . Thus, when you say:

" " (Muhammad memorised the book in the morning), you areclarifying the time of memorising which is in the morning ) ( and when you say:

" " (Muhammad memorised the book in front of the teacher),

you are clarifying the place of memorising which is the area in front of the teacher.

The word " " is called " " (adverb of time) and the word "" is

called " " (adverb of place), and both of them are called " " and it

is necessary that they be .

Similar to " " is:

j " " (late afternoon / evening),

j " " (during the day, one day),

j " " (at night),

j " " (early morning),

j "" (tomorrow),

j " " (forenoon, late morning),

j " " (early morning / pre-dawn / before day-break i.e. the last part of the night

before dawn),

j "" (for ever),

j " " (for a time / while / indefinite period),

j " " (for a time),

j " " (a moment),

j " " (an hour),

j " " (a period of time),

j " " (a year) and

j " " (a month),

: " " "" " " " "" ."

The fourth (category of ) is like " " and "" in

" " (Muhammad memorised the book in the

morning in front of the teacher) and is called " " or " " (Adverb).



and like "" are:

j " " (in front),

j " " (behind),

j " " (behind),

j " " (above / on top of),

j " " (under / below / beneath),

j " " (right / rightwards),

j " " (left / leftwards),

j "" (at, by / with),

j " " (with / together with / in the company of),

j "" (opposite to),

j " " (near / close to),

j " " (opposite to),

j " " (forty-eight thousand steps),

j " " (a parasang or twelve thousand steps) and

j " " (a mile or four thousand steps)



The Object of Accompaniment ) (

Explanation:

When someone says to you: " " [I travelled with the

mountain (i.e. alongside the mountain) until I reached the end of the highland], then themeaning thereof is that he took the side of the mountain (as it were) as a way or path

alongside which he travelled until he reached his intended destination.

Likewise, when you ask someone for a place that you wish to reach and he says to you:

" " (Go with the new road), then the meaning thereof is: ³Make the

act of you going (to that place) next to or alongside the new road; Do not deviate from it,neither to the right nor to the left, and you will reach the intended place´.

Each of the words " " in the first example and " " in the second example is

called " " (object of accompaniment) and is and the which is

before it is called " " (the W aw of Accompaniment).

Similar to these two examples are:

j "" in" " (Muhammad memorised with the lamp),

j "" in" " (The commander travelled with the soldiers),

j " " in" " (The people went with the Nile) and

Such is the case with every denoting that with or alongside which the action is

performed.

From what has gone before it becomes clear that the (plural of ) are five in

number, and they are:

j the (direct object),

j the (absolute or unqualified object),

j the (object of reason),

j the (adverb) and

j the (object of accompaniment).

: "" " " " "

The fifth (category of ) is like "" in " " (Muhammad memorised with the lamp i.e. using the lamp) and is

called " " (Object of Accompaniment).



The Excluded by means of "" ) "("

Explanation:

It is not proper for you to say: " " (The students came out of the

school) and then to keep quiet except if it is that all of them had come out. However, if one or more of them remained, then it is necessary for you to say:

" " (The students came out of the school excluding /except Khalid) for example, or " ..." («except Muhammad) or " ..."

(«except Mahmud). The occurring after "" is called " " (excluded /

excepted) and is .

Similar to " " in the first example are:

j " " in " " (Muhammad memorised the book except /

excluding one page) and

j " " in" " (All metals rust except / excluding gold).

Such is the case with every occurring after the word "" which is not preceded by

negation.

: " " " " " "

The sixth (category of ) is like " " in for example

" " (Muhammad memorised the book except /

excluding one page) and is called " " (Excluded / Excepted).



The State or Condition ) (

Explanation:

When you say: " " (Amin drank the water), the sentence is correct exceptthat it is not possible to know from the sentence the state or condition in which the was at the time of the action or likewise the state or condition in which the was at

the time of the action.

However, when you say: " " (Amin drank the water standing), you

have in fact clarified the state or condition in which Amin was at the time of drinking, and

when you say: " " (Muhammad drank the water in pure form), you

have in fact also clarified the state or condition of the water at the time of drinking. Thus, the

word " " or " " is called a " " (state or condition) and it is necessary for it to

be .Similar to these two examples are:

j " " or " " in " " (Muhammad memorised the

book sitting) or " " (He memorised it while it is its correct form),

j " " (breathing) or " " (uncovered) in " "

(Let not any of you drink the water whilst breathing or inhaling) or " "

(Let him not drink it uncovered).

Such is the case with every which clarifies the posture or position of the or at the time the action occurs.

: " "" " " "" " " "

The seventh (category of ) is like " " or " " in

" " (Muhammad memorised the book sitting) or

" " (He memorised it while it is correct) and is called " "

(State or Condition).



The Specification ) (

Explanation:

The denoting measure, weight, number and their likes are all vague words

) ( because when you ay: " " (I bought a kantar) and then keep

quiet, then the listener will not understand exactly what it is that is meant by (kantar)

such that he will not know whether you bought a kantar of beans or sugar or soap or any

other thing. So when you say: " " (I bought a kantar of beans), you have

in fact specified what is meant by . The word " " is called " "

(specification) and is .

Among the constructions of are:

j " " [The merchant sold an

ardeb of wheat, a kantar of sugar and a hundred cubits (or arm-lengths) of silk]

j " " (I bought a saa of barley, a ratl

of honey and a cubit of wool)

Such is the case with every construction containing an clarifying and specifying exactly

what is meant by another mentioned before it (the latter being) capable of meaning many

things.

: " " " " " "

The eighth (category of ) is like " " in " "

(The book is sold for a ratl of gold) and is called " " (Specification).



The Object of Address / Addressee / Vocative )(

Explanation:

When we call someone by his name or title / epithet, and we say: " "

(O Abdurrahman), " " (O Beauty of the Worshippers), or " " (O you of elevated status), then that which comes after the word " " (O) ± which is ""

in the first example, " " in the second and " " in the third ± is called " "

(Object of Address, Addressee or Vocative), and it is .

Similar to these examples are:

j " " (O You who show compassion to the servants),

j " " (O he who is negligent, while death is pursuing him),

j " " (O Messenger of Allah) and

j " " (O Most Honourable of Creation)

Such is the case with every occurring after the (particle of addressing).

: " " " " " " " " " "

The ninth (category of ) is like " " and" " in "" (O You who are compassionate towards the servants) and "

" (O Messenger of Allah) and is called " " (Object of Address,

Addressee, Vocative).



The Predicate of " " ) " ("

Explanation:

Two (nouns) occur after the verb " " , the first of which is and is called

the " " (Noun of " " ) and the second is and is called its (i.e.

the of " " ), and it is for this reason (i.e. the fact that the " " is )that it is counted among the categories of . Similar to " " are the (verbs) that were mentioned in the fifth place (i.e. the section dealing with the " " )

which is one the places in which the is .

Among the examples that have already been given thereof (but with the focus this time on the

of one of these verbs) are:

j " "

j " "

j " "

j and so on and so forth.

: " " " " ) " .("

The tenth (category of ) is like " " in" " (The

garden was bearing fruit), and is called " " (Predicate of " " ).



The Noun of "" )"("

Explanation:

Two (nouns) occur after the particle "" , the first of which is and is

called "" (Noun of " " ) and the second is and is called its (i.e.

the of "" ), and it is for this reason that the first (i.e. by being ) iscounted among the categories of . Similar to "" are the (particles) that were mentioned together with it in the sixth place (i.e. the section dealing with

the "" ) which is one of the places in which the is .

Among the examples that have already been given thereof (but with the focus this time on the

of one of these particles) are:

j " " (I knew that the garden was bearing fruit),

j " " (As if the trees are growing leaves),

j " " («but the rain is heavy and abundant),

j " " (I wish that the weather was moderate)

j and in like fashion you extend the rule to other similar cases.

: "" " " )".("

The eleventh (category of ) is like " " in " "

(The garden was bearing fruit), and is called "" (Noun of "" ).



Explanation:

It has been mentioned to you before that the is in six places and that it is

in eleven places. As regards it being it occurs in two places. The first is

when the occurs after a (particle) from among these (particles) called

" " (particles of / genitive particles / prepositions), and they are:

j " " (from, of), like: " " (Mahmud travelled from Cairo) and

" " (The rain descended or fell from the sky),

j " " (to, towards), like: " " [The traveller arrived at

Alexandria, (literally: arrived to Alexandria)] and" " (He travelled to the

sea),

j " " (about, of), like: " " (About the person do

not ask, instead ask about his companion),

j "" (on), like: " " (Generosity

towards the one in need is better than pearls on a crown)

j " " (in), like: " " (Know Allah in

prosperity and He will know you in difficulty),

j " " (sometimes, seldom, rarely, maybe, perhaps, often), like: " " (Perhaps a person¶s condition is more eloquent than his speech) and

" " (Sometimes a friend is better than a brother),

j (with, by, by means), like: " " (Action with the

pen is more effective than action with the sword),

j (like, similar to), like: " " (Knowledge is like light

and ignorance is like darkness),

j (for, to, belonging to), like: " " (Excellence belongs to

the one who progresses and advances but Grandeur belongs to Allah),

j (the W aw of Oath), like: " " (By Allah! I did not do anything)

and ? A (By Time! Man is in a state of Loss) and

j (the T a¶ of Oath), like: " " (By Allah! Goodness will

not go or disappear) and " " (By Allah! Falsehood will not be

supreme).



The Noun Annexed to )(

Explanation:

When we hear a person saying: " " (A servant was present / came today),

we do not know which servant he means: whether it is the servant of the emir or the servantof the judge or the servant of any other person, because he did not relate or link him to

anyone. So when he says: " " (The servant of the emir was present /

came today), we know which servant he means because of the servant being related and

linked to the emir in no uncertain terms. The word " " is called " " and the word

"" is called " " .

Similar to " " are:

j " " (the wall of the city),

j " " (the door of the house),

j " " (the reins of the horse),

j as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every (two nouns), the

first of which is related and linked to the second.

Furthermore, the does not occur except in a state of being .

: " : " " " " " " "

The second (place of ) is when an ± coming before it ± is connected to it,

like: " " (the servant of the emir) and " " (the wall of the

city), and is called " " (noun to which the previous noun is annexed)

and that which is before it (is called) " " (noun that is annexed to the

)



The Followers / Modifiers ) (

Explanation:

When the is or or due to it occurring in one of the places

that have been explained previously, then its declension is said to be primary )( . There

is another kind of declension which is said to be secondary ) ( and there is no other

reason accounting for it (i.e. for the existence of this latter kind of declension) other than the

fact that the (which has secondary declension) occurs after that which has primary

declension ) ( . Hence, the word later (in the construction) is , , or due to it following what is before it, and it is for that reason that it is called

a " " (follower).

We already know the primary declension ) ( of words. As for the secondary

declension ) ( , it is of four types:

" " : :

Up to here we have completed our knowledge of all the places of , ,

and except that the declension )( of a word might proceed and

continue on to what is after it (i.e. after that word) such that it (i.e. the subsequent

word) is:

j due to it (i.e. the previous word) being ,j due to it being , and so on.

The one that occurs later (in the construction) is called a " " (follower).

The (plural of i.e. followers) are of four types:



The Qualifying or Attributive Adjective ) (

Explanation:

If you found a bag in the street and you hear someone saying: " " (A bag of

mine got lost), then it is not valid for you to give him the bag believing it to be his as long ashe has not described to you its specific qualities, by saying for example:

" " (A small black bag of mine got lost). The word " " (and others like it) is called a " " or " " (qualifying or attributive adjective) and it

is necessary that it be due to following the word " " which is on account

of it being a . Should the first be then the second will be following it

(i.e. following the first), like when he says: " " (I lost a small bag); the

word " " is on account of it being a and " " is a qualifying it being (as a result).

Similarly in the case of , like: " " (I am asking or enquiring about

a small bag); the word " " is by means of "" and " " is a qualifying it being (as a result).

Similar to " " are:

j " " (a short man),

j " " (Ali, the Merchant),

j " " (Hasan, the Writer),

j " " (intelligent foe),

j " " (ignorant friend),

j as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards the which denote the

qualities and attributes of that which occurs before them.

" " " : " " " " "

A type which is called " " (Qualifying or Attributive Adjective), like: " "

and " " in: " " (An intelligent foe is better

than an ignorant friend).



The Conjunction )(

Explanation:

If a pen and an inkpot broke and you want to express and communicate that event, then

instead of stating two sentences, the first of which is " " (the pen broke) and the

second is " " (The inkpot broke) it suffices for you to state the once and

then mention the two (nouns) thereafter separated by a (meaning ³and´), such

that we say: " " (The pen and inkpot broke). That which occurs after the

is called " " (conjoined word) and that which is before it is called " " (word to which the is conjoined).

It is necessary for the to follow that which comes before it in the former¶s specific

type of . Thus, the word " " :

j in this example is due it following the word "" which is as a ,j in " " (I broke the pen and the inkpot) due to it following

"" which is as a and

j in " " (I was surprised at the breaking of the pen and the

inkpot) due it following "" which is as a .

You say (for the rest of the conjunctions):

"" " : " "" " " :" """""" """" ."

A type which is called "" (conjunction), like: " " and "" in:

" " (The student attains glory and

honour through knowledge and good character). Similar to the (and) are:

j the (shortly thereafter, immediately then),

j " " (a while thereafter),

j "" (or),

j "" (or),

j " " (but, rather),

j "" (not) and

j " " (instead, rather, even better)



j " " (The pen broke and shortly thereafter the inkpot), if you want to

express the idea that the breaking of the inkpot was shortly after the breaking of the pen,

j " " (The pen broke and a while thereafter the inkpot), if you want

to express the idea that the breaking of the inkpot was a while after the breaking of the

pen,

j " " (The pen or the inkpot broke), if that which broke is one of the

two but you are doubtful as to which one specifically,

j " " (The pen broke not the inkpot), if that which broke is the penonly,

j " " (Did you break the pen or the inkpot?) if you are asking about

which of the two got broken, and

j " " " " (The pen did not break instead the inkpot

or but the inkpot), if that which broke was the inkpot and someone thought it to have

been the pen.

Therefore, when a (particle) from among the (particles of conjunction /

conjunctions) is mentioned between two then the second is declined according to the

declension of the first.



The Corroboration / Intensification ) (

Explanation:

If someone tells you that he had spoken with the Sultan, it is customary for him to say:

" " (I spoke with the Sultan himself) and if he tells you that he had

spoken to just any ordinary person, then he will say: " " (I spoke with such-and-

such a person) without stating the word " " after the person¶s name. The reason for this

(i.e. the use of " " in the case of the Sultan but not so in the case of an ordinary person)

is that speaking with the Sultan is regarded as a big matter as far as the speaker is concerned,

for it might be that you mistakenly think that he had spoken with the Sultan¶s servant or his

scribe, for example. He therefore states the word "" meaning thereby exactly just

that and in order to dispel this mistaken and erroneous thought from the mind of the listener

he adds the word " " in order to convey thereby that he had spoken with Sultan himself

and not one of his subordinates. It is for this reason that this word is called " " (corroboration / intensification).

The follows what is before it in the latter¶s . Thus, the word " " :

j in the previous example is due to it following the word "" which is

as a ,j in " " (The Sultan himself was present) because what is

before it is as a and

j in " " (I entered the residence of the Sultan himself) because what is before it is as a .

Similar to the word " " with respect to what was discussed is the word "" like:

" " (I spoke with the Sultan himself), and so on and so forth.

Corroboration can also be by means of the word " " and " " after a general (or

collective) noun, like:

" " " : " "" " " " "" " " "

A type which is called " " (corroboration / intensification), like: " "

and " " in: " " (The Commander himself came)

and" " and" " in" " (The army the whole of

it / all of it travelled).



j " " (The army, the whole of it or all of it, travelled),

j " " (I saw the army, the whole of it or all of it) and

j " " (I greeted the army, the whole of it or all of it).

Thus, the word " " or " " follows what is before it in the latter¶s and is

called " " since perhaps it might be mistakenly and erroneously thought that what is

meant by "" (army) is ³most of the army´ (and not all of it) if it is not followed by

the word " " or " " .



The Substitute ) (

Explanation:

When you say: " " (The Pioneer and Founder of N ahw is Ali), then your

sentence conveys a complete and self-contained message. However, when you say:

" " (The Pioneer and Founder of N ahw is Imam Ali), then your

sentence will have an even stronger effect and greater impact on the mind of the listener, asthough you had ascribed the founding and development of N ahw to Ali twice ± once via the

title and epithet "" and once via the name "" .

The word "" in this construction is called " " (substitute) and follows what is

before it in the latter¶s specific type of . Therefore, it is:

j in this example

due to it following the word "

" which is

as a

,

j in " " (Truly, Imam Ali is the Pioneer and Founder of N ahw)

due to it following "" which is as the "" and

j in " " ( N ahw is the result of the pioneering work of Imam

Ali) due to it following "" which is as the .

The same can be said for " " (The Emir renovated the castle, most

of it) and " " (The Registration Office, its workers, left) except that

the :

j in the first example (i.e. " " ) is (i.e. congruent in

meaning to the what precedes it) because "" is congruent to "" in meaning,

j in the second example (substitute of the part for the whole) because

" " (most of) is part of the whole of it (i.e. the whole of the castle), and

j in the third example (Substitute of Relation i.e. other than being a part)

because of the relationship, that is, the connection, that exists between "" and

" " .

" " " :" " " " " " " " " " ."

A type which is called " " (substitute), like: "" in: " " (The Founder of N ahw is Imam Ali), " " in "" (The Emir renovated the castle, most of it) and " " in "" (The Registration Office, its workers, left).



ConclusionLocal Declension ) (

Explanation:

We know in detail the places in which the is , those in which it is and

those in which it is , and likewise the places in which the is , those in

which it is and those in which it is .

We (also) know that when a or occupies one of these places, then we make it

, , or , except that among the and there is that which

is , that is, its ending never changes with despite changing the constructions (in which

it occurs) as we already know.

The (i.e. indeclinable word), when it occurs in one of the places of , ,

or , then we do not change its ending by virtue of the fact that it occurs in that

place such that were we to replace it by an then or for example

would surely have been apparent and explicit in that .

Hence, based on the aforementioned, we say concerning for example:

j " " :

")" (

[ "" is a and indeclinable and built on a in a place of ],

" :" " " " ."

When one of the indeclinable words occurs in one of the previous places then it is

necessary that we utter it the way we heard it, however, we regard it as being in a

place of , , or in accordance with what the (particular) place (of

declension) neccesitates, like:

j " " (He is a scholar),

j " " (Truly, he is very good) and

j " " (Anyone whose intention is pure his action

will be good).



j " " :

) "" (

[the is the "" and is indeclinable and built on a in a place of ]and

j " " :

") " " "

([ " " is a and is indeclinable and built on a in a place of ,

" " is a and the is a and is indeclinable and built on a

in a place of ]




The Method of Syntactic Analysis / Parsing ) (

We know from what has gone before that:

j from the all the are composed,

j the comprise the , the and the ,

j of the there is that which is and that which is and

j the can be , , or .

We also know the respective places (in which the is , , or ) and hence it should not be difficult for us after that, when we see a particular

expression, to be able to:

j read it correctly,

j distinguish between the words contained in it by identifying the , the and the

among them,

j isolate the and j distinguish the , , and (among them) and

j state the reason for that being the case.

This is called "" (syntactic analysis / parsing).

Thus, we say concerning for example:

" " (Let no one postpone today¶s work until tomorrow):

":" .

" :" "" . ":" " :" ":" " :" ""

.


al durus al nahawiyya 1 eng

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