al plus_alc plus overwiew
TRANSCRIPT
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AL plus and ALC plus Copyright Siae Microelettronica S.p.a.1
AL plusALC plus
PDH radio
Instructor : Monthien Satantoranin
SIAE Microelettronica South East Asia & Pacific
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Training itemsTraining items1. AL plus2. SCT3. LCT4. AL Plus Ethernet5. ALC Plus6. ALC Plus Ethernet7. AL Troubleshooting: alarms and loops8. Propagation: one easy example of hop calculation
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PDH AL plus: hardware and circuitry
1
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Line Interface Module: Up to 32xE1, 4x10/100 BaseT + 24E1
Main Controller (Service channels, LCT connection, Alarms IN/OUT)
Radio Interface Module 1 and 2 (Cable Interface + Power Supply)
IDU AL plusIDU AL plus
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IDU AL plus 1RU IDU AL plus 1RU AL Plus 1+1 32xE1
Equipment Controller
LIMRIM 1A
RIM 2A
AL Plus 24E1 +4xEth
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IDU AL plus 2RUIDU AL plus 2RU
AL Plus 1+1 53xE1
AL Plus 2x(1+1) Matrix Stm1
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ALC PlusALC Plus
ALC Plus EthernetALC Plus Ethernet
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ODUODU
Unprotected ODU
1+1 ODU
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ODU with separated antenna
1+0 pole mounting
waveguide flange
antenna
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ODU with separated antenna
1+1 wall mounting
waveguide flange
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1+1 hot stand-by= FHIGH
= FLOW
= Stand-by= Active
Both radios, working at the same frequency, are active in Rx but only one is active in Tx:
1 antenna – Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas –Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
Best performance for d=150 (d=distance between antennas)
ODU ODU
ODU ODU
IDUIDU
1 1
2 2
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1+1 frequency diversityODU ODU
ODU ODU
IDUIDU
1 1
2 2
All radios, working at different frequencies, are active in Rx and Tx
1 antenna – Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas –Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
= F1HIGH
= F1LOW
= F2HIGH
= F2LOW
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Software Keys
Following functionalities are enabled through a software key:
• Capacity changing
• Modulation changing
• Way side traffic
• OSPF Option
• Fade Margin Test Option
• Ethernet
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AL plus : main facilitiesAL plus : main facilitiesNodal versionPRBS generatorATPCAdaptive modulationBase 5 hierarchy Fade margin
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Available versionAvailable versionNew pdh AL is available in many versionsConfiguration can be set via software : Modulation: 4QAM, 16QAM, 32 QAM Capacity: 2, 4, 8,16,32xE1, 5, 10, 21xE1 (1RU)
42xE1, 53xE1 (2RU)4xLAN+24xE1
Configuration: 1+0, 1+1 h.s.by or eterofreq.
IDU is frequency, capacity and modulation independentIDU is frequency, capacity and modulation independentODU depends by frequency onlyODU depends by frequency only
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Modulation
User InterfacesCapacity [Mbit/s]
4 QAM 16 QAM 32 QAM
- 2xE1/4xE1/16xE1
- 10/100BaseT + NxE1
41016203242
- 32xE1
- 10/100BaseT + NxE1
6484
-10/100BaseT + NxE1-53xE1
100106
User interfacesUser interfaces
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Equipment structureEquipment structure
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ControllerController
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LIM LIM Tx directionTx direction
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LIM LIM Rx directionRx direction
FEC *
(block code)
errors
*FEC = Forward Error Corrector
Example: Without BER=10-6
With BER=10-13 (+2.5 dB)
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RIMRIM
140 MHz
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ODUODU
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ATPC ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)(Automatic Tx Power Control)
40 dB
ATPC range
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Characteristics : examples(1)Characteristics : examples(1) Tx power (4QAM/16QAM/32QAM) in dBm : 4 GHz +29 / +24 / +22 7 GHz +27 / +22 / +20 15 GHz +25 / +20 / +20
18 GHz +20 / +15 / +15 23 GHz +20 / +15 / +15 Tx/Rx spacing in MHz: 4 GHz 100 7 GHz 154/161/168/196/245
15 GHz 315/322/420/490/72818 GHz 1010
23 GHz 1008/1200/1232/ Power consumption in W (for frequencies > 15GHz): 1+0 < 32 1+1 < 55
4x(1+0) < 106
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Characteristics :examples (2)Characteristics :examples (2) Rx 10-6 thresholds (4QAM/16QAM) guaranteed, dBm: - in 21x2 4 GHz -81.5 / -77.5 7 GHz -80.5 / -76.5 15 GHz -80 / -76
18 GHz -79.5 / -75.523 GHz -79.5 / -75.5
- in 4x2 4 GHz -89 / -85 7 GHz -88 / -84 15 GHz -87.5 / -83.5
18 GHz -87 / -83 23 GHz -87 / -83
Max Rx power - 20 dBm
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Setup with SCT/LCTSetup with SCT/LCT
1. Set modulation and capacity2. “Dynamic/adapt. Modulation” disabled3. “Tx Switch on remote alarm” disabled4. Set the same Link Id on local and remote 5. Enable the same tributaries on local and remote 6. Select the same RF Channel on local and remote7. Set Tx power at Max value, Tx power control manual8. Check antenna aiming on local and on remote
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Setup with SCT/LCT (2)Setup with SCT/LCT (2)1. Set Lan IP Ethernet port address and netmask2. Set the Agent (copy Ethernet port address)3. Set all the other ports as Unnumbered, press:
4. Do the same on remote side5. Into Subnetwork configuration wizard add station and
local and remote Agents, select Send
Set values Store Restart
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IDU AL plusIDU AL plus
IDU-ODUcable connector :
SMA type
E1 way side (only for 16E1
and 32E1)
Service channelsconnectors : RJ 45 type
Alarms LEDs : IDU ODU REM TEST
Processor FAIL alarm LED
75/120 ohm E1 connectors: SCSI type
LAN Connectors: RJ 45 type Duplex and Activity on LAN interfaces
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ODU installation (1)ODU installation (1)
REF.
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ODU installation (2)ODU installation (2)
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ODU installation (3)ODU installation (3)
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Frequency signals:Tx IF 330 MHzRx IF 140 MHzTelemetry IDUODU 17.5 MHzTelemetry ODU IDU 5.2 MHz
Max length (1/4 inch cable)Maximum distance between IDU-ODU 370 mRequired Cable Return Loss: Better than 22 dB from
100 MHz to 400 MHz
Interconnection cable
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Switch modes Auto Preferential: operator can select which branch must be
operative without alarms. Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential
branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller doesn’t switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms.
Reset = Wait Time is not respected Full auto: both branches have same priority
Manual forcing Operator can select which branch must be operative
despite alarms
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Tx switch criteria1. RIM PSU alarm2. Manual forcing3. Cable short/ Cable open alarm Modulator failure ODU unit failure alarm VCO failure alarm IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm Tx power low alarm4. Rx failure on both remote radios 5. Revertive Tx
Highest priority
lowest priority
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Rx switch criteria1. RIM PSU alarm2. Manual forcing3. Cable short/open alarm
Base band unit failure alarm Demodulator failure ODU unit failure alarm VCO failure alarm IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm High BER alarm (selectable: BER>10-3,-4,-5)4. Low BER alarm (selectable: BER >10-6,-7,-8) 5. Early warning alarm (selectable: BER >10-9,-10,-11,-12) 6. RF input low (selectable from -40dBm to -99dBm)7. CRC pulse8. Revertive Rx
Highest priority
lowest priority
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Management LAN into a StationVery easy Cabling of Local Station LAN : Integrated miniswitch on equipment No need of an HUB (difficult to power supply) 2 LAN ports functionally equivalent No need of crossed cables (auto detect)
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EQUIPMENT FEATURE MANAGEMENT
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Configuration upload/downloadUpload (from equipment)From Tool menu, open the proper TemplateSelect Upload operation and the equipment you want to upload information fromSave them in a file (*.cfg)
Download (to equipment)From Tool menu, open the proper file (*.cfg)Select Download operation and the equipment you want to download information to
Uploaded parameters and *.cfg file are editable using
Equipment Configuration Wizard.
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Configuration TemplateConfiguration template: it is relevant to equipment radio parameters as frequency, attenuation, capacity, thresholds,…
Address configuration template: it is relevant to management parameters as port IP addresses, routing tables, remote elements tables, OSPF.
Both configurations are necessary during first installation or when Controller module is substituted with a spare one: you can use a file to download or set every parameter manually.
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Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment parameters, address parameters and remote element table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment.
These parameters cannot be editated.
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LCT:
AL plus
3
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Configurator AL plus
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LCT: AL plus nodal
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AL plus nodal: ConfiguratorAL plus nodal: Configurator
A button to show the other two radios
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Line-up: Radio parameters
These parameters can be set locally only… all changes must be performed first on remote …and after on the local equipment
Radio parameters to have the traffic working are:
1. RF channel
2. Modulation
3. Capacity
4. Link ID
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Modulation/Capacity
Capacities for selected modulation
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Configuration parameters
Link ID 0 not usedLink ID 0 enable
LinkIDLOC LinkIDREM (always)
After Controller unit replacement, the configuration mismatch (Application alarm on) can be solved in the following way:
1) download the old configuration file: old setup is downloaded on the controller
2) push Apply Configuration button: old setup is downloaded on the equipment
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Adaptive modulation During bad propagation periods the system changes modulation to increase system gain keeping constant the transmitted bandwidth and reducing transmitted capacity, increasing system availability (for priviledged traffic)
Modulation has been varied and capacity has been reduced
Below this PRx threshold, remote PTx increases (as ATPC feedback) when in reduced modulation. This offset is the number of dB from PRx @10-9. Default 2dB
Tx power increase of 3db if 16QAM. Enable only if permitted by rules in your country.
PTx power increase , amount of additional output power with reduced modulation. Default 5dB
ATPC hysteresis in dB for 16QAM recovery. Default 0dB
Seconds of stable PRx before recover to 16QAM. Default 10sec
Changes can be done only with Adap. Mod disabled
Adaptive mod. Enabling
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Adaptive modulationWhen happens?
Request of modulation change from 32/16QAM to 4QAM if, at worst receiver (B):
1. PTx(AtoB) = PTx | MAX (ATPC on, and Tx at max value)
2. PRx(B) is lower than ATPC Low Thresholds (Remote needs more power)
3. BER at (B) receiver lower than 10-9
Recovery of modulation from 4QAM to 16/32QAM if, at both ends:
1. PTx at 4QAM = MAX possible for 16/32QAM
2. ATPC not requiring remote TX power increase
3. BER no errors in the last seconds (default 10 sec)
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Adaptive modulation
If PTx Max|4QAM=20dBm and PTx Max|16QAM =15dBm, difference is 5 dB so
PTx boost can be 0÷5dB
If ATPC value are not correct Dyn/adaptive modulation is not activated
Adap. Mod now active and with reduced Mod
Warning : No configuration change must be done with SCT/LCT when Dyn/Adaptive Modulation is activated ! If you need a loop or any other change please first deactivate Dyn./A.M.
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Adaptive modulation: half traffic is preserved
16/32QAM capacity 4QAM capacity- 4x2 @16QAM, 5x2 @16QAM no adaptive mod.
- 8x2 @16QAM 4x2 @4QAM
- 10x2 @16QAM 5x2 @4QAM
- 16x2 @16QAM 8x2 @4QAM
- 21x2 @16QAM 10x2 @4QAM
- 32x2 @16QAM 16x2 @4QAM
- 42x2 @16QAM 21x2 @4QAM
- 53x2 @32QAM 21x2 @4QAM
Capacity decrease is pointed out by Reduce Capacity Alarm
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What IDU PLUS offers:
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Differences between AL and AL Differences between AL and AL plusplus
Out of standard capacities
Nodal configuration
Dynamic/Adaptive modulation
STM-1 input (see next slides)
Two Q3 ports
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General preset:thresholds
HBer,LBer, EWL thresholds
Rx Power Low thresholds
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General preset:Rx switches
1+1
1+0
In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction
In case of no Rx
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General preset:Tx switch
If both remote radios don’t receive, on local side Tx switch is performed
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General preset:Miscellaneous
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Radio branch: Frequencies
RF channel must be set.
Tx frequency is in RED
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ATPC threshold 10-15 dB higher than BER 10-3 threshold
Radio branch:ATPC
orManual Ptx setting
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Radio branch:Settings
Traffic ok with: Carrier only = Off , Tx Transmitter = On, Rt PSU = On
On no modulator (no traffic)
Off traffic ok
On traffic ok
Off Radio receives only
On Radio works (48Vdc in the cable)
Off Cable can be disconnetted (no 48Vdc)
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PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)
Alarm on “Checked signal” lineMeasure results and duration
Tributary selection if checked is Signal 2MBit
P.R.B.S replaces the traffic on selected channelP.R.B.S. test is pointed out as Manual Operation (subject to timeout)
Checked signal selection
Measure status
Pattern type
Sync Los events during test
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Fade MarginFade Margin Fade margin:Problems for executing the test
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Fade margin
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1) Fade margin : Remote link
Remote terminal must be declared as “Remote link”
In “equipment 2” we want to perform Fade margin measurement
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2) Fade margin : summary2) Fade margin : summary
Input data : Expected F.M. (calculated by the customer directly, basing on nominal output power and nominal LBER threshold)
External Atten. : all the losses between radio and antenna (excluding Branching)
Curr. Step : four step (TxL1RxL1 , TxL2RxL2 , TxL2RxL1 , TxL1RxL2)
Real F.M. : value based on expected F.M. adjusted with real output power, real LBER threshold (and External Atten.) measured at Final Test Departiment in SIAE and stored in ODU
Real F.M.v. : value calculated decreasing Local Output power (1 dB step) until Remote LBER alarm activation. This value should be compared with declared one (Input data)
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64Kbit/s
SOH Bytes structure
RSOH
MSOH
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R S T mode : RSOH
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A1, A2, J0
If A1 and A2 are recognised by aligner and if J0 is the correct one, RSOH bytes are extracted from SOH.
In case of: - no input (alarm is LOS) - failed recognition of A1,A2 (alarm is LOF) - J0 not correct (alarm is Path Trace Mismatch)then:
1. MS AIS signal is inserted on MSOH and on Payload
2. Local restart is enabled
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B1, D1, D2, D3, E1, …
B1:Byte Interleaved parity: carries link quality info (relevant to G.826)
D1, D2, D3: DCC data communication channel for supervision and management (192 Kbit/s); DCC loss is reported by QECC alarm
E1 and 3X: bytes for EOW and low speed data channel
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Nodal IDU AL plus Nodal IDU AL plus
High Speed (311 Mbps) Nodal Interconn. (up to 3 IDUs Full cross connection capability)
Single IDU: 4x(1+0) 2x(1+1) 1+0/1+1 Mixed configuration
Multiple IDUs (up to 3) 12x(1+0) 6x(1+1) 1+0/1+1 Mixed configuration
A
B
C
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16E1 Add/Drop
Site A
IDU NETWORK APPLICATIONS:IDU NETWORK APPLICATIONS:STM-1 Line interface – Typical ApplicationSTM-1 Line interface – Typical Application
53E1
53E1 Add/Drop
Site B
STM-1
SDH network
Directly from E1 one side to STM1 on the other side without the need of an additional ADM and cabling
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IDU NETWORKIDU NETWORK APPLICATIONS:APPLICATIONS:
STM-1 Line interface and Nodal Interfaces – Typical ApplicationSTM-1 Line interface and Nodal Interfaces – Typical Application
53E1
16E1 Add/Drop
Site A
Site B
Site C
53E1
SDH network
STM-1
Directly from E1 one side to STM1 on the other side without the need of an additional ADM and cabling
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Nodal IDUs exampleNodal IDUs example
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
3xSTM-1 (1+1 MSP) + 48E1
Up to 12 radio direction (53x2 each)Up to 3xSTM-1 interfacesUp to 48E1 physical interfacesFor a total of 873E1 crossconnected into the
node (unblocking)
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Nodal IDU
Node configuration: now the node is made of 3 x 2RU = 3Elems
Node A
Only D/I
Drop Insert & Nodal
- - - Terminal
Nbus ring protection on E1s
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Syncronization: SETS
Synchronization Sources
Equipment clock
Source priority:
• 1Max • 2min • 4min …..• disabled
Selected: available synch. with higher priority.
Available: present and not degraded
Synch. status
White: not forced
Blue: forced
White: no alarms
Red: alarmed (drift and/or LTI)
2MHz output clock
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Syncronization: SETS
Enabled selected: sync source used, with shown priority
Enabled unselected: sync source disabled , not used
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Nodal IDU VC4 Settings Nodal IDU VC4 Settings
Must be defined in case of configuration change
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Nodal IDU VC12 Settings Nodal IDU VC12 Settings
Must be defined in case of configuration change
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Nodal IDU Cross connection Nodal IDU Cross connection
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Nodal IDU Cross connection 1 Nodal IDU Cross connection 1
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Nodal IDU Cross connection 2Nodal IDU Cross connection 2
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Nodal IDU Cross connection 3Nodal IDU Cross connection 3
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Nodal IDU Cross connection 4Nodal IDU Cross connection 4
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Nodal IDU Cross connection 5Nodal IDU Cross connection 5Nodal configured as RadioA=RadioB= 2x(1+0)
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Tributaries
Line loop
Internal (radio) loop
Line enabled
53E1= 32+21
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ALCplus WEB LCTALCplus WEB LCTALC plus can be configured using a WEB Browser
in three different ways:
1) Starting from SCT
2) From the WEB browser via LAN
3) From WEBLCT console via USB
WEBLCT is very similar to standard LCT integrated with SCT Equipment menu
In order to have the whole link in one page only, local equipment is declared “managed by SCT”, remote one is declared “remote link”
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This is the software to manage a single ALC plus.
All the commands are the usuals…with a different style
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Equipment menu: a mix of SCT equipment menu and LCT command list
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WEBLCTWEBLCT
Traffic parameters (without RF channel)
Link alarms (RF input and quality) Rx switch
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E1 settings
Tributary setting: a line can work only if enabled (local and remote side)
Line loop
Internal loop
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Traffic parameters: Tx power and RF channel
RF channel (and freq. in MHz)
Manual operation
Tx power
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Ethernet port settings 1
Interface parameters
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Ethernet port settings 2
802.1q VLAN parameters
802.1p priority parameters
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AL Ethernet : 16E1 +3xEthAL Plus Ethernet 24E1+ 4xEthALC Plus Ethernet* : 32E1+3xEth
___________________________________
*ALC plus: Ethernet traffic works with not hierarchical capacity only
Ethernet IDUs: available interfaces
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Ethernet switch*
MAC Address Table size
Emptying algorithm of queues: 8421 WFQ
or strictly priority
Life of info in
MAC Addr. tablePacket size
Queue assignement depending 802.1p: depending on input priority, the packet is sent to the selected queue of a port (level 2)
Queue assignement (level 3) depending on PTOS or DSCP
VLAN management
Setting of waiting time before Link Loss Forwarding (010 sec.)
*only on Ethernet LIM !
(512/1024/2048)
(1522/1536)
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Queue selection
Depending on priority TOS the queue is selected.
View filter
PTOS values
(64 = 26)
DifferentialServiceCodePoint values 14 = 1 + 4x3 + 1 AF=Assured Forwording (4 classes and 3 values)
PrecedenceRoutine
Priority
Immediate
Flash
Flash override
Critic/ECP
Internet Ctrl
Network Ctrl
DelayNormal
Low
ThroughputNormal
High
ReliabilityNormal
High
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VLAN map (level 2)Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 RadioPor
t
VLAN 760 doesn’t transit through port 2
760
VLAN 760 exits through port 2 untagged
VLAN 760 exits through port 2 with tag 760
VLAN 760 exits through port 2, with the same tag it has at input (unmodified)
VLAN tag given to untagged packet
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VLAN management
Example of VLAN list: VLAN tag of input packet is not included, see Virtual LAN card in “LAN-x” [x = 1, 2, 3]
Not assigned
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LAN settings: Interface
Cable: straight or crossed
Port status
LAN SpeedFlow control
LLF status
LAN status
In ALCplus the bitrate of each port can be set
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LAN settings: Virtual LAN
Untagged frame in output:Unmodified, Tagged, Untagged
Output ports of packets in input at LAN1
Tag added to untagged frame if
output is tagged
Disable 802.1q: no Tag filter, “LAN per port” rules
Fallback: if input is tagged, Virtual LAN map rules will be followed; if input tag is not present in the map or input is untagged, Lan per port rules will be followed
Secure: if input is tagged, Virtual LAN map rules will be followed; if input tag is not present in the map or input is untagged, packets will be dropped
1
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LAN settings: Priority
How to manage input priority:
-Disable (No check): forcing of default values- 802.1p (level 2)- IpToS (level 3)- First 802.1p then IpToS- First IpToS then 802.1p
default Queue and default Priority added to output if input is without priority
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Local LAN1 – Remote LAN14 settings:1) LAN1Internal LOCAL
2) Internal LAN 1 LOCAL
3) Internal LAN1 REMOTE
4) LAN1 Internal REMOTE
ANYENABLED
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Local LAN1 – Remote LAN1Local LAN2 – Remote LAN2Local LAN3 – Remote LAN3
SEGREGATED!
LAN1, LAN2, LAN3, Internal : Enabled“LAN per Port” : LAN1Internal, LAN2 Internal, LAN3 Internal, InternalLAN1/2/3Default Vid(local/remote): LAN1=1/6, LAN2=2/7, LAN3=3/8, Internal=4/5Ingress Filtering Check: FallBackUntagged frame Egress mode: LAN1/2/3=Untagged, Internal Port=TaggedVirtual lan map
Local
Remote
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Normal operating conditionNormal operating condition
Rx level on both ODU match values given by hop calculation.
Rx level accuracy: -40 dBm -75 dBm range ± 3dB -30 dBm -40 dBm range ± 4dB
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Faulty condition: alarm notificationFaulty condition: alarm notificationA faulty condition is pointed out by IDU front panel LEDs:
- FAIL: controller self test failed- IDU: alarms from LIM and/or RIM- ODU: alarms from radio transceiver - REM: any alarm from other end- TEST: manual operation active
SCT window:- Log history area (with alarm correlation)- Equipment view current alarms (with alarms grouping)
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Alarms grouping : Current AlarmsAlarms grouping : Current Alarms
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ALARMSThere are two directions of alarms: Tx and Rx
Tx – This line starts in LIM and arrives to output flange: when a situation of more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the beginning of Tx chain, all the others after are due to this
Rx – This line starts in output flange and arrives to LIM: when a situation of more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the beginning of Rx chain, all the others after should be caused by this
Most Significant alarmRx
Tx
RIM
LIM
ODU
LIM
RIM
ODU
4
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Synthesis, Local/Remote group
Alarms are divided in groups: the name of the group is the name of the module where alarms come from, or the name of a specific characteristic of these alarms
A “Synthesis …” alarm, with the name of relevant group, is the OR of alarms of that group (AL only).
If an alarm occurs, also relevant LOCAL synthesis occurs (…while REMOTE synthesis occurs in remote equipment)
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Alarms grouping : COMMON
Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but relevant to the link.
Example:
– EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management)– Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op)
If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted. Investigation must be made on a possible condition of bad
propagation, or equipment failure
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No link between Local and Remote station. Traffic is cut.
Link telemetry is inserted in main radio frame in Bit Insertion circuit inside LIM, and contains commands for the remote station: switch off the radios on remote side in case of local RF loop, Link ID, ATPC info.
Telemetry link is a connection between local and remote IDUs.
TEST - if this alarm occurs, a double IDU loop (both branches) can be done: if this alarm disappears, local IDU is OK and the problem is after (propagation, local radios, remote equipment).
Link telemetry fail
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Communication Radio EOC Data link
No link between Local and Remote station or wrong port address configuration.
EOC is the channel involved in management communication.
If EOC radio link is active:
- Traffic is OK
- Management is cut (no remote)
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Communication 2Mb EOC Data link
No EOC channel is present on selected tributary in selected timeslot : wrong port address configuration or no tributary input (LOS).EOC is the channel involved in management communication.
If EOC 2Mb link is active:
- Management is cut (no remote)
- If relative LOS is active, traffic on that tributary is out
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PRBS FailWhen PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window
Every ON-OFF transitionincreases the field
PRBS Fail Alarm Counter
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Revertive
When a branch is declared preferential, the switch on opposite branch gives Revertive alarm.
The return to preferential branch, when available again, happens after “Wait Time” period.
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2Mb/s G.704 (Trib.x) Radio Fail/AIS and/or Line Fail/AISWhen management messages come via tributary timeslot, further checks are performed on both directions of used tributary
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Tx FailTx Fail
When on remote side both radios don’t receive, on local side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm is enabled.
When this alarm is on,check local ODU in stand by
This functionality is enabledin LCT – General PresetThe alarm remains activeuntil Reset is given
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Link IDLink IDAlarm is on if Link ID check is enabled (Link ID 0) and remote Link ID is different from the local one.
Traffic is cut but signal is received and measured. Output = AIS
This alarm causes:
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Alarms grouping : LIMAlarms grouping : LIM
These alarms come fromExternal fault: tributary LOSLIM failure: -Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure -Modulator/demodulator failure Warning: modulator/demodulator
circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM modules.
RIM or ODU alarms propagation (seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
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Tributary-1 Signal loss
Loss Of Signal alarm is active when a situation opposite to that foreseen by configuration is performed on tributary interface:
No input or
orcable disconnected
Tributary connected
TRIB. STATUS
Tx
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Multiplexer fail
The alarm is given during multiplexing of input tributaries by
Overflow stuffing memories
Overflow is due to bad clock of one tributary (too fast: >+50ppm) or hardware failure
In case of Multiplexer Fail the signal forwarded to the radio is N x AIS (from all the N tributaries)
Tx
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Branch-x Modulator Fail
This alarm is active when at cable interface Tx IF modulated signal (330 MHz) is missing or is under a certain value; this is due to: Modulator faulty
Cable IDU-ODU open (that produces high VSWR value)
Traffic is cut
Tx
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Branch-x ODU-IDU Communication fail
This alarm occurs when on carrier used to receive information from ODU, or remote commands from other side, are detected:
CRC errors
Loss of frame
This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite direction (IDUODU) and from TX or RX carriers
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Branch-x Demodulator Fail
Traffic is cut
This alarm is active when average deviation of symbol recognition is higher of a certain level.
Every problem in constellation gives Demodulator alarm: Problem of digital conversion of received signal from RIM I or Q signal missing High level of interference (bad quality but good Rx level) No Rx IF modulated signal (140 MHz) from ODU (no Rx, ODU faulty, IDU/ODU cable open)
Demodulator alarm causes:
Rx quality alarms (HBER, LBER, EWL) Rx signal alarms (BaseBand Rx)
Rx
Branch Rx quality alarm (software settable)
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Branch-x BaseBand RxThis alarm is active when
Bit Extraction does not work (in LIM)
Demodulator does not work (in LIM)
Demodulator does not receive from RIM or ODU
BaseBand Rx causes:
Demultiplexer Fail
Traffic is cut
Rx
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Demultiplexer Fail
The alarm is given during demultiplexing by:
Frame Alignment Word not recognised (LOF - loss of frame)
Overflow destuffing memories
Overflow memories of hitless Rx switch
BaseBand Rx alarm
In case of Demultiplexer Fail, output is AIS (from all the tributaries)
Rx
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Alarms grouping : NODE
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Node (1 or 2) Signal Loss Alarm
NBUS cable, connecting different Nodal IDU of the same node, is
missing
IF IDU is a “no Nodal” unit, alarm is disabled
NBUS cable F03471*, despite RJ45 connector, is not an Ethernet cable
*Siae code
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Node (1 or 2) Signal Lof Alarm
The FAW, Frame Alignement Word in the signal on NBUS
connection, has not been recognized
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Node (1 or 2) MsAIS Alarm
The payload in the frames of the signal in NBUS connection does not contain the 126 E1 streams but AIS signal: a LOS or LOF alarm is present in another NBUS connection.
(Not active at the moment)
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Node (1 or 2) Check Alarm
The Nodal IDUs connected through NBUS cable don’t have the same Identifier. Identifier is not modifieble by the user
Correct node setup
1 2
2
22
211
1 1
2 units node 3 units node
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Alarms grouping : SETS
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BaseBand Sets STM1 (T0) Drift Alarm
Drift: clock frequency is out of range
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BaseBand Sets STM1 (T0) LTI Alarm
LTI: Loss of Timing Input The input the clock is extracted from, is missing
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BaseBand Sets T4 Fail alarm
BaseBand Sets T0 Fail alarm
Sync input: no synchronismous source (in input) is available or without problem
Sync output: T4 synchronismous generation is not available
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Alarms grouping : SNTP
(Not active at the moment)
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Alarms grouping : STM1
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92
STM-1 line side alarms STM-1 Los: loss of signal (no input), AIS is inserted on tributary lines (Tx). STM-1 Lof: loss of frame (failed recognition of A1,A2). Perform a STM-1 loop
and if alarm persists, replace LIM (Tx). STM-1 J0 Trace Identifier Mismatch: J0 received is not the expected one. AIS
inserted on VC12. Check configuration and network (Tx).In case of: LOS, LOF, J0 TIM
then:- MS AIS signal is inserted on MSOH and on Payload- Local restart is enabled
STM-1 B2 Signal Degraded: BER on MSOH B2 is higher than configured threshold. Check the network.
STM-1 B2 Excessive BER: HBER on MSOH B2. Check the network STM-1 MsAIS: AIS detected in input. Check the network. External fault. STM-1 MsRDI: K2 carries Remote Defect Indication in input from remote ADM.
External fault. STM-1 Qecc: ECC interrupted line side. Check radio link and IP addresses
settings.
What to do with a STM1 line side alarm:
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Alarms grouping : RIM
These alarms come from External fault: demodulator fail alarm and
ODU alarm are generated when ODU becomes faulty
RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator alarms are active
Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM modules.
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Branch-1 Power SupplyThis alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one
RIM is switched off or is in failure condition
If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated:this alarm causes allRx Branch-1 alarms except those relevantRadio1 (is OFF)
Analysis order is:
PSUAll alarmedfrom now on
RT
IDU
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Branch-1 Cable open/shortThis alarm is active when the following situations occur:- Cable open alarm no current through cable interface: ODU is not supplied… so situation looks like PSU alarm (Rx alarms) with cable alarm instead PSU alarm- Cable short alarm overcurrent/low voltage through cable interface
Caused by high VSWRvalue of damaged cable
Cable opensituation
If both alarms are active, 48 V source has no enough current
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Alarms grouping : RT
These alarms come fromExternal fault: Rx power low alarm is
generated because of bad propagation or by remote terminal faulty
ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF VCO alarm or RF IF alarm is activated
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Branch-x IDU-ODU Communication fail
This alarm occurs in ODU when on carrier used to receive command from IDU, are detected:
CRC errors
Loss of frame
This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite direction (ODUIDU) and from TX or RX carriers
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Branch-1 RT Radio Power Supply
This alarm is active when the Power Supply section of the radio doesn’t work properly or is in failure condition (voltage in input out of range).
Depending voltage value, radio can work.
When the under/over voltage is too high, radio is off and other alarms (cable open) cover this.
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Branch 1 RT VCO fail
This alarm occurs when VCO in RF unit is not able to lock any frequencies.
Every problem in VCO causes alarms in both directions: RF unit is not able to convert IF Tx in RF Tx (Tx Power Low alarm) and RF Rx in IF Rx .
In this situation the alarm is active together with Tx Power Low and all Rx alarms because RF channel is not locked.
Tx & Rx
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Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal inside ODU. There are two different IF signals but one alarm only.
IF Tx: the alarm is on with Tx Power Low
IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms
When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal made up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail alarm off.
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Branch 1 RT Tx Power Low
This alarm occurs when Tx power is 3 dB under standard output of ODU-RF unit.
ATPC or manual attenuation do not affect this alarm that is given by internal failure of the radio.
This alarm can be activated by a manual operation also: Tx Transmitter off in Radio Branch - Settings
If both Rx Power Low and Tx Power Low are active, RF unit inside ODU is faulty
Tx
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Branch 1 RT Rx Power LowThis alarm occurs when Rx power is under a defined threshold
Threshold value can be set for both branches in range - 40 dBm- 99 dBm in LCT - General preset
The alarm Rx Power Low is a branch alarm and it is used to drive Rx switch
Rx
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Alarms grouping : UNIT
This group generates alarms when one of the units, the equipment consists of, is faulty or does not respond to controller polling:
Unit failUnit is not respondingUnit is missingUnit hardware mismatchUnit software mismatch
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OTHERALARMS
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Performance alarmsEvery performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm
Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm
Threshold in dB of Rx alarm
alarm counter reset
15 minutes alarms severity
If 0, alarm is disabled
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Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms
24 hours
alarms
P RX > -5
5 dBmPRX < -70 dBm
R = 15 minutes
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Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms
24 hours
alarms
Unavailable seconds for 16QAM
Practically seconds at 4QAM
R = 15 minutes
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Recorder : Prx
date time dBm
LCT
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Measures “ Performances ” is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15 minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and downloaded on the PC.
These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC) disconnected.
“ Recorder Prx “ is the recording of Rx power on a log file inside the PC: every time a new value is measured a new “record” is written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour, minutes and seconds) and how much (dBm measured).
This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the equipment.
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MU
X-D
EM
UX
RF
E1 LOOP
BASEBAND LOOP
IDU LOOP
RF LOOP
LIM
RIM 1 ODU 1
AL : available loops data direction: - towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF) - selectable for E1 loop - only local loops
MOD- DEMOD
LOOPSLOOPS
MUX-DEMUX
RF
E1 LOOP
BASEBAND LOOP
IDU LOOP RF LOOP
LIM
RIM 1 ODU 1
AL : available loops data direction: - towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF) - selectable for E1 loop - only local loops
MOD- DEMOD
Line side
Radio side
Branch 1
BASEBAND LOOP
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loop:loop:external PRBSexternal PRBS
E1 loop line side : loop works with line enabled or not
E1 loop radio side : loop works with line enabled on local side and on remote side
Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works if line used is enabled local side and on remote side
Line side Radio side
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loop:loop:internal PRBSinternal PRBS
E1 loop line side : …is before PRBS checking pointE1 loop radio side :loop works with line enabled on
remote side, indifferent* on local side.Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works any status of
local* and remote line__________________________ * PRBS enables automatically the local side of used line
Alarm OFF: signal is back!
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Loop timeoutLoop timeout