ala-lc romanization tables: korean romanization and word division
TRANSCRIPT
ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Korean Romanization and Word
DivisionRomanization
1. General Practice The Library of Congress will continue to follow the McCune-Reischauer system to romanize Korean with the exceptions noted in this document. See: Romanization of the Korean Language: Based upon its Phonetic Structure by G.M. McCune and E.O. Reischauer ([S.l.: s.n., 1939?), reprinted from the Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Full text of the original document is available online from the National Library of Australia Web site: http://www.nla.gov.au/librariesaustralia/cjk/download/ras_1939.pdf
Note: A romanization table appears as Appendix 7, at the end of this document.
2. Authorities The Library of Congress will designate certain standard dictionaries [see Appendix 1] as final authorities to resolve questions of contemporary pronunciation. A word will be considered to be pronounced as indicated in those dictionaries, and romanized in such a way as to represent its pronunciation most accurately.
3. Conflict between Romanization Rule and Pronunciation When romanization rules conflict with the pronunciation of a word, prefer to represent the pronunciation.
1
ramyn Hancha yngchang Suldae Wldk’p kiljabi Malgaljok kabch’i silchng
Note: Some dictionaries represent a reinforced medial consonant with a double consonant: [_], [_]. However, the romanization would not necessarily show a double consonant: ikwa, silsi.
p’yngka munpp
4. Hyphens (a) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is indicated preceding or following a hyphen in forenames or pseudonyms that are preceded by family names, and in generic terms used as jurisdictions.
1) For personal names with family name: An ng-nyl Pak Mog-wl
Yi T’oe-gye
2) For generic terms for jurisdictions: Kangwn-do
2
Kyngsang-bukto Wando-gun P’yngt’aek-kun Kugi-dong P’yngt’aeg-p Sanbung-myn Hwanggong-ni Nogn-ni Pokkye-ri Sahl-li
Exception 1: For generic terms for jurisdictions preceded by a numeral, do not indicate sound change.
2 Chongno 2-ka 4 Sngsan 4-tong
Exception 2: For those special administrative terms for jurisdictions, do not hyphenate.
Sul T’kpylsi Pusan Kwangyksi Cheju T’kpyl Chach’ido
(b) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is not indicated preceding or following a hyphen in the following instances:
1) In a spelled-out cardinal number: ch’n-kubaek-yuksip-p’al
2) Between a numeral and volume designation and things being counted:
3
4 4-kwn
2 2-pu
33 33-in
6 6-kae
5 5-pyng
3) Between a year, written in numerals, and suffix or modifier: 10 10-chunyn
2000 2000-yndae
4) Between abbreviated forms of proper nouns combined coordinately: Sin-Kuyak Sngs Nam-Pukhan chngbu
Han-Mi kwan’gye
Exception: Do not hyphenate between abbreviated forms of non-proper nouns. Follow the convention for Word Division Rule 10.
knhyndaesa such’urip kwalli
kungnaeoe sajng chunggodng hakkyo
5) In contracted numerals representing the date of a historical event: Sa-ilgu Haksaeng Hyngmyng Yuk-io Chnjaeng
5. and
4
(a) Initial and Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing initial and , with the following exceptions. When words are written in Chinese character (Hancha), it may be necessary to check the official reference tools to verify the sound of a Chinese character. For personal names, see Romanization Rule 9.
/ nodong / yksa
/ ysng
/ yori
Exception 1: To accommodate Word Division Rule 1, particles beginning with the letter are to be separated from other words, and are to be romanized beginning with the letter r in all cases.
sae yksa rl wihay Kim Mari rann puin
Sul ro kann ylch’a
Ynhaeju ran mut in’ga
Exception 2: When single-syllable improper nouns beginning with the letter are separated from other words, romanize as r.
() ? Myt ri inya? () Krl ri ka pta
(b) Medial and Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing medial and , with the following exceptions. For words in Chinese character (Hancha), check the official reference tools listed in Appendix 1 to verify the sound of Chinese character.
sllyang
chilli
mullihak
Exception 1: Medial followed by medial is generally romanized ll. However, in certain instances of compound words, when a single word with a syllabic final combines with suffixes beginning with a syllabic initial , romanize as nn to represent standard pronunciation. For example:
(+) igynnan (+) Imjinnan (+) saengsannyang (+) kyltannyk (+) pip’annyk (+) sanggynnye (+) munnon (+) yech’annon (+) ibwnnyo (+) siinnon (+) kaep’ynnon
Exception 2: When a vowel or medial is followed by a syllable beginning with ( , , , ) or (, , , ), the sound of is generally not pronounced. In such cases, is not romanized.
nayl punyl ch’iyl paekpunyul
6
6. Medial
(a) Medial as a syllabic initial When medial appears as a syllabic initial, always romanize as s including medial after , with exception of syllabic initial before wi (). For a syllabic initial before , romanize as sh.
nongsanmul sonshwipta not sonswipta silsi not silssi
(b) before and Romanize as n when a syllabic final before and .
k’onnal pnnim paenmri
(c) before , , , , and Romanize as t when a syllabic final before , , , , and .
kotkan maettol haetpyt ch’tsarang patchul
(d) before and yotized vowels Romanize as nn when a syllabic final before i () and yotized vowels in compound words.
yenniyagi namunnip
sunnyang twinnyut
Romanize as s when a syllabic final before i () and yotized vowels in non- compound words.
orosi kkaekksi
(e) before all other vowels
Romanize as s when a syllabic final before all other vowels. usm sosara psnan
Exception: Romanize as d when a syllabic final in a native Korean prefix (, , , , etc.) is followed by vowels other than i () and yotized vowels.
udrn widot
7. , ,
(a) When syllabic final , and are combined with a syllabic initial , always romanize as kh, ph and th.
Pukhan kukhak hakhoe hyphoe
8
ttakhage chaphimyn
mothada
(b) When syllabic final and are combined with a syllabic initial , romanize as ch’.
tach’in kkoch’ida
ich’yjin
(c) When syllabic final double consonants , and are followed by a syllabic initial , romanize as nch’, lk’, and lp’.
nch’ida palk’inn
nlp’ida
(d) When syllabic final , and are followed by syllabic initial , and , romanize as k’ (nk’, lk’) , t’ (nt’, lt’) and ch’ (nch’, lch’)
ttk’e chot’a amurch’i mant’n talch’i
(e) When syllabic final and are followed by , romanize as nn. ssannn
annn
9
(f) When a syllabic final is followed by , romanize as ll. ttulln
(g) When syllabic final , and are followed by a vowel, romanize as follows:
do not romanize n r
nan mani
8. Double Consonants
(a) Romanize final double consonants , , , , and as follows: , k m , l p mok hk sam ydl oegol kap
(b) When syllabic final double consonants are followed by other consonants, romanize as follows:
10
k l before , ng before and k before other
consonants m n , , l , p n before , and t before other consonants skta malke kungne mukta kumta nta
nlta oegolsu halta kapchin pta innn itko
Exception 1: In the case of ‘-’, romanize as m when followed by and, romanize as p when followed by other consonants.
pamnn papta papko papchi
Exception 2: In the case of ‘-’, romanize as p in the following instances:
11
npchukhada nptungglda npchk
(c) When syllabic final double consonants are followed by vowels, romanize as follows:
nj lg lm
lb
ss
anja
mulg
salmni
nlbi
9. Personal Names
(a) Separate syllables of a forename or pseudonym (, , ) with a hyphen only when they are preceded by a family name. Indicate sound change preceding and/or following a hyphen. See also Word Division 13. Personal Names for further clarification.
12
(or ) Yu Sng-min
(or ) Na Min-ju An Chung-gn O Yng-hye Yi -ryng Kim Ch’ang-nyong Kim Ch’r-un Yi Yul-gok Kim Chi-ha Kim So-wl
(b) Connect the syllables of a forename or pseudonym (, , ) when they are not preceded by a family name.
Yulgok Yi I Sowl chnjip
Ch’lsu wa Ynghi
Exception 1: The surnames and , written in Hangul as or , are always romanized as Yi no matter how they are written.
(or ) Yi Sng-man Yi Sun-sin Yi Wn-su
Exception 2: When a personal name is written in Hangul, and the first part of person’s given name begins with , consider this to be evidence that the initial is intended to be pronounced, and romanize the initial as r.
Kim Ri-na
13
Ch’oe Ran Ha Ri-su Yi Ryu-hwan
For given names of Western origin, romanize the as r or l corresponding to its counterpart in the Western word being romanized, following rule 10 below.
Pak Lillian Pang Reich’el
Exception 3: When the pronunciation of a historically well-known person’s given name, beginning with or , is in conflict with the romanization rule, romanize to represent the pronunciation. If pronunciation is in doubt, refer to this reference work: . : , 1991.
Sin Rip (romanization rule calls for Sin Ip, but he is historically known as not )
Ha Ryun (romanization rule calls for Ha Yun, but he is historically known as not )
10. Words of Western Origin Do not give special treatment to words of Western origin. Apply the McCune- Reischauer romanization rules to words of Western origin, with exception of words beginning with the letter . For the words beginning with the letter ,
romanize the as r or l corresponding to its counterpart in the Western word
being romanized ;however, when the first letter of the Western equivalent is silent, apply this rule to the next non-silent consonant.
(design) tijain
14
(Vietnam) Pet’nam (zero) chero (linen) linnen not ninnen (radio) radio not nadio (wrestling) reslling not neslling
11. Romanization of Archaic Korean () Insofar as possible, strictly apply McCune-Reischauer rules and tables for the romanization of vowels and consonants to the written forms of the words when romanizing archaic Korean. Do not attempt to romanize archaic Korean following what may be the current pronunciation.
T’ynjyu not Ch’nju Chosyn not Chosn symni not smni yaktyo not yakcho
12. Symbol and Character Modifier in Romanization ( )
The apostrophe is used to differentiate aspirated consonants like (k’), (t’), (p’) and (ch’) from unaspirated ones (, , , and ).
/ ch’nsa / chnsa / t’okki / tokki
The apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of as opposed to . / chan’gm / changm / sn’gun / sngun
15
The character modifier breve over o () is used to represent , , and over u () is used to represent , .
sn’g
Character modifiers Name USMARC hexadecimal code Unicode
breve E6 0306
Word Division
Basic Principles
1. Each part of speech is to be separated from other parts of speech. The guidelines recognize 9 categories of parts of speech:
Noun
16
Exclamation
Note: Affixes () are not considered to be a separate part of speech.
2. Group syllables into words that make sense in context. Separate compound words by parts of speech without doing harm to the original meaning.
3. Proceed in this manner: A) Apply these rules to decide upon word division. B) When in doubt, refer to standard dictionaries designated by the Library of Congress final authorities to resolve questions of word division. [See Appendix 1 for the list of designated dictionaries.] A word found in these sources will be considered to be a lexical unit. When a dictionary gives variant forms, choose the appropriate one. C) Then, if still in doubt, or if sources differ from each other, prefer to separate.
Specific Rules
Guidelines
(a) Separate a noun, pronoun, or imperfect noun from other parts of speech. Kug munjang i hyngsng (noun) (noun) (particle) (noun) (noun) (noun) wlli yn’gu
17
Igt n ch’aek ida
(noun) (imperfect noun) (particle)
rini narm taero
I choguk di ro kal kt in’ga (pronoun) (noun) (pronoun) (particle) (verb) (imperfect noun) (particle)
Kukchang kym silchang (noun) (imperfect noun) (noun)
(b) Write a gerund as a separate word. Sewl i ppalli kam l (noun) (particle) (adverb) (gerund) (particle)
Yng nn paeugi ka rypta (noun) (particle) (gerund) (particle) (adjective)
(c) Separate a compound noun into binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
Taehan Min’guk i munhwa yujk Chn’gi konghak kaeron Chusik hoesa Han’guk Sokkup changnan Murim Sagwan Hakkyo
(d) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit if a sai siot is added. ( + ) Poritkogae ( + ) Yenniyagi
18
( + ) Paetsagong
(e) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit if there is a phonetic change represented by a change in the Korean spelling.
( + ) Sonamu ( + ) Mrik’arak ( + ) tchnyk
(f) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit when it bears a new meaning. Onllal Pamnat P’ittam
(g) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit when the combination includes another part of speech.
Puslbi Magujabi Pibimpap Tottanbae
(h) Add the binary () to its modifier as a suffix. Minjujui Mark’sjui wa Kidokkyo
(i) Write a compound word formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word.
Han’guk kwa Han’gugin Hanbando i p’ynghwa wa anbo Hwangmuji ka changmikkot kach’i
19
Yrmch’l i pulch’nggaek Hwangsanpl i hamsng Saebyngnyk e naerinn pi Sanbonguri e tp’in kurm Pudongsanpp kangi
(j) Write the name of a color formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word.
Kmnsaek chadongch’a Chuhongp’it nol
but:
Kmbulgn saek P’rjukchukhan pit Chigm i hanl pit n chaetpit ida
(noun) (particle) (noun) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)
2. Adjectives ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate an adjective from other parts of speech. Uri chosangdl n hullyunghaetta (pronoun) (noun) (particle) (adjective)
Ch’akhage sann saramdl (adjective) (verb) (noun)
20
Kny i unnn mosp i armdapta
(pronoun) (particle) (verb) (noun) (particle) (adjective)
(noun) (particle) (adjective) (adjective)
iji ka kanghago kutseda
Nopp’urn kal hanl
Mnamn Ssongbagang
(b) Separate a noun from a compound adjective without doing harm to the original meaning.
Kkum kattn chinan sewl (noun+adjective=adjective) (verb) (noun)
Kap ssago p’umjil chon sangp’um (noun+adjective=adjective) (noun) (adjective) (noun)
Mok marn sasm i (noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (particle)
Mt innn ch’in’gu rl mannaseyo (noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)
Prt pko simsul kujn ai ro k’iugi (noun+adjective=adjective) (noun+adjective=adjective) (noun) (particle) (gerund)
Chaemi innn yenniyagi (noun+verb=adjective) (noun)
21
but:
Write a simple inflection of the adjective form together with single syllable noun it modifies
Mtchin yja Kapssan haengbok kwa kapchin haengbok
3. Adnominal adjectives ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate an adnominal adjective from other parts of speech. Ch hanl edo slp’m i (adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)
(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)
n saram i kassmnikka
Modn kungmin
Kajn kosaeng l hada
22
(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle)
(b) Separate a single syllable native Korean or Sino-Korean adnominal adjective from the word it modifies. However, if a word is firmly established in common usage, prefer to treat it as a single lexical unit.
: , , but , , etc. : , , but , etc. : , , but , etc. : , but , etc. : , , , but , , , etc. : , , , , but , , ,
etc. (): , , , ,
but , , , , etc. (): , , but , , , etc. (): , , but , etc. (): , , , but , , etc. (): , but
(): , but
(): , but
(): , but
(): , but
When in doubt, consult the suggested dictionaries
(c) Write a compound adnominal adjective as one word. , , ,
23
(d) When a demonstrative adnominal adjective , , , , , etc., modifies one of the following nominals, and changes to a definite pronoun or adnominal adjective, write them together as one word.
: , , , , : , , : , , : , , : , , : , , : , , , : , , (, , , , , , , etc.)
In all other cases, separate these adnominal adjectives from the words they modify.
K namja i yuk’wae han haru I ttang es hangmun hagi Ch pada esn musn il i issnna
4. Verbs ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate a verb from other parts of speech. Na rl ch’ajas ttnan kri (pronoun) (particle) (verb) (verb) (noun)
Ai i kasm enn pumo ka sanda (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)
24
(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)
Snggong i ch’ans rl chabara
(proper noun) (particle) (adverb) (verb)
Todosae nn wae sarajynnayo
(b) Write an auxiliary verb separately from the main verb. (main verb)+ (auxiliary verb) Nlg kada Nlg kas Nlg kanda Nlg katta Nlg kasstta Nlg kassmro Nlg kattn
Maju pogo innn tu saram (adverb) (main verb) (auxiliary verb) (numeral) (noun)
Mnji nn musn him ro mungch’y china
(noun) (particle) (adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (main verb) (auxiliary verb)
See Appendix 2 for the list of auxiliary verbs.
(c) Write each part of speech separately in a compound verb form without doing harm to the original meaning.
Changnan ch’inn aidl
25
(noun+verb=verb) (noun)
Mam i chim l naery nok’o (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb+verb=verb)
Kotkam l musw hann horangi (noun) (particle) (adjective+suffix=verb) (noun)
Mri ka choa chinn tonghwa (noun) (particle) (adjective+auxiliary verb=verb) (noun)
(d) Separate the auxiliary verbal forms ‘-,’ ‘-,’ ‘-,’ ‘-,’ ‘-,’ ‘- ,’ ‘-,’ and ‘-,’ etc., and their inflections from a preceding noun.
Sarang hada Sarang han Sarang hae Sarang hago Sarang hay Sarang haedo Sarang haettn Sarang haessmro Sarang hayssmro
(e) Separate the copula ‘-’ and its inflections from the preceding word. Sin n ch’angjoja ida
Sarang irann pyng di kkaji imnikka P’ynghwajk in siwi Naeil i chidoja il uri aidl
but: Connect ‘-’ to the preceding word when it acts as a suffix.
26
Kkttgida Mangsrida Soksagida Ch’ullngida
(f) When a main verb is abbreviated or is contracted, write the auxiliary verb, adjective, adverb and its stem together as one word.
: , : : : , : : , : , , but : : , , , : , ,
(g) Write a simple inflection of the verb form together with the verb or adjective that precedes it.
Kotkam l muswhan horangi (noun) (particle) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)
Tuk choajin kyoyuk hwan’gyng (adverb) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun) (noun)
Hamkke nlggan iyagi (adverb) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)
Tokto es ponaeon yps (proper noun) (particle) (verbadjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)
27
(h) Write a simple inflection of the verb form together with the single syllable noun it modifies. Haettl muryp i padatka
(noun+simple inflection=verb) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun)
Han’guk l pinnaen saramdl (noun) (particle) (noun+simple inflection=verb) (noun)
5. Adverbs ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate an adverb from other parts of speech. Han’gl n maeu tokch’angjk igo
kwahakchk ida (noun) (particle) (adverb) (noun+suffix=noun) (particle) (noun+suffix=noun) (particle)
Chlmn saramdl i chaju ch’aja chunn kot
(adjective) (noun) (particle) (adverb) (main verb) (auxiliary verb) (noun)
(b) Insofar as possible, write compound adverbs as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
Ygi chgi Igt chgt
but: , , Yojm, hanbat’ang, nsae
28
(c) Insofar as possible, write repetitive or rhythmic compound adverbs as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
6. Particles ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate a particle from other parts of speech. (pronoun) (particle) (pronoun) (noun) (particle)
Na nn nae kil e
(noun) (particle) (noun)
Noin kwa pada
Ch’own i kkum l kdae ege (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (pronoun) (particle)
Sae ya sae ya p’arangsae ya (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)
(b) Attempt to create binaries for coordinated or multi-syllabic particles when possible.
Na mando anida Han’guk kojn ei ch’odae Iltng egenn so rl sang ro Hangmun rosi sahak
29
Suryk es put’
(c) Connect a particle as a suffix to a verb stem, adverb, or simple inflection of the verb.
Ppallido tallinda Sarang n mllis hann kt Ibn e chalman hamyn Mgsnn andoenda Koerophijinn ank’etta Ppalli kapsidayo
(d) Connect a contracted particle to the preceding noun or pronoun. Chigm n nugun’ga was Nan molla Kgn na to molla
7. Numerals ()
Guidelines
(a) Write a number, includes a native Korean and a Sino-Korean number, as one word. Separate each romanized digit by hyphens without phonetic changes.
Ilch’n-kubaek-kusip-yuk Sambaek-yuksip-o Mahn-tast
(b) Separate a native Korean and Sino-Korean number from its quantifier.
30
Ahn-ahop t’ong i haengbok ch’atki
(numeral) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun) (gerund)
(numeral) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun)
Smul-tast sal i panghwang
Sam hangnyn sam pan
Yuk ch’ng sam hosil
(numeral) (imperfect noun)
Se pntchae
Ch’aek ne kwn
So yl mari
(c) Whenever possible, write the preformative element () joined to the following number to form a binary.
1 Che-1 Cheil 3 Che-3 segye Chesam segye
31
However, prefer to join a number to a suffix or generic term that follows it with a hyphen (for example, (), (), ()). Do not indicate phonetic changes after the hyphen. In such cases, when precedes the number, separate it from the number.
1 Che 1-ch’a
Che ilch’a
3 Che 3-chip
Che samjip
In more complex situations, still attempt to create binaries when possible. Cheil, I Konghwaguk 12 Che-1, 2 Konghwaguk
(d) Write a numeral quantifier for periods of time, such as , , , , , , , etc., as one word.
Ch’n-kubaek-kusip-yungnyn 1996 1996-yn Sambaek-yuksip-oil i haengbok 365 365-il i haengbok Tusi samsippun 2 30 2-si 30-pun Yuksip-inyn sap kyehoek 62 62-yn sap kyehoek Isip-ilsegi i Han’guk kyngje 21 21-segi i Han’guk kyngje
(e) In case of certain contracted numerals that have been firmly established through common usage, prefer that form.
Sa-ilgu Haksaeng ig O-illyuk Kunsa Hyngmyng
32
Sam-il Undong P’al-iro Kwangbok
(f) Write a native Korean indeterminate number as one word. Handul Tuset Tusn Snt Yenilgop Ynamn
8. Exclamations ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate an exclamation from other parts of speech. ! A! sin nann Hancha yhaeng (Exclamations) (noun+suffix=adjective) (noun) (noun)
, Yaho, chaemi innn mak sigan (Exclamations) (noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (noun)
ra na to Yng ka toene (Exclamations) (pronoun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)
33
Guidelines
(a) Write an affix and the word it modifies together as one word. (prefix+noun) (noun) (noun+suffix)
Tagukchk kip kyngyngnon
Ch’ongjngni pudongsan sepp
Sinysngdl n mut l kkum kkunnn’ga
(prefix+noun) (particle) (pronoun) (particle) (noun) (verb)
Ch’amsarang i imi rl kkaedatta (prefix+noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)
Segi i misuljn (noun) (particle) (noun+suffix)
Kjinmaljaengi i hoegorok (noun+suffix) (particle) (noun+suffix)
See Appendixes 4 and 5 for the lists of prefixes and suffixes.
(b) Whenever the original meaning is not clear, prefer to separate a proper noun ( ) from a single character modifier, affix or substantive.
Tae Pukhan chllyak (prefix) (proper noun) (noun)
34
Tae Paekche rl wihay (prefix) (proper noun) (particle) (verb)
Pak Chng-hi sik minjujui (proper noun) (suffix) (noun)
(c) When two single character prefixes modify the same word consecutively, generally separate the first one.
( ) Ch’o chjllyk ( ) Ch’o kohwajil ( ) Ch’o kosngnng
(d) Separate a single character prefix of Chinese origin from the word it modifies, when another word is inserted in between.
, but Tae Ollimp’ik taehoe rl , but Sun mni i chngsng ro , but Ch’ong sup sigan su nn
(e) Separate a single character prefix (), (), etc. from the word it modifies, when it implies new edition or continuation.
Sin kyngjehak wlln
Sin minpp
Sok Han’guk munjip ch’onggan
but:
10. Abbreviated Forms (, , )
35
Guidelines
(a) Connect two coordinated characters, affixes, or substantives together into a single word without hyphens.
Nambuk kyngje hymnyk Such’urip chlch’a Kungnaeoe sajng Han’guk shwaga inbo Ch’ngsonyn ege trinn Chunggodng hakkyo Chungdanp’yn sosl Knhyndae
(b) Write an abbreviated or contracted proper name of Korean or foreign origin as a single word.
Onl i Pukhan Chn’gyngnyn Chunggongkwn i changnae
(c) Hyphenate combined abbreviated forms or coordinated forms of proper nouns. Do not indicate phonetic changes either before or after the hyphen.
Nam-Pukhan Chngsang Hoedam Ch’oesin Pul-Han sajn Sinyk Sin-Kuyak chns Paekhwabon Tang-Song
sanmunsn Myng-Ch’ng kosa snyk
36
(d) Write a contracted word into binary components without doing harm to the original meaning.
(+) T’aebaek Sanmaek ( +) Kug Kungmun Hakkwa (+) Anju Kunminhoe (+) Yngam Saji (+) Wnju kunji (+) Kongsan tangwn (+) Yugyk taewn
11. Scientific terms, nomenclature, etc. ( , )
Guidelines
(a) To the extent possible, follow the guidelines when separating parts of speech or creating binaries for technical terms, specialized terms used in the professions or arts, slang, jargon, etc., without doing harm to the original meaning.
Kwasanhwa suso Ahwangsan kas Ymhwa nat’ryum Isanhwa chilso Kwansang tongmaek
kynghwachng Kpsng pongmagym Mlt’i midi p’ail
37
Guidelines
(a) Treat words of Western origin in the same manner as words of Korean, Chinese, or other origin.
Kmmedal Usngk’p Nobelsang Ionhwa Ingk’pyng P’eint’ch’il Laemp’pul
(b) Connect a suffix of Korean or Chinese origin to a word of Western origin and also connect a word of Western origin when it is used as a suffix.
Pak Mog-wl taep’yo eseijip Kukche maak’et’ingnon Munye ch’angjakt’im
(c) When a proper noun of Western origin appears with a generic term for a type of topographic feature, treat the combination as one word.
Adriahae T’aiwansm Amajon’gang Hujisan
(d) When it can be determined that a word or words in Korean consisted of more than one word in the original language, apply the following guidelines.
38
If the words appear separately, write them separately. Syeip’ p
T’eibl maen
If the words appear without spaces, write them as a single word. Syeip’p T’eiblmaen
13. Personal Names ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate a family name from a given name or pseudonym. In such cases, when a forename or pseudonym (, etc.) is three syllables long, do not hyphenate it.
Ch’oe Ch’i-wn
Yi Kwang-su
Sin Saimdang
(b) When a forename or pseudonym (, etc.) is not preceded by a family name, connect the syllables. In such cases, when the forename or pseudonym is more than three syllables long, attempt to create binaries without doing harm to the original meaning.
T’oegye wa Yulgok Manhae sasang yn’gu
Changhwa Hongnyn chn Pulgn Suym
39
(c) Write a pure Korean given name and a given name of Western origin as a single word.
Chng Koara Kim Satkat Kim Maria (Sarah) Pyn Sara Yi Yosep Sim Marsias
(d) Write a Buddhist religious name or a posthumous name as one word. Iryn
Ch’ungmugong
(e) Write a family name consisting of two syllables as a single word. However separate when two different family names are combined intentionally, such as husband-wife, mother-daughter, etc.
Snu Chong-wn Namgung Wn
but: Ch’a Pae Ok-tk Ko n Kwang-sun
(f) Write an official title or honorific term such as (), (), (), etc., separately from a personal name.
Wllam Yi Sang-jae Ong Kang Ch’ang-ho Snsaeng Kim Chu-yng Kun Kim Hyng-don Paksa
40
An Chung-gn isa Yu Kwan-sun Yang Yi Pm-sk Ch’ongni Im Kap-sun Ysa Yun Changgwan O Snbaenim Chang Toryng
(g) Write the term separately from a personal name. Hong Kil-tong Ssi Kimhae Kim Ssi
but: Uri nara enn Kimssi ka mant’a
(h) Separate a reign title, temple name, or title of nobility, etc from the preceding word. When a title or name has more than three syllables, attempt to create binaries without doing harm to the original meaning.
T’aejo Hyegynggung Hong Ssi Chang Hibin Hynu Haengja Hngsn Kun Hyoryng Taegun Myngsng Hwanghu Chnggyng Puin
14. Corporate names, Geographical names, Publication titles, etc. (, , )
41
Guidelines
(a) Treat a corporate name as a binary compound when possible. Write general terms such as , , etc., separately as binary elements.
(Society of Korean History) Han’guksa Hakhoe but:
(World History Society of Korea) Han’guk Sahakhoe Nasng Hanin Changno Kyohoe Nodong Kijun Chosaguk Han’guk Hyumnist’hoe Kat’ollik Minju Ch’ngnyn
Kongdongch’e Mansusan Yesultan Andong Kwn Ssi Ch’umilgongp’a Sul Sisa P’ynch’an Wiwnhoe
(b) Insofar as possible, write a historical event as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
Kabo Kyngjang Imjin Waeran Pyngja Horan Chng Chung-bu Nan
(c) Insofar as possible, write a historical publication title as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
Samguk sagi Taedong yjido Tongguk yji sngnam Hunmin chngm Yongbi ch’n’ga
42
(d) Hyphenate an administrative entity term used as part of the name of a jurisdiction as one word.
Taegu-si Kahoe-dong Ullngdo Todong-ni Wlbong-ni Wsingt’on-si
but: Sul T’kpylsi Kwangju Kwangyksi Cheju T’kpyl Chach’ido
(e) Write a generic term for a type of topographic feature, road, architectural construction, etc., used as a part of a proper name, together with its name. Attempt to create binaries when possible.
Hallasan
Naktonggang Tongnimmun Chejudo Yurisng Chongno
but: Kimhae P’yngya Kaema Kown
(f) Connect a single syllable modifier that indicates a type of publication, such as (), (), (), (), (), () etc. to the word that precedes it, except if the word is a proper noun.
43
Nanjung ilgich’o Hyndae Han’guk siinsn Kukse kibonnon iam Snsaeng hangjaenggi T’okkijn
but: Hong Kil-tong chn Sim Ch’ng chn Ch’unhyang chn K’ongjwi P’atchwi chn Pae Pijang chn Yi Kwang-su non Kwibong chip Sowl sn
(g) Always separate the modifier () from the word it modifies. Hyndae p’yn
Yesan p’yn Munhak p’yn
Capitalization
Guidelines
1. Each separately written word of a corporate name (except particles), or an abbreviation thereof, is capitalized.
Han’guk Ilbosa Taehan Sanggong Hoeiso
44
Minjuhwa rl Wihan Chn’guk Kyosu Hybihoe
2. Each separate word of a personal name is capitalized. Yi Kwang-su
Chng Yn-hi
3. Titles and terms of address are capitalized. Pak Taet’ongnyng Cho Yong-gi Moksa
4. Each separately written word of a geographic name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized in coordinate compounds and at the beginning of other compound words.
Hahoe Mal Kyngbuk Sup’il Tonginhoe
5. The first word of the title of a book, periodical, or series is capitalized. Hyndae kukchepp Silch’on munhak i sijip
6. Names of dynasties are capitalized. Chosn yukpaengnyn Myng-Ch’ng sidae
7. A word derived from a proper name is capitalized only if the name retains its full, original meaning.
Yangmynghak yn’gu
45
Hyndae wa K’risch’yan i sinang
8. Abbreviated forms combined coordinately are capitalized if called for by these guidelines.
Sin-Kuyak Sngs Siryong Pul-Han sajn
9. In all other cases, follow the directions found in the officially designated style manual listed in Appendix 1.
Punctuation
Guidelines
1. A centered point indicating coordinate words may be transcribed as a comma or hyphen, or not transcribed, depending on the applicable word division guidelines.
chunggodng hakkyo Nam-Pukhan kyngje hymnyk
In other instances, it may be transcribed or not transcribed, depending on the context.
Sa-ilgu i minjungsa Chang Tae-uk ch Iryp, Iltang sihwajip
2. Brackets used in the manner of quotation marks are transcribed as the latter.
46
[ ] “Munhak kwa chisng” siinsn [ ] “Si wa haebang” tongin sijip
Appendix 1: Suggested Dictionaries
For contemporary publications from South Korea and North Korea:
1. . . (Online Version) Kungnip Kug Yn’guwn. P’yojun Kug taesajn http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/main.jsp
2. . . ( : , 2004) Kwahak Paekkwa Sajn Ch’ulp’ansa. Chosn mal sajn (P’yngyang : Kwahak Paekkwa Sajn Ch’ulp’ansa, 2004)
For reading and pronunciation of Chinese characters:
1. . . ( : , 1964) Chang Sam-sik. Tae Han-Han sajn (Sul T’kpylsi : Sngmunsa, 1964)
2. . ([Seoul] : , 1915 : Reprint : [Seoul] : , 1973) Sin chajn. ([Seoul : Sinmun’gwan, 1915 : Reprint : [Seoul] : Cho Yong- sng, 1973]
Appendix 2: List of Auxiliary verbs Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
47
1. () , 2. () , 3. () , , 4. () , 5. () , 6. () 7. () , 8. () , 9. () , 10. () , , , 11. () 12. () , , 13. () , , , 14. () 15. () , ,
Appendix 3: List of numeral quantifiers Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
1. Amount: , , , , , 2. Animals: , , , 3. Length: , , , , , , , 4. Meals: 5. People: , , , 6. Quantity: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , 7. Time: , , , , , , , , 8. Volume: , , , , , , , , , , , 9. Weight: , , , ,
48
Appendix 4: List of Prefixes Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
1. () - : , 2. - : 3. - : , , , 4. - : , , , , , , 5. ()- : , , , 6. ()- : , , 7. ()- : , 8. ()- : , , 9. - : , , , 10. ()- : 11. - : , 12. ()- : , , 13. ()- : , , 14. - : , , , 15. ()- : , , , 16. ()- : , 17. ()- : , (), , , 18. - : , , , 19. - : , , 20. - : , , , , , , 21. - : , , , 22. - : , , , 23. - : , , , 24. - : , , , , , ,
49
25. - : , , 26. - : , 27. - : , , 28. - : , , 29. - : , 30. ()- : , 31. ()- : , , , 32. - : , 33. ()- : , , , 34. ()- : , , 35. ()- : , 36. ()- : , , , , 37. - : , , 38. ()- : , , , 39. ()- : , , , 40. ()- : , , 41. ()- : 42. ()- : , , , , , 43. ()- : , , 44. ()- : , , , 45. - : , , 46. ()- : , , 47. ()- : , , , , 48. - : , , , 49. - : 50. - : , (only for color) 51. - : 52. ()- : , , , , , , 53. - : , , 54. ()- :
50
55. - : 56. ()- : , 57. ()- : , , , , 58. - : , 59. ()- : , 60. - : 61. - : , 62. ()- : , , 63. ()- : , , , 64. - : , , , 65. - : , 66. - : , , , , 67. ()- : , , 68. ()- : , , 69. - : , , 70. ()- : , , , 71. ()- : , , , 72. ()- : , 73. ()- : , 74. - : , 75. ()- : , , 76. ()- : , 77. ()- : , 78. - : , , 79. ()- : , , 80. - : , , 81. ()- : , , , 82. ()- : , , 83. ()- : , , , 84. ()- : , , ,
51
85. ()- : , 86. ()- : , , 87. ()- : , , , , , 88. - : , , 89. ()- : 90. - : , , , 91. - : , 92. - : , , , , 93. - : , , 94. - : 95. ()- : , , , 96. ()- : , , , , 97. ()- : , , 98. - : , 99. ()- : , , , , 100. ()- : , 101. - : , , 102. - : , , 103. ()- : , , 104. ()- : , , 105. - : , , , , , , 106. - : 107. ()- : , 108. - : 109. - : , , 110. - : , , , , , 111. ()- : , , 112. ()- : , , 113. - : , , 114. - : ,
52
Appendix 5: List of Suffixes Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
1. - () : , 2. - () : , , , , , , 3. - () : , , , 4. - () : , , 5. - () : , , , 6. - () : , 7. - () : , , , , 8. – : , , 9. – () : , , 10. – () : , , 11. – () : , , , 12. – () : 13. – () : , 14. – () : , , 15. – () : , , , 16. – () : , , , 17. – () : , , 18. – () : , 19. – () : , , , , 20. – () : , 21. – () : , 22. – () : , , , 23. – () : , , 24. – () : , ,
53
25. – () : , 26. – () : , , , , 27. – () : , , 28. – () : , , 29. – () : , , , 30. – () : , , 31. – () : , , , 32. – : , 33. – : , , , 34. – : , , 35. – : , , , 36. – : , , , 37. – : , 38. – () : , , 39. – () : , , , 40. – : , , , 41. – () : , , 42. – () : , 43. – () : , , 44. – () : , , , 45. – () : 46. – () : , , 2000 47. – () : , , 48. – () : , 49. – () : , 50. – () : , 51. – : , , 52. – : , , 53. – () : , , , 54. – () : , ,
54
55. – () : , 56. – : , , , 57. – () : , , , , , 58. – () : , 59. – () : 60. – () : , , 61. – () : , , 62. – () : , , , 63. – () : , , 64. – () : , , , 65. – : , 66. – : , , 67. – () : , , 68. - () : , , , 69. – () : , , , 70. – () : , , , 71. – () : 72. – : , , 73. – : , , 74. - () : , , 75. – () : , , 76. – () : , , , 77. – : , , , , 78. – () : 79. – () : , , 80. – () : , , 81. – () : , 82. – () : , , , , 83. – : , , , , 84. – () : , , ,
55
85. – : 86. – () : , , 87. – () : , , , 88. – () : , 89. – () : , , , 90. – () : , , 91. – () : , , 92. – () : , , 93. – () : , , 94. – () : , , 95. – () : , 96. – () : , , 97. – : , , , , 98. – () : , 10 , 1 , , 99. – () : , , , 100. – () : , , 101. – () : , , 102. – () : , , 103. – () : , , 104. – () : , 105. – () : , , , , 106. – () : , , 107. – () : , , 108. – () : , , 109. – () : , 110. – () : , , 111. – () : , , , 112. – () : , , 113. – () : , , , 114. – () : , ,
56
115. – : 116. – () : , 117. – () : , , 118. – () : , , 119. – () : , , , 120. – () : , 121. – () : , , , 122. – () : , , 123. – () : 124. – () : , 125. – () : , 126. – () : , , , 127. – () : , , 128. – () : , , 129. – () : , 130. – () : , 131. – () : , , 132. – : , , , 133. – () : , , 134. – () : , , , , , 135. – : , , , 136. – () : , , 137. – () : , , , 138. – () : , , 139. – () : , 140. – () : , , 141. – : , 142. – () : , , 143. – : , , , 144. – () : , , ,
57
145. – () : , , , 146. – () : , , 147. – () : , , , , 148. – () : , , 149. – () : , , 150. – () : , , 151. – () : , 152. – () : 153. – () : , 154. – () : , , , 155. – () : , , , 156. – () : , 157. – () : , , 158. – () : , , , 159. – () : , , 160. – () : , , 161. – () : , 162. – () : , , , 163. – () : , , , 164. – () : , , , 165. – () : , , 166. – () : , , , 167. – () : , , , 168. – : , , , 169. – () : , , , 170. – : , 171. – : , , 172. – : , , 173. – : , , , 174. – : ,
58
175. – : , 176. – () : , , 177. – : , , 178. – () : , 179. – () : , , , 180. – () : , , 181. – () : , 182. – () : , , 183. – () : , 184. – () : , , 185. – () : , , , , , 186. – () : , , , , 187. – () : , 188. – () : , 189. – () : , 190. – : () : , , 191. – () : , , 192. – () : , , 193. – () : , 194. – () : , , 195. – () : , 196. – () : , 197. – () : , , 198. – () : , , 199. – () : , 200. – () : , , 201. – () : , , 202. – : , , ,
59
Appendix 6: List of Imperfect Nouns Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional imperfect nouns
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
60
28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.
61
Appendix 7: Korean Romanization Table
This table illustrates the general application of the Korean Romanization rules; exceptions are noted in Korean romanization guideline above.
Letter Position Rules for Romanization Examples
Initial Medial
Final
Always K 1. G between vowels, or af ter , , and 2. NG before , and 3. K before and after all other consonants Always K
Kug mulg n ch n’gi ku ngmin hap kye ch oguk
Initial
Medial
Final
1. Not romanized before ‘ ’ and yotize d vowels 2. N before other vowels 1. L when preceded or followed by 2. N in all other cases Always N
yj a ilgop non gmin tallim Hall yu mina ri ka ngsan
Initial Medial
Final
Always T 1. D between vowels, or after , , 2. T after , , and 3. N as syllabic final before 4. T as syllabic final before other consonants Always T
tas t muda ng mandu hapto ng yultong ch’ida nnn sutka rak mutt a kot
Initial
Medial
Final
1. Not romanized befo re ‘’, or y otized vowels 2. N before other vowels 1. R between vowels, or be fore 2. L before all other consonants, or after and 3. N after other consonants Always L
y ksa iron non sul maru Parha e mullihak Ch ongno o solkil
Initial Medial Final
moksu namu mom sal po skham
Initial Always P palp’ yo
62
Medial
Final
1. B between vowels , or after , , and 2. M before , and 3. P before and after all other consonants Always P
kal bi naembi s mni ch ammu chpsi munp p hn pp
Initial
Medial
Final
1. SH before ‘ ’ 2. S before other vowels 1. SH before ‘ ’ 2. S before other vowels 3. NN as syllabic final b efore ‘’ an d yotized vowels in compound words 4. S as syllabic final before ‘’ and yoti zed vowels in single words 5. T as syllabi c final before , , , , and 6. D as syllabic final in prefixes after all other vowels Always T
shwipke sa ngp a shwiun no ngsanmul usm ye nnil su nnyang kka kksi
mothada tkallin udot c h’dadl sat kat
Initial Medial
Final
Not romanized 1. Not romanized as syllabic initial 2. NG as syllabic final Always NG
lgul Togil km yung non gmin sa rang
Initial Medial
Final
Always CH 1. J between vowels , or after , and 2. CH after all other consonants 3. N as syllabic final before , 4. T as syllabic final before other consonants Always T
chilli tojang minjo k mo kchang ch nni chnmgi chitta pit
Initial Medial
Final
Always CH’ 1. Always CH’ as syllabic initial 2. N as syllabic final before , 3. T as syllabic final before all other consonants 4. J as syllabic final before vowels Always T
ch’ abyl kim ch’i pinn aen ch’ a tta ch’otki da ch’ aja chan gmikkot
Initial Medial Final
k’ okkiri tan k’anpang tongn yk
63
Initial Medial
Final
Always T’ 1. T’ before vowels, or afte r , , , , , and 2. T before , , and 3. N before ‘ ’ in compo und word, or before , Always T
t’aep’u ng ku kt’o kat’ n kattn natsem pan nil nanm al haetp yt
Initial Medial
Final
Always P’ 1. Always P’ as syllabic initial 2. P as syllabic final Always P
p’ynji pyng p’ung chipsin p’ullip
Initial Medial *
Final
Always H 1. H as syllabic initial after , and 2 CH’ as syllabic initial after and 3. Not romanized as syllabic final before vowels 4. NN as syllabic final b efore Always T
hwanggm Pukhan ich’yjin na n nannn hit
Initial Medial
Final
Always KK 1. KK, except after , as syllabic initial 2. KK as syllabic final before vowels 3. K as syllabic final before others
Not applicable
kka magwi kkal kkm hobakkot na kki da mu kkm na ksi
Initial Medial Final
ttang ch’ alttk
Initial Medial Final
Initial Medial
Final
Always SS 1. Always SS as syllabic initial or, between vowels 2. N as syllabic final before 3. T as syllabic final before other consonants Not applicable
ssirm pul ssan g iss my inn n inn ya haetta og atko
Initial Medial
64
Final Not applicable
* For further detail regarding syllabic final medial , see Romanization rule 7
65
1. General Practice The Library of Congress will continue to follow the McCune-Reischauer system to romanize Korean with the exceptions noted in this document. See: Romanization of the Korean Language: Based upon its Phonetic Structure by G.M. McCune and E.O. Reischauer ([S.l.: s.n., 1939?), reprinted from the Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Full text of the original document is available online from the National Library of Australia Web site: http://www.nla.gov.au/librariesaustralia/cjk/download/ras_1939.pdf
Note: A romanization table appears as Appendix 7, at the end of this document.
2. Authorities The Library of Congress will designate certain standard dictionaries [see Appendix 1] as final authorities to resolve questions of contemporary pronunciation. A word will be considered to be pronounced as indicated in those dictionaries, and romanized in such a way as to represent its pronunciation most accurately.
3. Conflict between Romanization Rule and Pronunciation When romanization rules conflict with the pronunciation of a word, prefer to represent the pronunciation.
1
ramyn Hancha yngchang Suldae Wldk’p kiljabi Malgaljok kabch’i silchng
Note: Some dictionaries represent a reinforced medial consonant with a double consonant: [_], [_]. However, the romanization would not necessarily show a double consonant: ikwa, silsi.
p’yngka munpp
4. Hyphens (a) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is indicated preceding or following a hyphen in forenames or pseudonyms that are preceded by family names, and in generic terms used as jurisdictions.
1) For personal names with family name: An ng-nyl Pak Mog-wl
Yi T’oe-gye
2) For generic terms for jurisdictions: Kangwn-do
2
Kyngsang-bukto Wando-gun P’yngt’aek-kun Kugi-dong P’yngt’aeg-p Sanbung-myn Hwanggong-ni Nogn-ni Pokkye-ri Sahl-li
Exception 1: For generic terms for jurisdictions preceded by a numeral, do not indicate sound change.
2 Chongno 2-ka 4 Sngsan 4-tong
Exception 2: For those special administrative terms for jurisdictions, do not hyphenate.
Sul T’kpylsi Pusan Kwangyksi Cheju T’kpyl Chach’ido
(b) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is not indicated preceding or following a hyphen in the following instances:
1) In a spelled-out cardinal number: ch’n-kubaek-yuksip-p’al
2) Between a numeral and volume designation and things being counted:
3
4 4-kwn
2 2-pu
33 33-in
6 6-kae
5 5-pyng
3) Between a year, written in numerals, and suffix or modifier: 10 10-chunyn
2000 2000-yndae
4) Between abbreviated forms of proper nouns combined coordinately: Sin-Kuyak Sngs Nam-Pukhan chngbu
Han-Mi kwan’gye
Exception: Do not hyphenate between abbreviated forms of non-proper nouns. Follow the convention for Word Division Rule 10.
knhyndaesa such’urip kwalli
kungnaeoe sajng chunggodng hakkyo
5) In contracted numerals representing the date of a historical event: Sa-ilgu Haksaeng Hyngmyng Yuk-io Chnjaeng
5. and
4
(a) Initial and Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing initial and , with the following exceptions. When words are written in Chinese character (Hancha), it may be necessary to check the official reference tools to verify the sound of a Chinese character. For personal names, see Romanization Rule 9.
/ nodong / yksa
/ ysng
/ yori
Exception 1: To accommodate Word Division Rule 1, particles beginning with the letter are to be separated from other words, and are to be romanized beginning with the letter r in all cases.
sae yksa rl wihay Kim Mari rann puin
Sul ro kann ylch’a
Ynhaeju ran mut in’ga
Exception 2: When single-syllable improper nouns beginning with the letter are separated from other words, romanize as r.
() ? Myt ri inya? () Krl ri ka pta
(b) Medial and Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing medial and , with the following exceptions. For words in Chinese character (Hancha), check the official reference tools listed in Appendix 1 to verify the sound of Chinese character.
sllyang
chilli
mullihak
Exception 1: Medial followed by medial is generally romanized ll. However, in certain instances of compound words, when a single word with a syllabic final combines with suffixes beginning with a syllabic initial , romanize as nn to represent standard pronunciation. For example:
(+) igynnan (+) Imjinnan (+) saengsannyang (+) kyltannyk (+) pip’annyk (+) sanggynnye (+) munnon (+) yech’annon (+) ibwnnyo (+) siinnon (+) kaep’ynnon
Exception 2: When a vowel or medial is followed by a syllable beginning with ( , , , ) or (, , , ), the sound of is generally not pronounced. In such cases, is not romanized.
nayl punyl ch’iyl paekpunyul
6
6. Medial
(a) Medial as a syllabic initial When medial appears as a syllabic initial, always romanize as s including medial after , with exception of syllabic initial before wi (). For a syllabic initial before , romanize as sh.
nongsanmul sonshwipta not sonswipta silsi not silssi
(b) before and Romanize as n when a syllabic final before and .
k’onnal pnnim paenmri
(c) before , , , , and Romanize as t when a syllabic final before , , , , and .
kotkan maettol haetpyt ch’tsarang patchul
(d) before and yotized vowels Romanize as nn when a syllabic final before i () and yotized vowels in compound words.
yenniyagi namunnip
sunnyang twinnyut
Romanize as s when a syllabic final before i () and yotized vowels in non- compound words.
orosi kkaekksi
(e) before all other vowels
Romanize as s when a syllabic final before all other vowels. usm sosara psnan
Exception: Romanize as d when a syllabic final in a native Korean prefix (, , , , etc.) is followed by vowels other than i () and yotized vowels.
udrn widot
7. , ,
(a) When syllabic final , and are combined with a syllabic initial , always romanize as kh, ph and th.
Pukhan kukhak hakhoe hyphoe
8
ttakhage chaphimyn
mothada
(b) When syllabic final and are combined with a syllabic initial , romanize as ch’.
tach’in kkoch’ida
ich’yjin
(c) When syllabic final double consonants , and are followed by a syllabic initial , romanize as nch’, lk’, and lp’.
nch’ida palk’inn
nlp’ida
(d) When syllabic final , and are followed by syllabic initial , and , romanize as k’ (nk’, lk’) , t’ (nt’, lt’) and ch’ (nch’, lch’)
ttk’e chot’a amurch’i mant’n talch’i
(e) When syllabic final and are followed by , romanize as nn. ssannn
annn
9
(f) When a syllabic final is followed by , romanize as ll. ttulln
(g) When syllabic final , and are followed by a vowel, romanize as follows:
do not romanize n r
nan mani
8. Double Consonants
(a) Romanize final double consonants , , , , and as follows: , k m , l p mok hk sam ydl oegol kap
(b) When syllabic final double consonants are followed by other consonants, romanize as follows:
10
k l before , ng before and k before other
consonants m n , , l , p n before , and t before other consonants skta malke kungne mukta kumta nta
nlta oegolsu halta kapchin pta innn itko
Exception 1: In the case of ‘-’, romanize as m when followed by and, romanize as p when followed by other consonants.
pamnn papta papko papchi
Exception 2: In the case of ‘-’, romanize as p in the following instances:
11
npchukhada nptungglda npchk
(c) When syllabic final double consonants are followed by vowels, romanize as follows:
nj lg lm
lb
ss
anja
mulg
salmni
nlbi
9. Personal Names
(a) Separate syllables of a forename or pseudonym (, , ) with a hyphen only when they are preceded by a family name. Indicate sound change preceding and/or following a hyphen. See also Word Division 13. Personal Names for further clarification.
12
(or ) Yu Sng-min
(or ) Na Min-ju An Chung-gn O Yng-hye Yi -ryng Kim Ch’ang-nyong Kim Ch’r-un Yi Yul-gok Kim Chi-ha Kim So-wl
(b) Connect the syllables of a forename or pseudonym (, , ) when they are not preceded by a family name.
Yulgok Yi I Sowl chnjip
Ch’lsu wa Ynghi
Exception 1: The surnames and , written in Hangul as or , are always romanized as Yi no matter how they are written.
(or ) Yi Sng-man Yi Sun-sin Yi Wn-su
Exception 2: When a personal name is written in Hangul, and the first part of person’s given name begins with , consider this to be evidence that the initial is intended to be pronounced, and romanize the initial as r.
Kim Ri-na
13
Ch’oe Ran Ha Ri-su Yi Ryu-hwan
For given names of Western origin, romanize the as r or l corresponding to its counterpart in the Western word being romanized, following rule 10 below.
Pak Lillian Pang Reich’el
Exception 3: When the pronunciation of a historically well-known person’s given name, beginning with or , is in conflict with the romanization rule, romanize to represent the pronunciation. If pronunciation is in doubt, refer to this reference work: . : , 1991.
Sin Rip (romanization rule calls for Sin Ip, but he is historically known as not )
Ha Ryun (romanization rule calls for Ha Yun, but he is historically known as not )
10. Words of Western Origin Do not give special treatment to words of Western origin. Apply the McCune- Reischauer romanization rules to words of Western origin, with exception of words beginning with the letter . For the words beginning with the letter ,
romanize the as r or l corresponding to its counterpart in the Western word
being romanized ;however, when the first letter of the Western equivalent is silent, apply this rule to the next non-silent consonant.
(design) tijain
14
(Vietnam) Pet’nam (zero) chero (linen) linnen not ninnen (radio) radio not nadio (wrestling) reslling not neslling
11. Romanization of Archaic Korean () Insofar as possible, strictly apply McCune-Reischauer rules and tables for the romanization of vowels and consonants to the written forms of the words when romanizing archaic Korean. Do not attempt to romanize archaic Korean following what may be the current pronunciation.
T’ynjyu not Ch’nju Chosyn not Chosn symni not smni yaktyo not yakcho
12. Symbol and Character Modifier in Romanization ( )
The apostrophe is used to differentiate aspirated consonants like (k’), (t’), (p’) and (ch’) from unaspirated ones (, , , and ).
/ ch’nsa / chnsa / t’okki / tokki
The apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of as opposed to . / chan’gm / changm / sn’gun / sngun
15
The character modifier breve over o () is used to represent , , and over u () is used to represent , .
sn’g
Character modifiers Name USMARC hexadecimal code Unicode
breve E6 0306
Word Division
Basic Principles
1. Each part of speech is to be separated from other parts of speech. The guidelines recognize 9 categories of parts of speech:
Noun
16
Exclamation
Note: Affixes () are not considered to be a separate part of speech.
2. Group syllables into words that make sense in context. Separate compound words by parts of speech without doing harm to the original meaning.
3. Proceed in this manner: A) Apply these rules to decide upon word division. B) When in doubt, refer to standard dictionaries designated by the Library of Congress final authorities to resolve questions of word division. [See Appendix 1 for the list of designated dictionaries.] A word found in these sources will be considered to be a lexical unit. When a dictionary gives variant forms, choose the appropriate one. C) Then, if still in doubt, or if sources differ from each other, prefer to separate.
Specific Rules
Guidelines
(a) Separate a noun, pronoun, or imperfect noun from other parts of speech. Kug munjang i hyngsng (noun) (noun) (particle) (noun) (noun) (noun) wlli yn’gu
17
Igt n ch’aek ida
(noun) (imperfect noun) (particle)
rini narm taero
I choguk di ro kal kt in’ga (pronoun) (noun) (pronoun) (particle) (verb) (imperfect noun) (particle)
Kukchang kym silchang (noun) (imperfect noun) (noun)
(b) Write a gerund as a separate word. Sewl i ppalli kam l (noun) (particle) (adverb) (gerund) (particle)
Yng nn paeugi ka rypta (noun) (particle) (gerund) (particle) (adjective)
(c) Separate a compound noun into binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
Taehan Min’guk i munhwa yujk Chn’gi konghak kaeron Chusik hoesa Han’guk Sokkup changnan Murim Sagwan Hakkyo
(d) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit if a sai siot is added. ( + ) Poritkogae ( + ) Yenniyagi
18
( + ) Paetsagong
(e) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit if there is a phonetic change represented by a change in the Korean spelling.
( + ) Sonamu ( + ) Mrik’arak ( + ) tchnyk
(f) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit when it bears a new meaning. Onllal Pamnat P’ittam
(g) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit when the combination includes another part of speech.
Puslbi Magujabi Pibimpap Tottanbae
(h) Add the binary () to its modifier as a suffix. Minjujui Mark’sjui wa Kidokkyo
(i) Write a compound word formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word.
Han’guk kwa Han’gugin Hanbando i p’ynghwa wa anbo Hwangmuji ka changmikkot kach’i
19
Yrmch’l i pulch’nggaek Hwangsanpl i hamsng Saebyngnyk e naerinn pi Sanbonguri e tp’in kurm Pudongsanpp kangi
(j) Write the name of a color formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word.
Kmnsaek chadongch’a Chuhongp’it nol
but:
Kmbulgn saek P’rjukchukhan pit Chigm i hanl pit n chaetpit ida
(noun) (particle) (noun) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)
2. Adjectives ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate an adjective from other parts of speech. Uri chosangdl n hullyunghaetta (pronoun) (noun) (particle) (adjective)
Ch’akhage sann saramdl (adjective) (verb) (noun)
20
Kny i unnn mosp i armdapta
(pronoun) (particle) (verb) (noun) (particle) (adjective)
(noun) (particle) (adjective) (adjective)
iji ka kanghago kutseda
Nopp’urn kal hanl
Mnamn Ssongbagang
(b) Separate a noun from a compound adjective without doing harm to the original meaning.
Kkum kattn chinan sewl (noun+adjective=adjective) (verb) (noun)
Kap ssago p’umjil chon sangp’um (noun+adjective=adjective) (noun) (adjective) (noun)
Mok marn sasm i (noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (particle)
Mt innn ch’in’gu rl mannaseyo (noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)
Prt pko simsul kujn ai ro k’iugi (noun+adjective=adjective) (noun+adjective=adjective) (noun) (particle) (gerund)
Chaemi innn yenniyagi (noun+verb=adjective) (noun)
21
but:
Write a simple inflection of the adjective form together with single syllable noun it modifies
Mtchin yja Kapssan haengbok kwa kapchin haengbok
3. Adnominal adjectives ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate an adnominal adjective from other parts of speech. Ch hanl edo slp’m i (adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)
(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)
n saram i kassmnikka
Modn kungmin
Kajn kosaeng l hada
22
(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle)
(b) Separate a single syllable native Korean or Sino-Korean adnominal adjective from the word it modifies. However, if a word is firmly established in common usage, prefer to treat it as a single lexical unit.
: , , but , , etc. : , , but , etc. : , , but , etc. : , but , etc. : , , , but , , , etc. : , , , , but , , ,
etc. (): , , , ,
but , , , , etc. (): , , but , , , etc. (): , , but , etc. (): , , , but , , etc. (): , but
(): , but
(): , but
(): , but
(): , but
When in doubt, consult the suggested dictionaries
(c) Write a compound adnominal adjective as one word. , , ,
23
(d) When a demonstrative adnominal adjective , , , , , etc., modifies one of the following nominals, and changes to a definite pronoun or adnominal adjective, write them together as one word.
: , , , , : , , : , , : , , : , , : , , : , , , : , , (, , , , , , , etc.)
In all other cases, separate these adnominal adjectives from the words they modify.
K namja i yuk’wae han haru I ttang es hangmun hagi Ch pada esn musn il i issnna
4. Verbs ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate a verb from other parts of speech. Na rl ch’ajas ttnan kri (pronoun) (particle) (verb) (verb) (noun)
Ai i kasm enn pumo ka sanda (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)
24
(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)
Snggong i ch’ans rl chabara
(proper noun) (particle) (adverb) (verb)
Todosae nn wae sarajynnayo
(b) Write an auxiliary verb separately from the main verb. (main verb)+ (auxiliary verb) Nlg kada Nlg kas Nlg kanda Nlg katta Nlg kasstta Nlg kassmro Nlg kattn
Maju pogo innn tu saram (adverb) (main verb) (auxiliary verb) (numeral) (noun)
Mnji nn musn him ro mungch’y china
(noun) (particle) (adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (main verb) (auxiliary verb)
See Appendix 2 for the list of auxiliary verbs.
(c) Write each part of speech separately in a compound verb form without doing harm to the original meaning.
Changnan ch’inn aidl
25
(noun+verb=verb) (noun)
Mam i chim l naery nok’o (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb+verb=verb)
Kotkam l musw hann horangi (noun) (particle) (adjective+suffix=verb) (noun)
Mri ka choa chinn tonghwa (noun) (particle) (adjective+auxiliary verb=verb) (noun)
(d) Separate the auxiliary verbal forms ‘-,’ ‘-,’ ‘-,’ ‘-,’ ‘-,’ ‘- ,’ ‘-,’ and ‘-,’ etc., and their inflections from a preceding noun.
Sarang hada Sarang han Sarang hae Sarang hago Sarang hay Sarang haedo Sarang haettn Sarang haessmro Sarang hayssmro
(e) Separate the copula ‘-’ and its inflections from the preceding word. Sin n ch’angjoja ida
Sarang irann pyng di kkaji imnikka P’ynghwajk in siwi Naeil i chidoja il uri aidl
but: Connect ‘-’ to the preceding word when it acts as a suffix.
26
Kkttgida Mangsrida Soksagida Ch’ullngida
(f) When a main verb is abbreviated or is contracted, write the auxiliary verb, adjective, adverb and its stem together as one word.
: , : : : , : : , : , , but : : , , , : , ,
(g) Write a simple inflection of the verb form together with the verb or adjective that precedes it.
Kotkam l muswhan horangi (noun) (particle) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)
Tuk choajin kyoyuk hwan’gyng (adverb) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun) (noun)
Hamkke nlggan iyagi (adverb) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)
Tokto es ponaeon yps (proper noun) (particle) (verbadjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)
27
(h) Write a simple inflection of the verb form together with the single syllable noun it modifies. Haettl muryp i padatka
(noun+simple inflection=verb) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun)
Han’guk l pinnaen saramdl (noun) (particle) (noun+simple inflection=verb) (noun)
5. Adverbs ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate an adverb from other parts of speech. Han’gl n maeu tokch’angjk igo
kwahakchk ida (noun) (particle) (adverb) (noun+suffix=noun) (particle) (noun+suffix=noun) (particle)
Chlmn saramdl i chaju ch’aja chunn kot
(adjective) (noun) (particle) (adverb) (main verb) (auxiliary verb) (noun)
(b) Insofar as possible, write compound adverbs as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
Ygi chgi Igt chgt
but: , , Yojm, hanbat’ang, nsae
28
(c) Insofar as possible, write repetitive or rhythmic compound adverbs as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
6. Particles ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate a particle from other parts of speech. (pronoun) (particle) (pronoun) (noun) (particle)
Na nn nae kil e
(noun) (particle) (noun)
Noin kwa pada
Ch’own i kkum l kdae ege (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (pronoun) (particle)
Sae ya sae ya p’arangsae ya (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)
(b) Attempt to create binaries for coordinated or multi-syllabic particles when possible.
Na mando anida Han’guk kojn ei ch’odae Iltng egenn so rl sang ro Hangmun rosi sahak
29
Suryk es put’
(c) Connect a particle as a suffix to a verb stem, adverb, or simple inflection of the verb.
Ppallido tallinda Sarang n mllis hann kt Ibn e chalman hamyn Mgsnn andoenda Koerophijinn ank’etta Ppalli kapsidayo
(d) Connect a contracted particle to the preceding noun or pronoun. Chigm n nugun’ga was Nan molla Kgn na to molla
7. Numerals ()
Guidelines
(a) Write a number, includes a native Korean and a Sino-Korean number, as one word. Separate each romanized digit by hyphens without phonetic changes.
Ilch’n-kubaek-kusip-yuk Sambaek-yuksip-o Mahn-tast
(b) Separate a native Korean and Sino-Korean number from its quantifier.
30
Ahn-ahop t’ong i haengbok ch’atki
(numeral) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun) (gerund)
(numeral) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun)
Smul-tast sal i panghwang
Sam hangnyn sam pan
Yuk ch’ng sam hosil
(numeral) (imperfect noun)
Se pntchae
Ch’aek ne kwn
So yl mari
(c) Whenever possible, write the preformative element () joined to the following number to form a binary.
1 Che-1 Cheil 3 Che-3 segye Chesam segye
31
However, prefer to join a number to a suffix or generic term that follows it with a hyphen (for example, (), (), ()). Do not indicate phonetic changes after the hyphen. In such cases, when precedes the number, separate it from the number.
1 Che 1-ch’a
Che ilch’a
3 Che 3-chip
Che samjip
In more complex situations, still attempt to create binaries when possible. Cheil, I Konghwaguk 12 Che-1, 2 Konghwaguk
(d) Write a numeral quantifier for periods of time, such as , , , , , , , etc., as one word.
Ch’n-kubaek-kusip-yungnyn 1996 1996-yn Sambaek-yuksip-oil i haengbok 365 365-il i haengbok Tusi samsippun 2 30 2-si 30-pun Yuksip-inyn sap kyehoek 62 62-yn sap kyehoek Isip-ilsegi i Han’guk kyngje 21 21-segi i Han’guk kyngje
(e) In case of certain contracted numerals that have been firmly established through common usage, prefer that form.
Sa-ilgu Haksaeng ig O-illyuk Kunsa Hyngmyng
32
Sam-il Undong P’al-iro Kwangbok
(f) Write a native Korean indeterminate number as one word. Handul Tuset Tusn Snt Yenilgop Ynamn
8. Exclamations ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate an exclamation from other parts of speech. ! A! sin nann Hancha yhaeng (Exclamations) (noun+suffix=adjective) (noun) (noun)
, Yaho, chaemi innn mak sigan (Exclamations) (noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (noun)
ra na to Yng ka toene (Exclamations) (pronoun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)
33
Guidelines
(a) Write an affix and the word it modifies together as one word. (prefix+noun) (noun) (noun+suffix)
Tagukchk kip kyngyngnon
Ch’ongjngni pudongsan sepp
Sinysngdl n mut l kkum kkunnn’ga
(prefix+noun) (particle) (pronoun) (particle) (noun) (verb)
Ch’amsarang i imi rl kkaedatta (prefix+noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)
Segi i misuljn (noun) (particle) (noun+suffix)
Kjinmaljaengi i hoegorok (noun+suffix) (particle) (noun+suffix)
See Appendixes 4 and 5 for the lists of prefixes and suffixes.
(b) Whenever the original meaning is not clear, prefer to separate a proper noun ( ) from a single character modifier, affix or substantive.
Tae Pukhan chllyak (prefix) (proper noun) (noun)
34
Tae Paekche rl wihay (prefix) (proper noun) (particle) (verb)
Pak Chng-hi sik minjujui (proper noun) (suffix) (noun)
(c) When two single character prefixes modify the same word consecutively, generally separate the first one.
( ) Ch’o chjllyk ( ) Ch’o kohwajil ( ) Ch’o kosngnng
(d) Separate a single character prefix of Chinese origin from the word it modifies, when another word is inserted in between.
, but Tae Ollimp’ik taehoe rl , but Sun mni i chngsng ro , but Ch’ong sup sigan su nn
(e) Separate a single character prefix (), (), etc. from the word it modifies, when it implies new edition or continuation.
Sin kyngjehak wlln
Sin minpp
Sok Han’guk munjip ch’onggan
but:
10. Abbreviated Forms (, , )
35
Guidelines
(a) Connect two coordinated characters, affixes, or substantives together into a single word without hyphens.
Nambuk kyngje hymnyk Such’urip chlch’a Kungnaeoe sajng Han’guk shwaga inbo Ch’ngsonyn ege trinn Chunggodng hakkyo Chungdanp’yn sosl Knhyndae
(b) Write an abbreviated or contracted proper name of Korean or foreign origin as a single word.
Onl i Pukhan Chn’gyngnyn Chunggongkwn i changnae
(c) Hyphenate combined abbreviated forms or coordinated forms of proper nouns. Do not indicate phonetic changes either before or after the hyphen.
Nam-Pukhan Chngsang Hoedam Ch’oesin Pul-Han sajn Sinyk Sin-Kuyak chns Paekhwabon Tang-Song
sanmunsn Myng-Ch’ng kosa snyk
36
(d) Write a contracted word into binary components without doing harm to the original meaning.
(+) T’aebaek Sanmaek ( +) Kug Kungmun Hakkwa (+) Anju Kunminhoe (+) Yngam Saji (+) Wnju kunji (+) Kongsan tangwn (+) Yugyk taewn
11. Scientific terms, nomenclature, etc. ( , )
Guidelines
(a) To the extent possible, follow the guidelines when separating parts of speech or creating binaries for technical terms, specialized terms used in the professions or arts, slang, jargon, etc., without doing harm to the original meaning.
Kwasanhwa suso Ahwangsan kas Ymhwa nat’ryum Isanhwa chilso Kwansang tongmaek
kynghwachng Kpsng pongmagym Mlt’i midi p’ail
37
Guidelines
(a) Treat words of Western origin in the same manner as words of Korean, Chinese, or other origin.
Kmmedal Usngk’p Nobelsang Ionhwa Ingk’pyng P’eint’ch’il Laemp’pul
(b) Connect a suffix of Korean or Chinese origin to a word of Western origin and also connect a word of Western origin when it is used as a suffix.
Pak Mog-wl taep’yo eseijip Kukche maak’et’ingnon Munye ch’angjakt’im
(c) When a proper noun of Western origin appears with a generic term for a type of topographic feature, treat the combination as one word.
Adriahae T’aiwansm Amajon’gang Hujisan
(d) When it can be determined that a word or words in Korean consisted of more than one word in the original language, apply the following guidelines.
38
If the words appear separately, write them separately. Syeip’ p
T’eibl maen
If the words appear without spaces, write them as a single word. Syeip’p T’eiblmaen
13. Personal Names ()
Guidelines
(a) Separate a family name from a given name or pseudonym. In such cases, when a forename or pseudonym (, etc.) is three syllables long, do not hyphenate it.
Ch’oe Ch’i-wn
Yi Kwang-su
Sin Saimdang
(b) When a forename or pseudonym (, etc.) is not preceded by a family name, connect the syllables. In such cases, when the forename or pseudonym is more than three syllables long, attempt to create binaries without doing harm to the original meaning.
T’oegye wa Yulgok Manhae sasang yn’gu
Changhwa Hongnyn chn Pulgn Suym
39
(c) Write a pure Korean given name and a given name of Western origin as a single word.
Chng Koara Kim Satkat Kim Maria (Sarah) Pyn Sara Yi Yosep Sim Marsias
(d) Write a Buddhist religious name or a posthumous name as one word. Iryn
Ch’ungmugong
(e) Write a family name consisting of two syllables as a single word. However separate when two different family names are combined intentionally, such as husband-wife, mother-daughter, etc.
Snu Chong-wn Namgung Wn
but: Ch’a Pae Ok-tk Ko n Kwang-sun
(f) Write an official title or honorific term such as (), (), (), etc., separately from a personal name.
Wllam Yi Sang-jae Ong Kang Ch’ang-ho Snsaeng Kim Chu-yng Kun Kim Hyng-don Paksa
40
An Chung-gn isa Yu Kwan-sun Yang Yi Pm-sk Ch’ongni Im Kap-sun Ysa Yun Changgwan O Snbaenim Chang Toryng
(g) Write the term separately from a personal name. Hong Kil-tong Ssi Kimhae Kim Ssi
but: Uri nara enn Kimssi ka mant’a
(h) Separate a reign title, temple name, or title of nobility, etc from the preceding word. When a title or name has more than three syllables, attempt to create binaries without doing harm to the original meaning.
T’aejo Hyegynggung Hong Ssi Chang Hibin Hynu Haengja Hngsn Kun Hyoryng Taegun Myngsng Hwanghu Chnggyng Puin
14. Corporate names, Geographical names, Publication titles, etc. (, , )
41
Guidelines
(a) Treat a corporate name as a binary compound when possible. Write general terms such as , , etc., separately as binary elements.
(Society of Korean History) Han’guksa Hakhoe but:
(World History Society of Korea) Han’guk Sahakhoe Nasng Hanin Changno Kyohoe Nodong Kijun Chosaguk Han’guk Hyumnist’hoe Kat’ollik Minju Ch’ngnyn
Kongdongch’e Mansusan Yesultan Andong Kwn Ssi Ch’umilgongp’a Sul Sisa P’ynch’an Wiwnhoe
(b) Insofar as possible, write a historical event as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
Kabo Kyngjang Imjin Waeran Pyngja Horan Chng Chung-bu Nan
(c) Insofar as possible, write a historical publication title as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.
Samguk sagi Taedong yjido Tongguk yji sngnam Hunmin chngm Yongbi ch’n’ga
42
(d) Hyphenate an administrative entity term used as part of the name of a jurisdiction as one word.
Taegu-si Kahoe-dong Ullngdo Todong-ni Wlbong-ni Wsingt’on-si
but: Sul T’kpylsi Kwangju Kwangyksi Cheju T’kpyl Chach’ido
(e) Write a generic term for a type of topographic feature, road, architectural construction, etc., used as a part of a proper name, together with its name. Attempt to create binaries when possible.
Hallasan
Naktonggang Tongnimmun Chejudo Yurisng Chongno
but: Kimhae P’yngya Kaema Kown
(f) Connect a single syllable modifier that indicates a type of publication, such as (), (), (), (), (), () etc. to the word that precedes it, except if the word is a proper noun.
43
Nanjung ilgich’o Hyndae Han’guk siinsn Kukse kibonnon iam Snsaeng hangjaenggi T’okkijn
but: Hong Kil-tong chn Sim Ch’ng chn Ch’unhyang chn K’ongjwi P’atchwi chn Pae Pijang chn Yi Kwang-su non Kwibong chip Sowl sn
(g) Always separate the modifier () from the word it modifies. Hyndae p’yn
Yesan p’yn Munhak p’yn
Capitalization
Guidelines
1. Each separately written word of a corporate name (except particles), or an abbreviation thereof, is capitalized.
Han’guk Ilbosa Taehan Sanggong Hoeiso
44
Minjuhwa rl Wihan Chn’guk Kyosu Hybihoe
2. Each separate word of a personal name is capitalized. Yi Kwang-su
Chng Yn-hi
3. Titles and terms of address are capitalized. Pak Taet’ongnyng Cho Yong-gi Moksa
4. Each separately written word of a geographic name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized in coordinate compounds and at the beginning of other compound words.
Hahoe Mal Kyngbuk Sup’il Tonginhoe
5. The first word of the title of a book, periodical, or series is capitalized. Hyndae kukchepp Silch’on munhak i sijip
6. Names of dynasties are capitalized. Chosn yukpaengnyn Myng-Ch’ng sidae
7. A word derived from a proper name is capitalized only if the name retains its full, original meaning.
Yangmynghak yn’gu
45
Hyndae wa K’risch’yan i sinang
8. Abbreviated forms combined coordinately are capitalized if called for by these guidelines.
Sin-Kuyak Sngs Siryong Pul-Han sajn
9. In all other cases, follow the directions found in the officially designated style manual listed in Appendix 1.
Punctuation
Guidelines
1. A centered point indicating coordinate words may be transcribed as a comma or hyphen, or not transcribed, depending on the applicable word division guidelines.
chunggodng hakkyo Nam-Pukhan kyngje hymnyk
In other instances, it may be transcribed or not transcribed, depending on the context.
Sa-ilgu i minjungsa Chang Tae-uk ch Iryp, Iltang sihwajip
2. Brackets used in the manner of quotation marks are transcribed as the latter.
46
[ ] “Munhak kwa chisng” siinsn [ ] “Si wa haebang” tongin sijip
Appendix 1: Suggested Dictionaries
For contemporary publications from South Korea and North Korea:
1. . . (Online Version) Kungnip Kug Yn’guwn. P’yojun Kug taesajn http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/main.jsp
2. . . ( : , 2004) Kwahak Paekkwa Sajn Ch’ulp’ansa. Chosn mal sajn (P’yngyang : Kwahak Paekkwa Sajn Ch’ulp’ansa, 2004)
For reading and pronunciation of Chinese characters:
1. . . ( : , 1964) Chang Sam-sik. Tae Han-Han sajn (Sul T’kpylsi : Sngmunsa, 1964)
2. . ([Seoul] : , 1915 : Reprint : [Seoul] : , 1973) Sin chajn. ([Seoul : Sinmun’gwan, 1915 : Reprint : [Seoul] : Cho Yong- sng, 1973]
Appendix 2: List of Auxiliary verbs Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
47
1. () , 2. () , 3. () , , 4. () , 5. () , 6. () 7. () , 8. () , 9. () , 10. () , , , 11. () 12. () , , 13. () , , , 14. () 15. () , ,
Appendix 3: List of numeral quantifiers Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
1. Amount: , , , , , 2. Animals: , , , 3. Length: , , , , , , , 4. Meals: 5. People: , , , 6. Quantity: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , 7. Time: , , , , , , , , 8. Volume: , , , , , , , , , , , 9. Weight: , , , ,
48
Appendix 4: List of Prefixes Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
1. () - : , 2. - : 3. - : , , , 4. - : , , , , , , 5. ()- : , , , 6. ()- : , , 7. ()- : , 8. ()- : , , 9. - : , , , 10. ()- : 11. - : , 12. ()- : , , 13. ()- : , , 14. - : , , , 15. ()- : , , , 16. ()- : , 17. ()- : , (), , , 18. - : , , , 19. - : , , 20. - : , , , , , , 21. - : , , , 22. - : , , , 23. - : , , , 24. - : , , , , , ,
49
25. - : , , 26. - : , 27. - : , , 28. - : , , 29. - : , 30. ()- : , 31. ()- : , , , 32. - : , 33. ()- : , , , 34. ()- : , , 35. ()- : , 36. ()- : , , , , 37. - : , , 38. ()- : , , , 39. ()- : , , , 40. ()- : , , 41. ()- : 42. ()- : , , , , , 43. ()- : , , 44. ()- : , , , 45. - : , , 46. ()- : , , 47. ()- : , , , , 48. - : , , , 49. - : 50. - : , (only for color) 51. - : 52. ()- : , , , , , , 53. - : , , 54. ()- :
50
55. - : 56. ()- : , 57. ()- : , , , , 58. - : , 59. ()- : , 60. - : 61. - : , 62. ()- : , , 63. ()- : , , , 64. - : , , , 65. - : , 66. - : , , , , 67. ()- : , , 68. ()- : , , 69. - : , , 70. ()- : , , , 71. ()- : , , , 72. ()- : , 73. ()- : , 74. - : , 75. ()- : , , 76. ()- : , 77. ()- : , 78. - : , , 79. ()- : , , 80. - : , , 81. ()- : , , , 82. ()- : , , 83. ()- : , , , 84. ()- : , , ,
51
85. ()- : , 86. ()- : , , 87. ()- : , , , , , 88. - : , , 89. ()- : 90. - : , , , 91. - : , 92. - : , , , , 93. - : , , 94. - : 95. ()- : , , , 96. ()- : , , , , 97. ()- : , , 98. - : , 99. ()- : , , , , 100. ()- : , 101. - : , , 102. - : , , 103. ()- : , , 104. ()- : , , 105. - : , , , , , , 106. - : 107. ()- : , 108. - : 109. - : , , 110. - : , , , , , 111. ()- : , , 112. ()- : , , 113. - : , , 114. - : ,
52
Appendix 5: List of Suffixes Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs
1. - () : , 2. - () : , , , , , , 3. - () : , , , 4. - () : , , 5. - () : , , , 6. - () : , 7. - () : , , , , 8. – : , , 9. – () : , , 10. – () : , , 11. – () : , , , 12. – () : 13. – () : , 14. – () : , , 15. – () : , , , 16. – () : , , , 17. – () : , , 18. – () : , 19. – () : , , , , 20. – () : , 21. – () : , 22. – () : , , , 23. – () : , , 24. – () : , ,
53
25. – () : , 26. – () : , , , , 27. – () : , , 28. – () : , , 29. – () : , , , 30. – () : , , 31. – () : , , , 32. – : , 33. – : , , , 34. – : , , 35. – : , , , 36. – : , , , 37. – : , 38. – () : , , 39. – () : , , , 40. – : , , , 41. – () : , , 42. – () : , 43. – () : , , 44. – () : , , , 45. – () : 46. – () : , , 2000 47. – () : , , 48. – () : , 49. – () : , 50. – () : , 51. – : , , 52. – : , , 53. – () : , , , 54. – () : , ,
54
55. – () : , 56. – : , , , 57. – () : , , , , , 58. – () : , 59. – () : 60. – () : , , 61. – () : , , 62. – () : , , , 63. – () : , , 64. – () : , , , 65. – : , 66. – : , , 67. – () : , , 68. - () : , , , 69. – () : , , , 70. – () : , , , 71. – () : 72. – : , , 73. – : , , 74. - () : , , 75. – () : , , 76. – () : , , , 77. – : , , , , 78. – () : 79. – () : , , 80. – () : , , 81. – () : , 82. – () : , , , , 83. – : , , , , 84. – () : , , ,
55
85. – : 86. – () : , , 87. – () : , , , 88. – () : , 89. – () : , , , 90. – () : , , 91. – () : , , 92. – () : , , 93. – () : , , 94. – () : , , 95. – () : , 96. – () : , , 97. – : , , , , 98. – () : , 10 , 1 , , 99. – () : , , , 100. – () : , , 101. – () : , , 102. – () : , , 103. – () : , , 104. – () : , 105. – () : , , , , 106. – () : , , 107. – () : , , 108. – () : , , 109. – () : , 110. – () : , , 111. – () : , , , 112. – () : , , 113. – () : , , , 114. – () : , ,
56
115. – : 116. – () : , 117. – () : , , 118. – () : , , 119. – () : , , , 120. – () : , 121. – () : , , , 122. – () : , , 123. – () : 124. – () : , 125. – () : , 126. – () : , , , 127. – () : , , 128. – () : , , 129. – () : , 130. – () : , 131. – () : , , 132. – : , , , 133. – () : , , 134. – () : , , , , , 135. – : , , , 136. – () : , , 137. – () : , , , 138. – () : , , 139. – () : , 140. – () : , , 141. – : , 142. – () : , , 143. – : , , , 144. – () : , , ,
57
145. – () : , , , 146. – () : , , 147. – () : , , , , 148. – () : , , 149. – () : , , 150. – () : , , 151. – () : , 152. – () : 153. – () : , 154. – () : , , , 155. – () : , , , 156. – () : , 157. – () : , , 158. – () : , , , 159. – () : , , 160. – () : , , 161. – () : , 162. – () : , , , 163. – () : , , , 164. – () : , , , 165. – () : , , 166. – () : , , , 167. – () : , , , 168. – : , , , 169. – () : , , , 170. – : , 171. – : , , 172. – : , , 173. – : , , , 174. – : ,
58
175. – : , 176. – () : , , 177. – : , , 178. – () : , 179. – () : , , , 180. – () : , , 181. – () : , 182. – () : , , 183. – () : , 184. – () : , , 185. – () : , , , , , 186. – () : , , , , 187. – () : , 188. – () : , 189. – () : , 190. – : () : , , 191. – () : , , 192. – () : , , 193. – () : , 194. – () : , , 195. – () : , 196. – () : , 197. – () : , , 198. – () : , , 199. – () : , 200. – () : , , 201. – () : , , 202. – : , , ,
59
Appendix 6: List of Imperfect Nouns Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional imperfect nouns
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
60
28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.
61
Appendix 7: Korean Romanization Table
This table illustrates the general application of the Korean Romanization rules; exceptions are noted in Korean romanization guideline above.
Letter Position Rules for Romanization Examples
Initial Medial
Final
Always K 1. G between vowels, or af ter , , and 2. NG before , and 3. K before and after all other consonants Always K
Kug mulg n ch n’gi ku ngmin hap kye ch oguk
Initial
Medial
Final
1. Not romanized before ‘ ’ and yotize d vowels 2. N before other vowels 1. L when preceded or followed by 2. N in all other cases Always N
yj a ilgop non gmin tallim Hall yu mina ri ka ngsan
Initial Medial
Final
Always T 1. D between vowels, or after , , 2. T after , , and 3. N as syllabic final before 4. T as syllabic final before other consonants Always T
tas t muda ng mandu hapto ng yultong ch’ida nnn sutka rak mutt a kot
Initial
Medial
Final
1. Not romanized befo re ‘’, or y otized vowels 2. N before other vowels 1. R between vowels, or be fore 2. L before all other consonants, or after and 3. N after other consonants Always L
y ksa iron non sul maru Parha e mullihak Ch ongno o solkil
Initial Medial Final
moksu namu mom sal po skham
Initial Always P palp’ yo
62
Medial
Final
1. B between vowels , or after , , and 2. M before , and 3. P before and after all other consonants Always P
kal bi naembi s mni ch ammu chpsi munp p hn pp
Initial
Medial
Final
1. SH before ‘ ’ 2. S before other vowels 1. SH before ‘ ’ 2. S before other vowels 3. NN as syllabic final b efore ‘’ an d yotized vowels in compound words 4. S as syllabic final before ‘’ and yoti zed vowels in single words 5. T as syllabi c final before , , , , and 6. D as syllabic final in prefixes after all other vowels Always T
shwipke sa ngp a shwiun no ngsanmul usm ye nnil su nnyang kka kksi
mothada tkallin udot c h’dadl sat kat
Initial Medial
Final
Not romanized 1. Not romanized as syllabic initial 2. NG as syllabic final Always NG
lgul Togil km yung non gmin sa rang
Initial Medial
Final
Always CH 1. J between vowels , or after , and 2. CH after all other consonants 3. N as syllabic final before , 4. T as syllabic final before other consonants Always T
chilli tojang minjo k mo kchang ch nni chnmgi chitta pit
Initial Medial
Final
Always CH’ 1. Always CH’ as syllabic initial 2. N as syllabic final before , 3. T as syllabic final before all other consonants 4. J as syllabic final before vowels Always T
ch’ abyl kim ch’i pinn aen ch’ a tta ch’otki da ch’ aja chan gmikkot
Initial Medial Final
k’ okkiri tan k’anpang tongn yk
63
Initial Medial
Final
Always T’ 1. T’ before vowels, or afte r , , , , , and 2. T before , , and 3. N before ‘ ’ in compo und word, or before , Always T
t’aep’u ng ku kt’o kat’ n kattn natsem pan nil nanm al haetp yt
Initial Medial
Final
Always P’ 1. Always P’ as syllabic initial 2. P as syllabic final Always P
p’ynji pyng p’ung chipsin p’ullip
Initial Medial *
Final
Always H 1. H as syllabic initial after , and 2 CH’ as syllabic initial after and 3. Not romanized as syllabic final before vowels 4. NN as syllabic final b efore Always T
hwanggm Pukhan ich’yjin na n nannn hit
Initial Medial
Final
Always KK 1. KK, except after , as syllabic initial 2. KK as syllabic final before vowels 3. K as syllabic final before others
Not applicable
kka magwi kkal kkm hobakkot na kki da mu kkm na ksi
Initial Medial Final
ttang ch’ alttk
Initial Medial Final
Initial Medial
Final
Always SS 1. Always SS as syllabic initial or, between vowels 2. N as syllabic final before 3. T as syllabic final before other consonants Not applicable
ssirm pul ssan g iss my inn n inn ya haetta og atko
Initial Medial
64
Final Not applicable
* For further detail regarding syllabic final medial , see Romanization rule 7
65