FINAL EXAM REVIEWThe Roman World

1. The city of Rome was established in about 753 BC on the T_______ River at a place with __ hills. 2. Periods of Roman History & government

753BC-509BC: Rome was a small city ruled by k__________. 509BC-27BC: Rome had a gov’t called a R___________, governed by the S________, elected officials and of the citizens. It was expanding across I______ and around the M__________ Sea. 27BC-476AD: R________ was a huge empire ruled by an E____________ * 27BC-180AD: The P________ R__________) -period of peace in most of the Empire, most of the time.

3. In 509BC, Rome overthrew its last k____ & established a form of government called a r___________. 4. Two social classes in early Rome were pa__________ (nobles) and pl________(commoners). In the

early period, the pa_______(nobles) held almost all the power, but over time the pl___________(commoners) gained equal political rights.

5. From 509BC-27BC, during the period of the R_________, Rome was governed by the following:a. S_________: a body of about 300 men, who controlled public funds and decided foreign policyb. 2 C_________: chief executives, elected for 1 year terms. Each had the power to v____

decisions of the other. c. P__________s: judges of the law courts, also elected for 1 year termsd. C__________s: oversaw public morals and an official counting (census) of the citizense. T___________s: elected representatives of the common people. f. D___________: appointed in times of great crisis to have absolute power for up to 6 months. g. Assemblies of citizens who elected the officials

6. 264BC-149BC, Rome fought a series of 3 wars, called the P__________ Wars against the trading empire of C_______________, which was located on the coast of north Africa, and Rome won all 3 wars. The famous general H____________ led the Carthaginian forces in the 2nd P_______ war. In the 3rd P________ war, Rome utterly destroyed C_________________.

7. The Roman Empire gradually spread all around the M____________ Sea, and as it grew, social problems developed.

8. In 46BC, a successful general named J_______ C___________, who had the support of the common people defeated his rivals and became “D________ for L_________” in Rome. He was assassinated in 44BC.

9. In 31BC, J______C_________’s nephew, whose name was O__________, defeated his rival Mark Antony, and became the ruler of Rome. In 27BC, the Senate gave him the special title A_____________ (revered one). Although he did not call himself “Emperor”, he is considered Rome’s first Emperor.

10. The period from 27BC-180AD, is called the P_______ R___________, a period of great prosperity, when there was peace throughout most of the empire most of the time. Tr________ flourished throughout the Empire.

11. Romans had advanced technology and a sophisticated life style, which included: a. A_______________, which were elaborate systems that brought clean water into the cities.b. Thousands of miles of well-built paved r___________ connected all parts of the Empirec. Public b___________ were built in all cities, which most Romans, including common people,

bathed;d. Games included chariot racing in Rome’s famous race course, the C______ M_________, and

gladiator games in Rome’s famous arena, the C______________12. From 180AD-285AD, the Roman Empire had unstable leadership and inflation, and the Emperor

D_________ temporarily solved these problems by dividing the Empire into 2 parts, W_____ and E______, and by fixing wages and prices. In 325AD, the Emperor C_____________ made the division of the Empire into 2 parts deeper by establishing a separate capital for the Eastern Empire, C____________.

13. At first the new religion of Ch____________ was persecuted by the Roman Empire, but it gradually spread throughout the Empire, and the Emperor C_____________ legalized it, and finally converted to Christianity himself.

14. G___________ tribes lived north and east of the Roman Empire. In the 300sAD, they began flooding into the Roman Empire, because they were being attacked by a fierce tribe from the east called the H______. The Roman Empire began to disintegrate.

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15. In 476AD, a Germanic chieftain overthrew the last W________ Roman Emperor and the W_________ Roman Empire came to an end. The E____________ Roman Empire continued, and became known ad the B_______________ Empire.

The Americas 1. The earliest people in the Americas migrated to the Americas from A______, across B________ (a land-bridge where the Bering Strait is now), between 35,000 and 8,000 years ago,

1. The Native Americans never developed wh_______ vehicles or the pl_______, probably because they did not have large animals that could be domesticated to pull it.

2. The people of North America varied in lifestyle according to the region in which they lived. For example, in the Pacific Northwest, they relied primarily on f________. In the Southwest, they farmed using i_____________. On the Great Plains, they hunted b_________. In the Eastern Woodlands, they farmed, and groups including the Hopewell and Mississippians build m_____________.

3. The O________ was the “mother-culture” of Mesoamerica. They started many of the traditions carried on by later cultures, including playing a game with a r____________ ball. They also left huge stone heads.

4. The M______ were the most advanced culture of Mesoamerica. a. Played the game called pok a tok with a r_________ ball. b. Occupied most of the Y_______ ____Peninsula. c. Did not consist of a single group with a central government, but were made up of separate

c_____ states that frequently carried on wars with each other. d. Had a writing system with pictographic characters called g__________e. Had a complex, advanced calendar and mathematics. f. Built large step shaped t_____________. g. Practiced human s__________ and auto-s__________, in which they pierced themselves and

offered their blood to the gods. h. Reached their height between 300AD-9000AD, and then the civilization disappeared.

5. The T__________ dominated central Mexico from about 900AD-1100AD, and had a god called Q_______________ who was often represented by a feathered serpent.

6. The A___________ dominated central Mexico from about 1200AD-1500ADa. Their capital was T__________, built on an island in lake T_________b. They farmed on artificial islands called ch____________. c. They practiced h_________ on a massive scale, and conquered neighbors in order to get

victims.7. The I________ had a huge empire mostly in the A_______ mountains from about 1400s-1500s.

a. The capital was C_______ and the Emperor was called the S____ Inca.b. They had a system of r_______ along which runners carried messages. c. They did not have a written language, but they had a system of recording numerical

information by knots on colored strings, called q___________. d. They practiced human s_________, but in a very different way from the Aztecs. They

sometimes sacrificed ch_________, who were treated with great honor and buried high in the A_______ mountains.

Byzantine Empire and Russia1. Although the Western Roman Empire fell in 476AD, the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at

C_______________ survived for about 1000 more years, and came to be known as the B_____________ Empire.

2. The city of C_______________ was in an excellent location for trade because it was located where the B______ Sea flowed into the M____________ Sea, and where the continent of E________ met A_________. This city was strongly protected a triple w_______ & by their special chemical weapon known as Greek f________.

3. The most famous Byzantine Emperor was J______________, who ordered legal scholars to collect and organize the laws of the Roman Empire into a code, called J____________’s Code; built the famous church called H_____ S__________ that was topped with a huge dome, & temporarily re-conquered parts of the Western Roman Empire.

4. The Byzantine Empire was ruled by an all powerful Emperor. It’s church was the Eastern O_____________ Church. The head of this Church was the P___________, but the P____________ was

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under the all-powerful E__________. The government of the Byzantine Empire was an autocracy, with an all powerful E________Clever officials who served the Emperor. It had a strong economy based on tr____________.

5. The i_______________ controversy-a dispute between those who supported & opposed the use of i________, holy pictures in worship.

6. The B_____________ Empire gradually shrank as other groups conquered its territory. In the 600s-700s, the Arabic M_________ Empire conquered about ½ its territory. In the 1000sAD, the T__________ came into the region, settled in what is now Turkey, and began conquering parts of the B__________ Empire. Finally, in1453, using c___________, the O_______ T_______ captured the city of C___________ , renamed it I__________, & the B________ empire came to an end.

7. The early people of what is now Russia were the S_________. In the 800sAD, eastern Vikings called the R______ sailed down the rivers to trade with the S________. Their leaders came to rule the region that is now Russia. K________ (present day capital of Ukraine) became the most important city in the region, and the early Russian state was called K_______- Russia.

8. The missionaries C________ and Methodius from Constantinople first brought Christianity to K_______- Russia and invented the C____________ alphabet for the Russians to use.

9. In the 900s, Prince Vladimir I of K_____ chose E_________ O_________ Christianity (religion of the B________ Empire) as the new religion of his people. Russia got its religion, its alphabet, its style of art (especially i________painting) and architecture from the B______________ Empire.

10. Y____________ the wise ruled K_____-_Russia in the 1000sAD, and gave Russia its first written law code.

11. 1200s-1400s: A group of the Mongols called the G_________ H_________ conquered & ruled Russia. 12. By the 1400s, the city of K_______ had declined and the city of M_________ became the most

important city in Russia. In the 1400s, Prince I_________ III of M________ stopped acknowledging the Mongols as rulers & Mongol power ended in Russia.

13. In the 1500s, I_______ IV (grandson of I________ III) took the title C__________, which is Russian for Caesar, because he considered himself the heir of the Roman and Byzantine Empires. He became known as I_______ the T__________ because of his ruthless murders.

Islamic World1. Islam means submission to God. According to the religion of Islam, the first Muslim was the prophet

A/Ibraham, who lived about 2000BC, and the A___________ people are descended from his son Ishmael, while the J______ are descended from his son Isaac. Both Judaism and Islam are m___________- which means they believe in only one God.

2. The peninsula of Arabia is mostly a desert, and the b____________ were desert nomads who lived there by herding.

3. Prophet Muhammad (570AD-632AD)a. Born in 570AD in the city of M_________in Arabia- the site of a shrine called the K_______. b. Was a successful c__________ driver and married a wealthy woman. c. When he was about 40 years old, M. started having visions in which an angel told him about

the one true God. A________ is the word for God in the Arabic language.

d. Because of hostility to his message, M. and his early followers had to flee from M________to the city of Yathrib, which came to be called Med_______. This flight is called the h_______ - the year 1 in the Muslim calendar. Muhammad converted the people of Med_________ to Islam.

e. Muhammad returned to his hometown, M________, converted its people to Islam, and cleansed

K_____of idols. 4. 5 pillars of Islam

1) Proclamation of f________, that there is one God and Muhammad is his messenger.2) P__________ 5 times daily facing M__________3) Give charity to the p________4) F__________ from sun-up to sun-down during the month of R__________5) Make a pilgrimage, called a h_________, at least once in your lifetime, if possible.

5. Important terms: a. Q__________: holy book of Islam, God’s word, revealed by an Angel to Muhammad

b. A__________ language in which the Quran is writtenc. S____________: book of laws & rules based on the Q_________

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d. Greater J_______struggle against evil inside oneself; Lesser J______-struggle against evil in the world.

e. M_____________ - Muslim place of worshipf. I__________: a leader of prayerg. C______________: successor to Muhammad as leader of the Muslim peopleh. S______________: majority group in Islam, believed that any pious Muslim could be a selected as

their leader i. S____________ : minority group in Islam, who insisted that a relative of Muhammad should be

their leader. j. S____________: small minority group in Islam, who seek mystical communions with God

6. Muslim C__________s (successors to Muhammad) formed armies and conquered the Middle East, North Africa & Spain. While they did not force Jews or Christians (whom they called People of the B______) to convert to Islam, they required them to pay an extra t____, called the jizrah. Muslims of North Africa and Spain were called M__________.

7. In the 700sAD, the city of B__________ was established as the capital of the Muslim Empire.8. The countries of S___________ & E__________ broke off and formed independent Caliphates. A

Caliphate is a region ruled by a C________________. 1. In the 1000sAD, the T____________ a people from central Asia, who converted to Islam: Invaded the

Middle East; took over Palestine and began attacking the Byz_______ Empire; Took over Asia Minor (which became known as Turkey) and in 1453 they captured the city of C___________ -renamed it Istanbul & ended the Byz_________Emp.

2. Muslims were world leaders in tr__________, and merchants were highly respected in their society. 3. Although the Qur’an discouraged sl________, it was allowed. However a Muslim could not take

another Muslim as a sl________. If a sl______ converted to Islam, that individual would not be free, but his/her children would be free.

4. Muslims built an advanced civilization & made great progress in medicine, science & math. Al R________ was a famous doctor who researched measles & smallpox. Al K_________was a famous mathematician who invented algebra.

5. Muslims are forbidden to show images of God, and they do not portray humans or animals in religious art, so for art & decoration they used abstract designs and c_____________ - beautiful writing.

Early Middle Ages in Western Europe1. After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476AD, the centralized government of the Roman Empire

was replaced by many Germanic kingdoms. T________, t_________ and l__________ declined sharply, and p_________ also declined slightly

2. The first Germanic tribe to unify and establish a kingdom was the Fr______, who established a kingdom in what is now France. The man who united the Fr________ and became their first king was Cl_______.

3. Ch______________, who ruled 768-814AD, was the most famous king of the Fr___________a. Established a large empire-the C__________Emp.- in what is now France, Germany & Northern

Italy, and the countries in-between b. The Pope crowned him “Emperor of the R________” in 800AD. c. He tried to revive learning by establishing a palace s_______________. d. After the death of Ch____________ , the C______________ empire was divided into 3 parts, and

these 3 parts soon disintegrated further.4. From the 700s-1000s, the fierce V_________ from Scandinavia viciously attacked the coasts of

Europe. 5. Because of the lack of effective central government, a political system called f___________

developed. F_________ was a de-centralized political system based on the relationship of l________ and v_______.

6. A lord was a noble who gave land and protection to a v__________. A v________ was a noble who gave loyalty & m_________ service to his Lord. The same person could be the lord of one man and a v______ of another.

7. The “f________ pyramid” developed”: in which the K________ divided his lands among the “Higher L________,”who divided their lands among the “Lower L__________” who divided their lands among “Common K____________”, who had estates called m_____________

8. A m______________was a Lord’s estate, was a self-sufficient economic unit, & included the land, people and buildings.

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9. A s_______ was a half-free peasant who belonged to the land & could not be bought or sold apart from the land.

10. The R________ C_________ Church was very powerful & controlled the sacred rituals called the s____________, without which a person could not go to heaven. The Church could force obedience to its orders by the threat of ex________ (cutting off an individual from the s_____) or I_________ (cutting a whole region off from the s___________). The Church hierarchy was as follows: P_________, C_____________, A_____-B__________, B___________, Parish P____________.

11. M__________ (the men were called m___________) and C__________ (the women were called n_____) became very important in the Middle Ages, and performed many social services, such as caring for the poor & sick, giving lodging to travelers, copying manuscripts.

12. About 450AD, A_______ & S_______ (Germanic tribes) invaded England & established 7 small kingdoms. Each small kingdom was divided into smaller areas called sh________ & governed by an official called a sh_______.

13. V________ raided Eng. in 800s-900s. King A________ the Great fought the V_______. 14. In 1066, after death of E_______ the Confessor, H_________ Godwinson was crowned King by the

Anglo-Saxon nobles, but W__________ of Normandy invaded, defeated him at the battle of H________ and became king of England. W_________ the C__________ took tight control of England & made a complete census of the resources of England called the D________ Book.

15. King H______ I started sending out traveling royal judges to hear legal cases. H________ II(1100s) made the system of traveling judges a regular part of the government, and he developed the j____ system, in which a group of citizens from the community helped to decide cases.

16. King J________of England (known for being greedy) was forced to sign the M_______ C________ (1215) which said no new t______ without consent of Great Council (Parliament) and no freeman punished unless found guilty of a crime by a j______ of his peers. This limited the power of the King in England.

17. 1200s: Simon de Montfort (a noble who had temporarily had control of the English government) added to Parliament by including 2 common k_______ from each shire and 2 b_________ from each town in Parliament. This was the beginning of the House of C____________.

18. The English C________ Law grew, which was the law that was common to all England and was based on the decisions made by royal Judges who followed the precedents laid down in previous cases.

19. King P________ IV of France was an ambitious king who wanted to t____ the French clergy and , when the Pope said no, sent his men to kidnap the Pope. This king also started the E__________ G________, the representative assembly of France.

20. The H___________ R__________ Empire was a loose empire that covered what is now G________ Switzerland, Austria & Northern I_____. The H_________ R_________Emperor often had a close relationship with the Pope, but also sometimes had bitter power struggles with the Pope.

21. Pope I__________ III(1200s) – strongest of medieval Popes, said Pope was supreme over all earthly rulers & used his power of exc__________ & int_________ to force rulers to obey him.

High Middle Ages1. Crusades: series of 8 main wars (1196-1291) by European Christians against Muslims of Middle

East. Goals: protect the B___________ Empire & gain control of the H_____Land, especially J_______2. The Crusades began when the Seljuk T________ took over Palestine from the Arabs, began

preventing Christian pilgrims from visiting holy places & began attacking the Byz_______ Emp. The Byz. Emperor Alexius asked Pope U_____ II for help. Pope U______II gave a stirring speech at C_______ in France, calling on the knights of Europe to fight the T________.

3. The ___st Crusade was the only completely successful Crusade. After the Crusades were over, Muslims were again in control of the H_____ L____. Results: Increased tr____________ & communication; Power of Kings inc_________while power of feudal lords dec________ ; Spread of kn_______________.

4. T____________, t___________, l___________ & p___________ began to revive again about 1000AD. 5. Innovations that led to more food & increase in p______________ included the heavy moldboard

p______; h_______ shoes & h_______ collar, and the _ f______ system of crop rotation. 6. The revival of trade in Europe happened first in the cities of Northern I_______, in Fl________(Belgium

& Netherlands) , and in the cities of the H__________ League (located in northern HRE) 7. T______ F________ were temporary places where many traders met8. As trade grew, t_____s grew. A T________ Ch_________ was a document which the townsmen

obtained from the local lord, in which the Lord granted the town independence from his control.

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Most Town Ch_______ also said that a s_______ who lived in a town for at least a year and a day was free.

9. M__________ Guild-an association of all the m__________ in a town that controlled trade. 10. C__________ Guilds-associations of all the workers in a particular craft. Set rules for wages, hours,

working conditions, standards for quality of product, training of new craftsmen. Stages in learning a craft were: :A________; J____________, M______________. The M__________ & Master Cr__________ formed a new “middle class” in the towns.

11. L________ was the language of the Church and of educated people & v________ languages were the common languages that varied from country to country, including English, French, Spanish, et

12. Beginning in the late 1000s, the u____________ emerged- a guild of students and teachers. 13. Most important philosophy: S__________ which tried to bring together f________ & r________ 14. Architecture:

a. R____________ (before 1150AD). Rounded arches, small windows. Similar to Roman architecture.

b. G____________ (1150-1400s). Pointed arches, huge s_____ -glass windows; flying b__________. 15. 1347-1351: a terrible epidemic called B_______ P________ killed between __/__ and __/____ of the

population of Western Europe. It was carried by f________ on r________. It started in M________ and came west along the S_______ R________. Some people, called f__________ formed lines and beat each other in order to make God quit punishing them. The shortage of labor caused w______ to increase, and increased the amount of resources available per person.

16. 1337-1453: H_________ Years War, between England & France. During the 1st part of the war, the English were winning due to the weapon called the l______ bow. The tide was turned by the girl J________ of Arc, who led the French to several victories, after which they continued to push the English out of France. During the last part of the war, both sides used c_____________.

17. 1300s-1400s: Crisis in the Church: A Pope moved the papal residence from Rome to A_________, a period called the “B___________ Captivity”. There was a period when 2 and later even 3 men claimed to be the rightful P_____, a period called the “Great S________” or period of “M________ P_____”. I caused some people to have less respect for the position of the P_________.

18. These Church problems were resolved at a Church meeting called the Council of Constance, but the result was that some people questioned the authority of the Pope. John W___________ in England said the B_______ rather than the Pope was the source of Christian authority. Jan H_____ said the same thing in the HRE, and was burned at the stake.

19. 1400s: The country of S________ was united by King F________ of Aragon and Queen I_________ of Castile. 1492: They defeated the last M________ (also called Moors) in Spain, and expelled all J____ and M__________ from Spain.

CIVILIZATIONS OF EAST ASIA: A lot of the exam will be from Chapter 12. I. China in the Middle Ages A. S_________: 589-618AD – only 2 rulers: Sui W______& Sui Y_______.

1. Reu________ China after a long period of disu________. 2. Revived the practice of giving government jobs on the basis of passing a Civil Service

E___________3. Built the 1000 mi long G_______ C_______ which connected the two main rivers (H________ River

& Y__________ River) and helped them transport rice from the s_____, where most of it was grown, to the n____, where most people lived.

4. Repaired the G_______ W________; 5. Engaged in useless wars & tried unsuccessfully to conquer K___________. 6. The S________ became unpopular & was soon overthrown, because of high t_____ , forced

l_______ and useless wars.

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B. T______ dynasty-China’s G_________ Age-China was the biggest, most advanced country in the world!!

1. Most famous emperor of this dynasty was Emperor Tang T______, the 2nd Emperor of this dynasty.

2. Conquered more territory: lands to the n_____ , w_______ and s________. 3. Established X_______ (Chang-an) as the capital and issued a law code called the T_______

Code. 4. Improved the C_______ S_______ Exam, the exam based on literature and C_______

Philosophy.5. Upper class of Chinese society was based on e____________. They were called “s_______-

officials” or the “g________”. A member of this upper class should be able to p________ a picture, write a p_________, & do c_________, which were called the 3 perfections.

6. E_______ Field System: a plot of l_______ (about 14 acres-enough to support the family & pay taxes) was allotted to each peasant head-of-household between ages 18-59. At 60 a man retired and his children supported him.

7. Empress W___ was the only woman to rule China in her own name. 8. Religion & philosophy

a. The religion of B________ reached its height in China. b. B_________ split into sects. P_______ L________ Buddhism regarded Buddha as a

savior who could help a person reach nirvana. Chan, (called Z________ in Japan) emphasized m___________.

c. In about 850AD, the government discouraged B_________ and limited the number of m__________ & made many m_______ & nuns return to ordinary life.

d. The influence of B__________ declined & government favored N___-C_____. e. Most upper class Chinese followed the religion of N___ -C_________. Most

ordinary people held a blend of D________, B_________ and C________ beliefs. 9. P_______________ was the most important and valued form of literature

a. L___ -B___ -followed D____- was a free spirit & wrote about personal feelings and individuality. Example: Drinking Alone under the Moon.

b. D___-F____ - followed C_________- wrote more serious poetry about social problems, especially w_____.

10. B_______ Printing was invented, and the D____ S______, a Buddhist text, was the first printed book. M_______ type was invented during the Sung dynasty). 11. Finally, the economy declined and the E______ Field System was stopped. There were fl_____s & f______s (natural disasters); there were i________ by people from the north, and r_________ by rebels within China. The Tang Dynasty was overthrown and there was about 50 years disu_________.

C. S___________ dynasty(960AD-1279AD) : a continuation of the Golden Age!1. Emperor T_______reunited the country & founded the S_________ dynasty2. Political & military problems because of invasions by nomadic northern tribes:

a. S_____ Dynasty never ruled as large an area as T_____ dynastyb. 900s: Q_____ attacked from the north & the S______ made a treaty with them under

which the S_____ government paid the Q______ a lot of silver as each year to avoid war.

c. 1000s: The J_______invaded & took over N______ China and started what they called the J______ Empire. The S_____ fled south & established a new capital at H________. After this the dynasty became the “Southern S_________”.

3. However, prosperity & trade increased during the S______ dynasty because:a. Trade by sea increased because the Chinese began building better, bigger s_____ ,

& began using the r________ for steering & the c_______ for navigation. b. Trade was also made easier by the use of p_______ moneyc. A new faster growing r_____ was used that gave __ crops per year

4. C_______ S______ Exam was improved during the S______dynasty a. Applicants no longer had to be sp________ by someone already in governmentb. To prevent cheating & insure fair grading, they assigned________ to the test-takers

rather than having them sign their names. Also papers were c___________ so the test-graders couldn’t recognize handwriting, and each paper was graded by __ judges.

c. It became a __stage test: 1st Stage was the l________ level; 2nd Stage was on the7

provincial level; 3rd stage was the national level, where it lasted for several days and each person took the test in a small separate room.

5. Society & Population during the S______ dynastya. Upper class was based on e_______, called, “s_____-o________” or “g________” grew.b. Farmers had the quicker growing r_____, and also planted t____. However, as time

went on, t_____ increased, and peasants who could not pay t___ lost their land. c. Population of China reached 100 m_________. More people lived in c_______. d. H_____________, the capital of the Southern Sung, had a population of __ million.e. Status of w________ declined and f_____-b_____ became a common practice. Extremely

small f______ were regarded as beautiful and the f____ of young girls were bound. f. Art during the S______________: l_________ painting was the most importantg. L______ painters emphasized the harmony of n_________ and showed D_____ themes.

Usually included hazy m_______ in the background. Colors were black&white or subdued.

6. Chinese Inventions developed and improved during the T_______ & S_______ dynastiesa. Printing:

1) B____ printing during the T____ dynasty. A full page was carved in reverse, ink applied, and paper pressed on it to make a print. The D______ S________ was the 1st printed book

2) M_____-type printing during the S_____ dynasty. Used individual pre-cut characters that could be recombined & reused.

b. P___________-very hard, glazed pottery. c. M___________ clock d. G_____________: already used for fireworks, was now used for weapons. e. Magnetic C____________ , already used for rituals, was now used for navigation.

II. Mongols & the Mongol Empire1. The Mongols were a n_______(moved from place to place) people from the st________(dry grassland)

of central Asia, who lived by h_____ , lived in felt tents called g____ or y_____, and practiced the “3 manly games”: r______, w______ & a________.

2. The most famous Mongols leader was G______ K_______(this is his title, not his name) T_______(born about 1162AD)

a. Name: T_________, born the son of a minor chief in _ _62ADb. United the Mongols; took the title G______ K______, which means u____ r_______c. Over the next 21 yrs., he conquered much of Central A_____& slaughtered many people. d. He died in _ _ 21; his s___ and g_____s____ continued conquering more land and expanding

the Mongol Empire. 3. Mongol cavalry

a. About ______ cavalry (horsemen) , who could travel up to ____ miles per day. b. Innovations included special s_____ & iron s______ that enabled them to fire arrows (even

backwards) while riding very fast. c. Used large weapons including huge ca__________ and cr_______bows mounted on stands

4. After the death of G____K____, his son Ogedei became the “Great Khan & conquered more territory.

5. G____ K______’s most famous grandsons were B_____( who led the group of Mongols called the G_______ H______ that invaded R_____ & Eastern Europe), and K______ K_______ (who completed the conquest of China. )

6. By 1260, the Mongols had built the largest land empire in world history: most of A____ and part of Eastern E_________. The capital was K__________ in Mongolia.

7. The Mongol Empire was divided into __ regions called Khanates: a. Y_____ dynasty(also called Khanate of the Great Khan)-Mongolia & Chinab. Khanate of the G_________ H_______-Russiac. Ch________ Khanate – Central Asia, including Tibetd. I__-Khanate- region that is now Iraq and Iran(Persia), & Afghanistan

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8. By 1279, under K_____ K______, the Mongols completed the conquest of China, which included

northern China (which at that time was the Jin Empire established by the J________,) and southern China (which was ruled by the S_____ dynasty). K_____ K______ called his dynasty the Y______ dynasty.

9. K_______ K_______ twice tried unsuccessfully to conquer J_______. In 1272 & again in 1281. Both times, a ty___________ (storm in the NW Pacific Ocean) blew his fleet away. The Japanese called this ty________ , the k______________, or sacred wind.

10. K_______ K_______ had 2 capitals: K_________ in Mongolia, and K_______ (modern Beijing) in China. 11. Accomplishments of K_________ K_________ & the Y______ dynasty.

a. Extended the G_________ C________ to Khanbalik, and built a paved highway beside it. b. Established a c______________ (messenger/mail) system, with courier stations about every 25

miles; couriers carried mail in relay fashion. This c________ system carried messages within China, and between China & other countries.

c. Greatly increased t__________ and exchange of ideas between China and Europe. 12. Discrimination by Mongols against the Chinese in the Y________ dynasty:

a. Policy that gave important government positions only to M________ or non-Ch_______. b. Treated Mongols & Chinese differently under the law. For the same offense, Chinese were

given h______________er punishments. c. Kept Mongols & Chinese segregated & forbade interm__________ between Mongols and

Chinese. 13. M_____ P_______ was a man who came from I_______ to China with his father & uncle when he was 17

He stayed in China for 17 years serving as a special agent for K_______ K_______. When he returned to Italy, he wrote his account in the “The Travels of M________ P_________”.

14. After the death of K________ K_____ in 1294, Mongol rule in China began to weaken. There were fl_____, f_________ (natural disasters) and r___________. In 1368, a Chinese rebel army overthrew the Y_____ dynasty, kicked the Mongols out of China, and started the M_________ dynasty.

15. Overall effects of Mongols rule: a. Increased tr________ between Asia & Europe because the Mongols controlled and protected

the S___________ Road. b. Increased exchange of i________. Chinese inventions such as g____p_________ reached

Europe. However, the B_____ P_______ also came along the S_______R________from Asia to EuropeIII. Japan

A. Geography1. Japan consists of many i_____. 4 main islands: H_______, H________, Sh_______ K________.

2. Much of Japan is covered by m_____________. There are many e________ (shifts in the earth’s crust) and t____________ (tidal waves), and t______________ (storm from the Pacific Ocean).

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B. Very early Japan1. By about 10,000BC, people from Asia settled in Japan. Lived by h_______, g______ and f______, 2. Among the earliest people of Japan were the A_______, who lived in Northern Japan. They

were ethnically different and are not the ancestors of most modern Japanese. 3. In about 100BC, r________farming and m_________-working came to Japan from Korea.4. Until about 300AD, there was no c________ government in Japan. People lived in clans

(kinship groups) called u________, which controlled their own territories.5. The religion of Sh_________ was the earliest religion of Japan.

a. Sh___________ means “the way of the k__________”. b. K_________ were the nature spirits, found in any unusual looking n__________ object. c. Involved rituals to please the k_________, reverence for n_________, and cleanliness.

6. Japanese creation myth: There were two gods, a male and female (Izanagi & Izanami). Izanagi put a stick in the ocean and pulled it up. Mud dripped off which formed the Japanese islands. Their oldest child was A______________, the sun goddess.

7. About 300AD, the Y______________ clan became dominant. a. Y___________were the most powerful u___ on the big island, H________. b. The chief of the Y___________ clan came to be called the E_______ of Japan, and was

said to be descended from the sun goddess A__________. All Japanese emperors are descended from the Y______________ clan.

8. In 500’s AD, B___________ missionaries came to Japan from K___________ a. They brought the religion of B___________b. They brought Ch________ writing (this was the 1st writing in Japan) which the

Japanese called K_____. Later the Japanese developed a simpler writing style called K________.

9. About 600AD, Prince Sh__________ ruled Japan as regent for his aunt, who was the Empressa. Reformed the Japanese government to be more cen________, like Ch______

government. Wrote a c__________ for Japan, called the C___________ of 17 Articles. b. Began sending delegations or groups of Japanese men to Ch_________ to study

Ch______ culture and bring it back to Japan. These study trips continued for 200 years.

10. About 500AD-800AD Japan adopted much Ch__________ culture:a. More cen_______ government (never adopted the C______ S________ Exam, however)b. B_________ religion, C__________ philosophy, and Ch_________ writing (k_______)c. Lots of Ch___________ culture, including art, architecture, food, etc. d. Built a capital at N______ modeled on the Chinese capital of X_______.

C. H____________ period (about 800-1200AD)1. About 800AD, the Japanese turned away somewhat from the Ch_______ model, built a new

capital at H_______-K_____(which became Kyoto) & stopped sending the study trips to Ch_______.

2. Men continued to use the writing system called K________(the Japanese name for the difficult Ch___________ writing); but K_______ (an easier writing system based on spoken Japanese) was developed and it was used by w____________.

3. The Japanese nobility lived in H___________-K____ and had a very sophisticated life-stylea. Elaborate etiquette or m___________ determined every action in life. b. Everyone was expected to write p_____________c. Women wore their hair to their ankles, powdered their faces wh_______, colored

their teeth b_______, wore beautiful silk k__________. 4. Japanese women writers:

a. Many women wrote “Court D___________”. b. The P_________ B_______( a collection of anecdotes) written by Lady Sei Shonagon. c. The Tale of G______ written by Lady M__________-often called the world’s first novel.

5. During this time, the E_________ gradually became more interested in luxury than real power, The F____________ clan took over much of the real power and ruled in the E____________’s name.

D. F____________ Japan (about 1200 to 1600AD)1. Late 1100s, there was a period of c______ war when several clans fought for power. 2. The M________ clan won the c____ w____, & in 1192. The Emperor gave M_________ Yoritomo

(the M__________ clan chief) the title Sh_________(general). The S_____________ became the real ruler.

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3. Emperor was a figurehead, and the Sh_________ had the real power over the military, finances , law. The Emperor lived in H_________-K______, while the Sh________ had another capital at K_______k________.

4. M_________________ clan held the Sh________ate from about 1200-1330AD. In the 1330s, there was another power struggle and the A_____________ clan took over and held the Sh_______ate

5. K_______ K_______ (Mongol ruler of China) twice tried to invade in the 1200s. Both times, the Japanese were saved by a typhoon, which they called the K________, (Sacred Wind)

6. Japan developed a form of f__________(system of de-centralized power in which the ruler divides lands among the high lords, and the high lords divide lands among lower lords, etc)

7. Japanese F_________ Pyramid: E_____________ (a figurehead with no political power; conducted Shinto rituals) Sh_____________ (“supreme general”; real ruler with power over military, law, finances)

D______________ (powerful lords who ruled their regions but pledged loyalty to the Sh__________) S_______________(warrior class) P_______________(majority) + small group of merchants & artisans

8. S_____________ Culturea. Followed a code of ethics called B_________ which included extreme loyalty to one’s

lord, fighting ability – especially with the sw_____- and absolute fearlessness of d_______

b. S________-ritual suicide, done in the case of defeat, dishonor, etc., in which the Samurai disemboweled himself using his short sword, and his best friend but off his head to limit his suffering.

c. His most important weapon was his sw_________, called a k___________ and he wore elaborate armor.

d. Was also expected to be able to write p________ and perform t____ ceremony. Many followed the sect of Buddhism called Z____, which stressed self-dis__________ and control developed through hours of long m______________.

9. Religiona. Sects of Mahayana B___________ came from China.

1) P______ L_______ Buddhism stressed salvation through f______ in Buddha. 2) Z_______ Buddhism stressed salvation (nirvana) through enl_____________

gained through long hours of meditation. b. Most people followed a combination of the older Sh__________ religion, along with

B _______, C_______________ ethics, and worship of ancestors. c. Most people f______ or f_______. R______ and f________ were the most important

foods. d. F_________ing required extremely hard work because land was very limited.

10. Family and Womena. The f____________ was the center of life; the f___________ was more important than the

individual; a disgrace to one f___________ member was a disgrace to all. b. The oldest m_______ was the head of the family, and made all important decisions for

all family members, and was obeyed by all. c. When a young woman married, she left her family and became a member of her

h___________’s family, and obeyed her h______________ and his parents. d. One Chinese custom that never caught on in Japan was f___-b__________.

11. Other forms of Japanese culture that developed during this time: a. Landscape g__________ featured g________ which looked natural but took great care.

Usually had rocks, and running w________. Sometimes had s__________ raked in patterns, associated with Z________ Buddhism.

b. T_______ ceremony: an elaborate ceremony that took about 3 hours, in a simple room, involved looking at n_________ and preparing and drinking t____.

c. N_____ drama, in which men performed a highly stylized d_______ -drama, often with a historical theme.

IV. Korea1. Korea is located on a p___________, and has served as a cultural bridge linking China with J_________. 2. Korea’s spoken l_____________ is unrelated to Chinese and the 1st Koreans probably came from

S__________ and northern Manchuria.3. Many ideas, including r_____ farming and m_______working, probably came to Korea from China.

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4. The first kingdom in Korea emerged the Northwest about 300BC, and it was called (Old) C__________. In 108BC, The Chinese Han dynasty conquered the kingdom of (Old) C_______ and ruled it for about 400 years.

5. Korea adopted C_____________ (philosophy of China) and the Chinese w_________ system. 6. Meanwhile, between 300AD & 600 AD, ____ powerful kingdoms (Koguryo, Paekche & Silla) emerged

elsewhere in Korea, and these often fought with each other. The religion of B___________ reached Korea at this time, became an important part of Korean culture, and many beautiful B_______ temples were built.

7. In about 670AD, the S__________ dynasty (one of the 3 kingdoms) defeated the other 2 kingdoms and united Korea for the first time.

8. 600-900s: S_________ dynasty ruled Korea, but eventually weakened & was overthrown in 935 by the K_________dynasty (different from the earlier Koguryo Kingdom).

9. 900s-1200s: During the K_________ dynasty, Korea developed its own Civil Service E________ (but only nobles could take it); Koreans improved moveable type printing by making the letters from m_________.

10. 1200s-1300s: The M___________ conquered Korea. 1392: General Y___ drove the M_________ out and set up the Y____ dynasty (also called the Choson dynasty, like the name of the earliest kingdom).

11. 1300s-1910: the Y__ (or Choson) dynasty ruled Korea. 1400s: King Sejong invented H_________, a much easier ph________ writing system, which could be learned in a few hours & which led to an increase in literacy and book publishing.

"Being of foreign origin, Chinese characters are incapable of capturing uniquely Korean meanings. Therefore, many common people have no way to express their thoughts and feelings. Out of my sympathy for their difficulties, I have created a set of 28 letters. The letters are very easy to learn, and it is my fervent hope that they improve the quality of life of all people." –King Sejong

V. SOUTHEAST ASIA. 1. Southeast Asia was heavily influenced by Ch_________ & I________. Ch_____ influenced V______ and

I_______ influenced the rest of Southeast Asia. 2. Early Vietnam: Called A___________.

a. Ruled by Ch_______ for hundreds of years & strongly influenced by Ch______.b. Adopted M______ B_______ (religion), C_______ philosophy, & Ch_______wr______. c. After independence from Ch_______, fell into a period of disorder & violenced. Eventually A_______ became stable & unified & several d__________ (ruling families) ruled

3. The rest of SE Asiaa. Strongly shaped by I_________. Many H_____ & B________ missionaries settled here. b. 850AD-1250AD: Centered in modern Cambodia, the K_____ empire grew to control much of

SE Asia, including Cambodia & Thailand. 1) Strongly influenced by I_____ culture and a combination of H____ & B____ beliefs. 2) Ruler was a “g__-king” 3) Built A________ W_____, the largest religious site in the world, as well as many other

temples. A______ W________ is a huge H____ temple complex with many buildings, dedicated to the Hindu God V__________Also built h________ (for the sick), r___ houses (for travelers), c____ systems (for water travel), and very advanced w______-control projects to aid rice farming.

4) Eventually the rulers became corrupt and the K_____empire declined.

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