alaric's modern icelandic magic sheet

8/3/2019 Alaric's Modern Icelandic Magic Sheet

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Alarics modern Icelandic magic sheet, version 2

nouns (most common in bold, with examples with the suffixed definite article in brackets)

strong weak

masculine neuter feminine masc. neuter fem.

a-plural -nn, -ll i-plural weird ir-plural ar-plural ur-pl.

N. sg. fiskur(-inn) steinn staur kttur land(-i) kvi mynd(-in) grein bk nemi hjarta saga

A. fisk(-inn) stein sta ktt land(-i) kvi mynd(-ina) grein bk nema hjarta sgu

G. fisks(-ins) steins staar kattar lands( -i ns) kvis myndar(- innar) greinar bkar nema hjarta sgu

D. fiski(-num) steini sta ketti landi(-nu) kvi mynd(-inni) grein bk nema hjarta sgu

N. pl. fiskar(-nir) steinar stair kettir lnd(-in) kvi mynd(-nar) greinar bkur nemar hjrtu sgur

A. fiska(-na) steina stai ketti lnd(-in) kvi mynd(-nar) greinar bkur nema hjrtu sgur

G. fiska(-nna) steina staa katta landa(-nna) kva mynd(-nna) greina bka nema hjartna sagna

D. fiskum(fiskunum)

steinum stum kttum lndum(lndunum)

kvum myndum(myndunum)

greinum bkum nemum hjrtum sgum

adjectives

strong weak possessive adjective(example, strong only)

masc. neuter fem. masc. neuter fem. masc. neuter fem.

N. sg. langur langt lng langi langa langa minn mitt mn

A. langan langt langa langa langa lngu minn mitt mna

G. langs langs langrar langa langa lngu mns mns minnar

D. lngum lngu langri langa langa lngu mnum mnu minni

N. pl. langir lng langar lngu lngu lngu mnir mn mnar

A. langa lng langar lngu lngu lngu mna mn mnar

G. langra langra langra lngu lngu lngu minna minna minna

D. lngum lngum lngum lngum lngum lngum mnum mnum mnum

verbs (with examples of the reflexive and subjunctive forms for groups 1 and 5)

group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group 5 to be

infinitive tla tlast gera skilja ba fara farast vera

imp. s. tla(u) ger(u) skil(du) b(u) far(u) ver

imp. pl. tli geri skilji bi fari

pres. part. tlandi gerandi skiljandi bandi farandi verandipast part. tla tlast gert skili bi fari farist verit

presentindicative subjunc-

tiveindicative subj. indic. subj.

active reflexive active refl.

1st sg. tla tlast tli geri skil b fer ferst fari er s

2nd tlar tlast tlir gerir skilur br fer ferst farir ert srt

3rd tlar tlast tli gerir skilur br fer ferst fari er s

1st pl. tlum tlumst tlum gerum skiljum bum frum frumst frum erum sum

2nd tli tlist tli geri skilji bi fari farist fari eru su

3rd tla tlast tli gera skilja ba fara farast fari eru su

past

1st sg. tlai tlaist tlai geri skildi bj fr frst fri var vri

2nd tlair tlaist tlair gerir skildir bjst frst frst frir varst vrir

3rd tlai tlaist tlai geri skildi bj fr frst fri var vri

1st pl. tluum tluumst tluum gerum skildum bjuggum frum frumst frum vorum vrum

2nd tluu tluust tluu geru skildu bjuggu fru frust fru voru vru

3rd tluu tluust tluu geru skildu bjuggu fru frust fru voru vru

glossary: fiskurfish; staurplace; ktturcat; steinn stone; land land; kvi poem; mynd picture; greinarticle; bkbook; bogi bow; hjarta heart; saga story, history; langrlong; minn my, mine; tla intend; gera do,make; skilja understand, divide; ba live, dwell; fara travel, go; vera be.

sound-changes

u-mutation: a when followed by ubecomes (when stressed) or u (whenunstressed). Thus saga saga, but sgursagas; gamall old (masculine nominativesingular), but gmul old (feminine

nominative singular). Sometimes the uhas been lost, but its effects remain, as inland land, but lnd lands (< *landu).

i-mutation: when followed by an i orj,usually now lost, vowels changed thus: a,o, > e; , > ; ,j,j >; u >y; au> ey.

pronouns

1st 2nd 3rd person

masc. neuter fem. reflexive

N sg. g hann a hn

A mig ig hann a hana sig

G mn n hans ess hennar snD mr r honum v henni sr

N pl. vi i eir au r

A okkur ykkur au r sig

G okkar ykkar eirra eirra eirra sn

D okkur ykkur eim eim eim sr

demonstrative pronouns indefinite pronoun

it/that/those this/these some, something

masc. neut. fem. masc. neuter fem. masc. neuter fem.

N sg. s a s essi etta essi nokkur

A ann a ennan etta essa nokkurn

nokku/nokkurt

nokku/nokkurt

nokkur

nokkra

G ess ess eirrar essa essa essarar nokkurs nokkurs nokkurrar

D eim v eirri essum essu essari nokkrum nokkru nokkurri

N pl. eir au r essir essi essar nokkrir nokkur nokkrar

A au r essa essi essar nokkra nokkur nokkrar

G eirra eirra eirra essara essara essara nokkurra nokkurra nokkurra

D eim eim eim essum essum essum nokkrum nokkrum nokkrum


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What is case?

Cases are the different forms that nouns, pronouns and adjectives take in some languages when their grammatical function changes. In English,nouns dont really have casesbut pronouns do. Take an English sentence, substitute the third person masculine pronoun for a noun phrase, andyoull find yourself automatically changing the case of the pronoun, depending on whether its a subject, object or possessive!

case and number 1st personpronoun

3rd personpronoun

function modern English examples Icelandic examples

nominative singular I he the subject(the thing that does the verb)

I ate a fish.lafur ate a fish.lafur and the cat ate a fish.

g t fisk.lafur t fisk.lafur og ktturinn tu fisk.

accusative singular me him the object(the thing the verb is done to)

The fish ate me.lafur ate afish.lafur ate a fishand the cat.

Fiskurinn t mig.lafur t fisk.lafur t fiskok kttinn.

genitive singular my his a noun/pronoun in thegenitive possesses anothernoun

His sword was black.He ate the cats fish.

The history of the cat was long.

Hans sver var svart.Hann t fisk kattarins.Saga kattarins var lng.

dative singular (to, from,with, by,etc.) me

(to, from,with, by,etc.) him

various things, principally:indirect objects, words after apreposition, words taking therole of a preposition.

I gave him a name.He was on the land.Hn er k gullishe isthatched with gold

g gaf nafn honum.Hann var landinu.Hn er k gulli.

nominative plural we they the subject(the thing that does the verb)

They ate lafur.Giants eat people.

eir tu lf.Jtnar ta menn.

accusative plural us them the object

(the thing the verb is done to)

The Vikings wounded them.

The dog ate giants.

Vkingarnir sru .

Hundurinn tjtna.genitive plural(almost always endsin -a in Icelandic!)

our their a noun/pronoun in thegenitive possesses anothernoun

My dogs ate their fish.I broke Vikings bones.

The bones of the Vikings broke.

Mnir hundar tu eirra fisk.g braut vkinga bein.Bein vkinga brutu.

dative plural(almost always endsin -um in Icelandic!)

(to, from,with, by,etc.) us

(to, from,with, by,etc.) them

various things, principally:indirect objects, words after apreposition, words taking therole of a preposition.

He gave them names.He lived with giants.Keyru eir sporum they drovewith their spurs.

Hann gaf nfn eim.Hann bj mejtnum.Keyru eir sporum.

What do the terms in the verbs box mean?

Unlike normal verbs, the infinitive doesnt change its form according to person or tense: in I want to run, he wants to run, I wanted to run, themain verb wantchanges, but the infinitive run stays the same. As in that sentence, infinitives always depend on other verbs.Imperatives are commands like get out!stop! etc. They can be singular (commanding one person) or plural (commanding several).Participles are verbs that have been turned into adjectives, and have different forms depending on whether they refer to the present or the

pastas in the breaking bridge (cf. the bridge breaks, present), the broken bridge (cf. the bridge broke, past). Past participles turn up a lot withthe verb to have/hafa, in constructions like g hef gert brna I have made the bridge,eir hafa skili they have understood.

In Icelandic, indicative verbs are basically ordinary verbs, used when what you say is a simple statement of the truth. Subjunctives are usedin uncertain or hypothetical situations, in phrases like if I were rich, I would buy Alaric presents and may you shrivel and die.

alt-codes to type cool Icelandic characters on a UK keyboard.

For the vowels , , , and , you will probably find that if you hold down AltGr and type the vowel, youll get the desired output.

For other letters, or the vowels if that doesnt work, use alt-codes. You can find a list, for example, here:http://code.knopok.net/alt-codes.html.

none, no-one

masculine neuter feminine

N sg. enginn ekkert engin

A engan ekkert enga

G einskis einskis engrar

D engum engu engri

N pl. engir engin engar

A enga engin engar

G engra engra engra

D engum engum engum

numerals

masculine neuter feminine

N sg. einn eitt ein

A einn eitt eina

G eins eins einar

D einum einu einni

N pl. einir ein einar

A eina ein einar

G einna einna einna

D einum einum einum

N pl. tveir tv tvr

A tvo tv tvr

G tveggja tveggja tveggja

D tveimur tveimur tveimur

N pl. rr rj rjr

A rj rj rjr

G riggja riggja riggja

D remur remur remur

N pl. fjrir fjgur fjrarA fjra fjgur fjrar

G fjgurra fjgurra fjgurra

D fjrum fjrum fjrum

fimm (5), sex (6), sj (7), tta (8), nu (9), tu (10),ellefu (11), tlf (12), rttn (13), fjrtn (14),fimmtn (15), sextn (16), sautjn (17), tjn (18),ntjn (19), tuttugu (20), tuttugu og einn (21), tuttuguog tveir (22), rjtu (30), fjrutu (40), fimmtu (50),sextu (60), sjtu (70), ttatu (80), nutu (90), (eitt)hundra (100), (eitt) sund (1,000), (ein) miljn(1,000,000).
http://code.knopok.net/alt-codes.htmlhttp://code.knopok.net/alt-codes.htmlhttp://code.knopok.net/alt-codes.html


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alaric's modern icelandic magic sheet

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