albrecht, william - soil reaction

8/13/2019 Albrecht, William - Soil Reaction

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SOIL REACTION (pH)AND

BALANCED PLANT NUTRITION

More evidence of the iport!nce of the e"eent c!"ci# in the $oi" in

connection %ith (c!tionic) &!"!nced p"!nt n#trition' irre$pective of

h#id or !rid $oi"$

M A ALBRECHT

DEPARTMENT O* SOILSUNI+ERSIT, O* MISSOURI

DECEMBER -./0

Soi" Re!ction$ (pH)!nd

BALANCED PLANT NUTRITION-

i""i! A A"&rechtSoi"$ Dep!rtent' Univer$it1 of Mi$$o#ri

- Thi$ p!per %!$ prep!red for !n i""#$tr!ted "ect#re in A"!o$!'

Co"or!do' $pon$ored &1 the Co#nt1 A2ric#"t#r!" E3ten$ion Service in

the Co""e2e A#ditori# A#2#$t 4-' -./0' !nd for ! $ein!r !t C!non

Cit1 Co"or!do' #nder invit!tion of the e$tern Soi"$ Cop!n1'!ter"oo' Io%! Septe&er -56' -./0

Soi"$ differ %ide"1 !ccordin2 !$ the1 !re deve"oped fro different roc7 iner!"$ #nderdecre!$in2 !nn#!" r!inf!""$ %hen one 2oe$ %e$t fro the h#id Mid5Continent to the !rid

re2ion$' %e$t of !&o#t the .8th eridi!n of Lon2it#de The !nn#!" r!inf!"" in thi$

Co"or!do !re!- of 4689 N L!tit#de' !nd -:89 Lon2it#de i$ "o% eno#2h to &e t 6:percent of the !nn#!" ev!por!tion fro ! free %!ter $#rf!ce Profe$$or Tr!n$e!#;$ !p of

the United St!te$ h!$ i$o&!r$ $ho%in2 the r!inf!""$ !$ percent!2e$ of the ev!por!tion It

o#t"ine$ the !re!$ of efficient r!inf!"" for 2ro%in2 crop$' %itho#t irri2!tion' in ! ver1

te""in2 %!1 (I""#$tr!tion - See


2/30

r!inf!""$' %e h!ve 2r!ph$ of (!) the $!t#r!tion c!p!citie$' or c!tion e3ch!n2e c!p!citie$>

(&) e3ch!n2e!&"e c!tion$' or &!$e$> !nd (c) the e3ch!n2e!&"e h1dro2en of the $oi"$'

!ccordin2 to the !&ove v!ri!&"e !nn#!" r!inf!""$ The1 pict#re for #$' in ter$ of !v!i"!&"eferti"it1' the 2eo5c"i!tic $ettin2$ for !rid !2ric#"t#r!" prod#ction (I""#$tr!tion 6)

If $i#"t!neo#$"1 %ith the e$t' in the precedin2 2r!ph' %e inc"#de the h#id E!$tfro the .0th eridi!n to the E!$t co!$t' %e h!ve ! oderni?ed c#rve of prod#ct$ !nd

propertie$ of the $oi"$ of the United St!te$ (I""#$tr!tion 4) %hen th!t $ip"ified c#rve i$p"!ced on Profe$$or M!rt;$ $oi" !p of the United St!te$ %ith the id5"ine of the

forer of 68 inche$ of r!inf!"" r#nnin2 fro the north%e$tern corner of Minne$ot! !nd

pointed to%!rd the $o#thern tip of Te3!$ Th!t "ine i$ ro#2h"1 the .09 @ eridi!n of"on2it#de !nd "i7e%i$e M!rt;$ "ine dividin2 the

II

Crop Copo$ition$ Differ Accordin2!$ Soi"$ !re Under Con$tr#ction or De$tr#ction

The %e$tern h!"f of o#r co#ntr1 repre$ent$ $oi"$ #nder con$tr#ction %ith $!"t$!cc##"!tin2 in the profi"e The e!$tern h!"f h!$ $oi"$ #nder de$tr#ction %ith the c!tion$'

or !ctive $!"t$' &ein2 "e!ched' or %!$hed' o#t' t $oe of the !d$or&ed on' !nde3ch!n2e!&"e fro' the $i"icon re$id#e of roc7 %e!therin2' n!e"1' the co""oid!" c"!1 !nd'

$ii"!r"1' the !cc##"!ted h##$ fro the or2!nic !tter 2ro%n &1 ore !nd!nt

r!inf!""$ The c"!15h##$ co""oid ho"d$ !"$o $oi" !cidit1' or ionic h1dro2en (! non5n#trient c!tion fro $oi" for p"!nt$)' !"on2 %ith c!"ci#' !2ne$i#' pot!$$i#' !nd

$odi# !$ !or e"eent$ 2iven in the order of decre!$in2 force$ &1 %hich the1 !re

!d$or&ed' or he"d' &1 the c"!1 o"ec#"e The tr!ce e"eent c!tion$ !re !"$o he"d' n!e"1'

!n2!ne$e' copper' ?inc' !nd co&!"t B#t the !nion$ of either the tr!ce e"eent$' &oron'ch"orine !nd o"1&den#' or of the !or n#trient$ $#"f#r' pho$phor#$' nitro2en !nd

c!r&on !re not !d$or&ed &1 the c"!15h##$ co""oid &ec!#$e the "!tter !"$o i$ ne2!tive"1ch!r2ed' or !nionic

The !o#nt$ of the$e $ever!" n#trient$ in o#r h#id $oi"$ !re "i$ted !$ pre$ent in (!) the

$oi"' (&) the ve2et!tion' !nd (c) the %!r5&"ooded' h#!n &od1 in the T!&"e I'

(I""#$tr!tion /)


3/30

The crop$ coon in "o% r!inf!"" !re!$' e$peci!""1 #nder irri2!tion' !nd $o in thi$

re2ion' !re $#2!r &eet$' pot!toe$ !nd ve2et!&"e$ Let #$ "iit o#r crop con$ider!tion$ to

the$e for their o$t coon"1 ne2"ected ferti"it1 need$ %hich !re not !on2 thecoon N5P5' coerci!" ferti"i?er tri#vir!te Let #$ con$ider c!"ci#' $#"f#r !nd

the $ever!" tr!ce e"eent$ !$ cop"ete"1 !$ tie %i"" !""o%

III

App"1in2 Lie$tone to Reove Soi" Acidit1'Le!d O#r *erti"it1 Thin7in2 A$tr!1

B#t %e need to reind o#r$e"ve$ of the iport!nce of the$e ne2"ected n#trient$' not $o

#ch in their &oo$t of prod#ction 1ie"d$ of "7 !nd "#$cio#$ 2reen ve2et!tive !$$St!rtin2 %ith c!"ci#' "et #$ eph!$i?e !"$o $#"f#r !nd tr!ce e"eent$ for their

iport!nce !$ too"$ !nd coponent$ In prod#ction of protein$' the "ivin2 !$$' cre!tin2

2ro%th' 2ivin2 $e"f5protection !nd fec#nd reprod#ction of ver1 $pecie$ of "ife In the

h#id !re!' c!"ci# I$ con$idered nece$$it1 for "e2#e p"!nt$' !nd for the nod#"e5

prod#cin2 &!cteri! on their root$' &1 %hich $1&io$i$ tho$e p"!nt$ #$e e3tr! nitro2enfro the !to$phere to he"p the &e protein $#pp"eent$ to 2r!$$e$ !nd 2r!in$ in !ni!"

feedin255to $!1 nothin2 of their i"din2 #p the $oi";$ $#pp"1 of or2!nic !tter' %hen #$ed!$ 2reen !n#re$

Lie$tone h!$ "on2 &een !pp"ied to $oi"$ in e!$tern United St!te$ !$ the copo#nd

c!"ci# c!r&on!te' or the iner!" c!"cite' !nd !$ ! n!t#r!" co&in!tion of th!t %ith

!2ne$i# c!r&on!te in do"oitic "ie$tone Th!t tre!tent on h#id $oi"$ %!$con$idered nece$$!r1 &ec!#$e the c!r&on!te !nion $erved in reovin2 $oi" !cidit1'

$o#rne$$' &1 the $oi";$ h1dro2en c!tion re!ctin2 %ith the "ie$tone;$ c!r&on!te !nion to

prod#ce c!r&onic !cid Thi$ i$ ! ver1 i"d !cid %e eno1 in $od! drin7$ B#t it i$ #n$t!&"e

It iedi!te"1 &re!7$ #p into %!ter !nd ! 2!$' c!r&on dio3ide' the "!tter of %hich e$c!pe$to the !to$phere !nd no !cid re!in$ Th#$' on h#id $oi"$' "ie$tone;$ c!r&on!te$ of

c!"ci# (!nd !2ne$i#) %ere con$idered !#nition in ! %!r on $oi" !cidit1

I+Soi"$ Need Lie$tone for C!"ci#;$

(!nd M!2ne$i#;$) S!7e$ on M!n1 Soi"$

Th!t eph!$i$ on $oi" !cidit1 $eein2"1 prohi&ited o#r re!"i?in2 th!t p#"veri?ed

"ie$tone$ %ere effective in 2ro%in2 &etter "e2#e$ &ec!#$e the1 $erve !$ c!"ci# (!nd!2ne$i#) ferti"i?er$ to 2ro% tho$e &one5i"din2' protein5rich feed$ %hich the !ni!"$

$ee7 o#t !$ protein $#pp"eent$ in &!"!ncin2 their o%n diet$ %here choice &1 the i$

peritted If ton$ of "ie$tone per !cre need &e !pp"ied on h#id $oi"$ for ferti"i?in2"e2#e$ %ith c!"ci# !$ p"!nt n#trition' %e !1 %e"" !$7 the #e$tion do %e not need to

concern o#r$e"ve$ !&o#t c!"ci# (!2ne$i#) !$ ferti"i?er$ in !rid $oi"$ B#t' fir$t' "et #$

e$t!&"i$h the f!ct th!t "!r2er !o#nt$ of e3ch!n2e!&"e or !v!i"!&"e c!"ci# %ere n!t#r!"'!nd re#i$ite !"$o' %hen the vir2in $oi"$ %ere prod#cin2 protein5rich for!2e$' !nd'

do#&t"e$$' hi2h c!"ci# $#pp"ie$ !re re#i$ite for !n1 "e2#e crop (po$$i&"1 non5

"e2#e$) %hen the1 2ro% on !rid $oi"$ !$ %e"" !$ %hen on h#id one$


4/30

St#die$ on p"!nt copo$ition$ of crop$ 2ro%n on p!rt"15deve"oped $oi"$ (e$tern US)>

oder!te"1 deve"oped $oi"$ (Mid5continent)> !nd on hi2h"1 deve"oped $oi"$ (E!$tern !nd

$o#thern US)' reve!"ed the n!rro%in2 r!tio$ in the !&ove order of content$ of c!"ci#re"!ted to pot!$$i# in their dr1 !tter There %!$ ! $hift fro ! r!tio of $i3 to one to the

r!tio one to one in 2oin2 fro e$tern to E!$tern US' or %ith incre!$e in de2ree of $oi"

deve"opent #nder o#r hi2her r!inf!""$ 2ivin2 ore c"!1 re$id#e$ !nd hi2her ionic "o$$e$thro#2h "e!chin2 the $oi"$' $ho%n in T!&"e 6 (I""#$tr!tion 0)

+

The Soi";$ R!pid C!"ci# Lo$$ Lo%er$ R!tio of C!"ci# to Other C!tion$'

S#22e$tin2 P"!nt;$ More I&!"!nced N#trition

A$ confir!tion' $o1&e!n$ %ere $et #p %ith the p#re $!nd5co""oid!" c"!1 techni#e !$

contro""ed p"!nt n#trition of three r!tio$ of !v!i"!&"e c!"ci# to pot!$$i#' %hen other

ite$ %ere con$t!nt' to note th!t ore ve2et!tive "7 (top$ !nd root$) %!$ 2ro%n %ith

the n!rro%in2 c!"ci#5pot!$$i# r!tio' t "!r2er !o#nt$ of c!"ci# re"!tive to the

pot!$$i# %ere re#ired if the $o1&e!n p"!nt$ %ere to &e protein5rich !nd iner!"5rich !$for!2e feed$ Thi$ e3hi&ited the di$t#r&in2 o&$erv!tion th!t #!"it1 !$ !ni!" n#trition

%!$ r#nnin2 in the conver$e of incre!$in2 ve2et!tive "7 T!&"e III (I""#$tr!tion F)

B#t ! $oi" $t#d1' e3po$in2 ! ver1 ferti"e $oi" to hi2h $peed %e!therin2 &1 incorpor!tin2incre!$in2 !o#nt$ of e"eent!" $#"f#r to &ecoe !n !cid r!pid"1 #nder contro""ed

%!terin2 to &rin2 on "e!chin2' the $oi" deon$tr!ted the n!rro%in2 r!tio of c!"ci# to the

pot!$$i# "eft in the $oi"' !nd of c!"ci# to the other c!tion$ !$ $ho%n in the fi2#re(I""#$tr!tion .) Accordin2"1' h#id $oi"$ &ecoe !cid' or $o#r' "!r2e"1 &1 (!) $oe "o$$ of

c"!1 or of tot!" e3ch!n2e c!p!cit1' (&) t !in"1 &1 "o$$ of c!"ci# he"d in $#ch "!r2er

!o#nt$ on the co""oid$' to "et $o #ch h1dro2en coe in to &e he"d' !nd ore fir"1' &1

the $oi" Th#$' the r!pid"1 $hiftin2 $#pp"1 of c!"ci# i$ po$$i&"1 the fir$t pro&"e ofprod#ctivit1 of ! $oi" in the proce$$ of it$ deve"opent fro %e!therin2 iner!"$

E3ten$ive $t#die$ e$t!&"i$hed the c!"ci# of the $oi" !$ ! p"!nt n#trient re$#"tin2 !$ the

&enefit fro "ie$tone !pp"ic!tion$ r!ther th!n the c!r&on!te;$ v!"#e in red#cin2 $oi"!cidit1 or incre!$in2 the pH v!"#e Tho$e t%o effect$ %ere nice"1 $ep!r!ted %hen (!)

c!"ci# ch"oride' !7in2 the $oi" ore !cid> (&) c!"ci# nitr!te "e!vin2 no !cidit1 !fter

the nitr!te %!$ either t!7en &1 p"!nt$ or "e!ched o#t &1 r!inf!""> !nd (c) c!"ci#h1dro3ide ne#tr!"i?in2 the $oi" !cidit1> %ere dri""ed fro the ri2ht h!"f of the ferti"i?er

!tt!chent of the !chine %hi"e dri""in2 the $eed> on"1 to find !"" three tre!tent$

$#pp"1in2 the $!e !o#nt of c!"ci# !$ ! ferti"i?er in $eed cont!ct !nd 2ivin2 the $!e

iproveent in the 2ro%th of the crop !nd nod#"e prod#ction on the root$ hether!cidit1 %!$ reoved or not %!$ of no con$e#ence (I""#$tr!tion -:)

+I

C!"ci#;$ Ph1$io"o2ic!" Iport!nce'Eph!$i?ed &1 It$ C"o$er Cont!ct %ith Seed


5/30

Te$t$ h!ve deon$tr!ted c!"ci# #ch ore he"pf#" in the e!r"1 "ife of $o1&e!n

$eed"in2$ th!n %ere !2ne$i# !nd pot!$$i#' %hen the three %ere $ep!r!te"1 !pp"ied

%ith the $eed !$ ch"oride$ !nd c!"ci# !"$o !$ !n !cet!te' %ith thi$ or2!nic !nionC!"ci# !"$o h!$tened 2erin!tion' !nd incre!$ed the $t!nd$ &1 c"#$ter $eed$' "i7e the

$#2!r &eet In cont!ct %ith the $eed$' there %!$ no in#r1 &1 the div!"ent c!"ci# !$ often

h!ppen$ %ith the onov!"ent c!tion$ of $odi# !nd pot!$$i# !nd the nitro2en $!"t$ !$ch"oride$ (I""#$tr!tion --)

B1 e3ten$ive te$t$ #$in2 the refined !cid5c"!1 co""oid on %hich v!rio#$ c!tion$ in v!ried

#!ntitie$ %ere !d$or&ed !$ p"!nt n#trition in con#nction %ith !&o#t ten percent of the

c"!1;$ e3ch!n2e c!p!cit1 occ#pied &1 h1dro2en' it %!$ deon$tr!ted th!t the n#trientc!tion$ e$peci!""1 the incre!$in2 !o#nt$ of c!"ci# offered %ere t!7en into te$t

ve2et!&"e p"!nt$ %ith ! #ch hi2her efficienc1 th!n %hen the co""oid c"!1 c!rr1in2 the

%!$ ne!r ne#tr!" !nd h!d no h1dro2en !$ their cop!n1 (pH 0: or hi2her) The$e f!ct$te"" #$ th!t $oe !cidit1 in the $oi" i$ &enefici!" in o&i"i?in2 the n#trient c!tion$ into the

p"!nt root$ It reind$ #$ to !$7 then' !re not !rid $oi"$ of ne#tr!" re!ction ! c!$e of

deficiencie$ of c!"ci#' !2ne$i#' pot!$$i#' $odi# !nd tr!ce e"eent c!tion$o#"d !n1 !dded e3tr! c!tion$ pre$ent in "o% $#pp"1' or !$ i&!"!nce' not &e &enefici!"

if "oc!ted ne!rer the $eed for e!r"1 #$e &1 the p"!nt (I""#$tr!tion -6)

A$ evidence th!t $oi" !cidit1 i$ not h!rf#" to p"!nt 2ro%th %hen !p"e no#ri$hent i$

pre$ent' ! $ip"e deon$tr!tion %ith refined co""oid!" c"!1 ori2in!""1 $!t#r!tedcop"ete"1 %ith h1dro2en' to 2ive it$ c#$to!r1 pH of 4/' %!$ titr!ted to pH == &1

c!"ci# h1dro3ide to 2ive !n e3ch!n2e c!p!cit1;$ $!t#r!tion &1 c!"ci# of 648 percent

!nd 0/8 percent &1 h1dro2en Thi$ %!$ $et #p %ith p#re #!rt? $!nd %ith the ori2in!"

!cid c"!1 !$ ! chec7' then three other c"e!r 2"!$$ !r$ %ere inc"#ded %ith c"!1 increent$of %hich the $econd one %!$ the do#&"e !nd the third one the #!dr#p"e of the $t!rtin2

one' !nd !"" fo#r p"!nted to ! "i7e n#&er of $o1&e!n $eed$ The !ccident!" !nd initi!""1di$t#r&in2 f#n2#$ !tt!c7' $#22e$tin2


6/30

::8 i""i2r! e#iv!"ent$ (ME) of c!"ci# per p"!nt> !nother $erie$ offerin2 :-: ME of

c!"ci# per p"!nt &1 do#&"in2 the !o#nt of c"!1 per p!n> !nd the third $erie$ offerin2

:6: ME of c!"ci# per p"!nt &1 #!dr#p"in2 the inti!" !o#nt of c"!1 per p!n

The p"!nt$ deon$tr!ted 2ro%th re$pon$e$ to pH v!"#e$ %ith ! vi$i&"e divi$ion in the

$erie$ of poorer !nd &etter p"!nt$ &et%een pH 88 !nd /: re$pective"1' for tot!" c!"ci#per p"!nt !t ::8 ME> %ith ! divi$ion $ii"!r"1 &et%een pH 8:' !nd 88 for tot!" c!"ci#

per p"!nt !t :-: ME> !nd %ith ! divi$ion $ii"!r"1 &et%een pH =8 !nd 8: for tot!"c!"ci# per p"!nt !t :6: ME (I""#$tr!tion -=)

Here &1 incre!$in2 the offered tot!" c!"ci# fo#r tie$' the di$t#r&in2 effect of the "o%

pH %!$ off$et &1 ten tie$ The effect of the de2ree of $!t#r!tion of the c"!1 i$ $ho%nfro "eft to ri2ht in e!ch ro% of p"!nt $et$' !pt to &e interpreted !$ d#e to incre!$in2 pH

v!"#e$ B#t ore $i2nific!nt %ere the ch!n2e$ in the pH of the c"!1$ or the po%er of the

p"!nt$ in e3h!#$tin2 the c"!1$ of their c!tion$ or vice ver$!' vi? the c"!1$ t!7in2 c!tion$

fro the p"!nt$

D#rin2 the 2ro%th of the crop$' the c"!1$ of initi!""1 "o% pH v!"#e$ oved to hi2her

one$' !nd tho$e c"!1$ of initi!""1 hi2her pH v!"#e$ oved to "o%er one$ M!n1 %ere

!pp!rent"1 $t!&i"i?ed ne!r pH 88 Cheic!" !n!"1$e$ of the crop$ $ho%ed th!t the p"!nt$

h!d "o$t nitro2en' pho$phor#$ !nd pot!$$i# (te$ted for on"1 tho$e three e"eent$) &!c7to the $oi" in $eventeen of the ei2hteen $et$ of p"!nt$ The e3ception %!$ the one !t pH /8

!nd :6: ME of c!"ci# per p"!nt' the hi2he$t in &oth $!t#r!tion of the c"!1 &1 c!"ci#

!nd the hi2he$t tot!" c!"ci# per p"!nt offered &1 the "!r2e$t !o#nt of c"!1 in the $oi"

A"" thi$ eph!$i?e$ the hi2h re#ireent fro the $oi" for c!"ci# !$ ! n#trient' %ith

"itt"e $i2nific!nce of the pH or de2ree of re!ction of the $oi" !$ to !cidit1 or !"7!"init1' for

thi$ $t#d1 of $!nd5c"!1 edi!' %itho#t or2!nic !tter

+IIICopetition or Cooper!tion &1 Co&in!tion$

of Ad$or&ed5E3ch!n2e!&"e C!tion$

Other e3ten$ive re$e!rche$ h!ve $t#died co&in!tion$ of the c!tion$ !d$or&ed on the

c"!1 to o&$erve their ore ne!r"1 fittin2 &!"!nce$ !$ n#trition of $o1&e!n p"!nt$ !nd other$for their efficient nitro2en fi3!tion A$ the re$#"t' %e h!ve !rrived !t the de2ree$ of

$!t#r!tion of the $oi";$ e3ch!n2e c!p!citie$ $#22e$tin2 &!"!nced p"!nt n#trition on h#id

$oi"$ %ith n!t#r!""1 f!vor!&"e h1dro2en !"$o on the e3ch!n2e cop"e3 !$ the fifth !or

c!tion in the 2ro#p' n!e"1' h1dro2en' c!"ci#' !2ne$i#' pot!$$i#' $odi# !ndother$ to inc"#de tr!ce e"eent$ !nd even $oe non5n#trient$' fo#nd in $oe $oi"$ A$ !

%or7in2 code' %e h!ve $#22e$ted !nd #$ed the fo""o%in2 percent!2e$ $!t#r!tion to

repre$ent &!"!nced p"!nt n#trition h1dro2en ":G c!"ci# /:508G> !2ne$i# -:56:' (05-8)G> pot!$$i# 658G> $odi# :858:G> !nd other c!tion$ 8G

hi"e the !&ove r!tio$ !re 2#ide "ine$' the1 h!ve &een fo#nd o$t he"pf#" for h#id

$oi" tre!tent$ !$ ore ne!r"1 &!"!nced p"!nt n#trition for "e2#e$The1 !re !"$o ! $o#nd


7/30

re!$onin2 &!$i$ for &etter 2ro%th of non5"e2#e$ Tho$e $!e r!tio$ &et%een the n#trient

c!tion$' eph!$i?in2 c!"ci# !"o$t ten tie$ hi2her' !nd ore' th!n other$ !on2 the

five' $ho#"d !7e #$ &e"ieve th!t one i$ !pt to find the c!"ci# the ore coon"1deficient n#trient e"eent for crop$' too "on2 covered in o#r &e"ief th!t $oi" !cidit1 c!""$

for ! che!p c!r&on!te' &ein2 t!7en !$ "ie$tone It $ho#"d "i7e%i$e "i$t the c!"ci# !$

po$$i&"e fir$t n#trient deficienc1 on !rid $oi"$' if not for reovin2 !cidit1' then on theoften 2ro$$ ch!nce th!t ! $!"" incre!$e in $odi#' pot!$$i#' !nd !2ne$i# $ho#"d

#p$et the &!"!nce !2!in$t the c!"ci# Th!t c!n then &e e#iv!"ent to th!t e"eent;$

deficienc1 in the p"!nt;$ diet fro the $oi" Arid $oi" te$t$ interpreted on the !&oveprei$e$ h!ve "e!d to iproved crop prod#ction in #!ntit1 !nd #!"it1' deon$tr!ted

nice"1 &1 $#2!r &eet$ !nd pot!toe$

There i$ p"ent1 of evidence for po$$i&"e i&!"!nce !2!in$t c!"ci# &1 e3ce$$ive

!2ne$i#' pot!$$i#' or $odi#' !"on2 %ith the cop"ete !&$ence of !n1 !d$or&edh1dro2en' !$ $ho%n &1 the $oi";$ pH !&ove 0: L!r2e !re!$ of the United St!te$ h!ve

$oi"$ rdened &1 hi2h !2ne$i# di$t#r&in2 the crop;$ int!7e of c!"ci#' t %hich c!n

&e iproved &1 !pp"1in2 c!"ci# $#"f!te %ith the $eedin2' (I""#$tr!tion -8)

ISoi" Activitie$ &1 Anion$ S#22e$t The L!tter;$ C"o$e

A$$oci!tion ith' Po$$i&"1 Contro" B1' Soi" Or2!nic M!tter

So f!r %e h!ve $po7en on"1 !&o#t the five !or n#trient c!tion$' !nd for ! ver1 $ip"e

re!$on e h!ve ! f!r c"e!rer vi$ion of po$$i&"e cheic!" !nd &iocheic!" d1n!ic$ ofthe $oi" !nd p"!nt root &1 %hich the c!tion$ $ee "o2ic!""1 to &e he"d' 1et &e o&i"e in the

$oi"> ho% the1 !1 p!$$ thro#2h po$$i&"1 the c!"ci#5e&r!ne of the root h!ir (if the

$oi";$ hi2her $!t#r!tion &1 c!"ci# !int!in$ th!t contro""in2 ce"" %!"")> !nd the po$$i&"e

oveent$ %ithin the p"!nt$ in o"ec#"!r copo#nd$ !nd ion$ e !re not $o %e""infored' even in o#r vi$ion$' !&o#t the !or n#trient !nion$' ie c!r&on' nitro2en'

pho$phor#$ !nd $#"f#r' tho#2h "!te"1 %e !re con$iderin2 their o&i"it1 connected %ith theor2!nic fr!ction of the $oi" %ith %hich o$t !"" icro&i!" proce$$e$ !re !"$o connected

Soe $t#die$ !t the Univer$it1 of Mi$$o#ri h!ve $ho%n r!dio!ctive pho$phor#$' fed to !

&!r"e1 crop #$ed !$ 2reen !n#re p"o%ed #nder for $o1&e!n$' to de"iver th!t r!di!tin2

n#trient e"eent %ith !n efficienc1 #$t -:: tie$ th!t of pho$phor#$ de"iver1 &1 the $oi"fr!ction te$tin2


8/30

the c!"ci#' the forer %!$ not ! copetitor or red#cer of the n#trition!" effect$ of the

"!tter for the $o1&e!n crop !$ %!$ tr#e for pot!$$i#' or h1dro2en' %hen the1 %ere

!d$or&ed cop!nion$ on the c"!1 feedin2 $o1&e!n$ the c!"ci# In c!$e of the "!tter t%o'p!ired %ith c!"ci#' the #pt!7e !nd 2ro%th &1 the $o1&e!n p"!nt$ %ere contro""ed &1 the

de2ree of $!t#r!tion of the c"!1 &1 c!"ci# B#t in c!$e of c!"ci# !nd eth1"ene &"#e'

the c!"ci# #pt!7e !nd 2ro%th &1 the $o1&e!n p"!nt$ %ere contro""ed for &etter 2ro%th &1the tot!" e3ch!n2e!&"e !o#nt of c!"ci# offered &1 the $oi" (I""#$tr!tion -0)

Ne2"ected S#"f#r !nd Tr!ce E"eent$' S#22e$t

The$e"ve$ !$ Re!$on$ for the Lo% Protein +!"#e$ e Jro%

The $#pp"1 of the !nionic n#trient' $#"f#r' i$ &ecoin2 $erio#$"1 $hort in o#r $oi"'

e$peci!""1 %hen it' "i7e c!"ci# !nd the tr!ce e"eent$' i$ connected %ith $1nthe$i$ of

protein$' $#22e$ted &1 the !"f!"f! crop The $hort!2e h!$ &een &ro#2ht on &ec!#$e 2!$

f#e" i$ rep"!cin2 co!"' %hen rnin2 the "!tter p#t$ $#"f#r dio3ide into the !to$phere to

"et the r!inf!"" di$trite it &!c7 on the $oi" A"$o' $o"#&"e pho$ph!te ferti"i?er$' "i7e thee!r"1 !cid pho$ph!te' p#t !$ #ch c!"ci# $#"f!te' #n%ittin2"1' on the $oi" !$ ferti"i?er !$

it did pho$ph!te$ B#t th!t c!"ci# $#"f!te i$ no% $ep!r!ted fro the $o"#&"e pho$ph!te$d#rin2 their !n#f!ct#re !nd the forer i$ pi"ed on the


9/30

In tho$e $!e t%o h!1$' the %ithho"din2 of !n1 one of the three tr!ce e"eent$' &oron'

!n2!ne$e or iron' red#ced the prod#ction of tr1ptoph!ne &1 the$e "e2#e$ !$ cop!red

%ith the f#""er "i$t of tr!ce e"eent !pp"ic!tion (I""#$tr!tion 68)

S#!r1 for Pr!ctice$

In $#!r1 !nd for the pr!ctice$ of $oi" !n!2eent' %h!t do the f!ct$ $#22e$t

- Since !n1 c#"tiv!ted $oi";$ or2!nic !tter i$ dec"inin2 $o r!pid"1 #nder it$ ne2"ect'

c!"ci# i$ &ecoin2 the fir$t deficienc1 !$ ! p"!nt n#trient' !nd for it$ $ervice$ in

o&i"i?in2' fro the $oi" into the p"!nt root$' !"" the other n#trient e"eent$'re2!rd"e$$ of $oi" pH' %hether h#id !nd !cid of "o% pH> or !rid !nd ne#tr!" !nd

!"7!"ine of hi2h pH

6 Under deficient $oi" or2!nic !tter' the i&!"!nce$ of the n#trient e"eent$ !re&ecoin2 ore $erio#$ !nd !re $erio#$"1 di$t#r&in2 the crop;$ fin!" cheic!"

copo$ition Thi$ eph!$i?e$ the needed $oi" tre!tent$ !$ &oth $oi"5i"din2 of

ferti"it1 re$erve$' !nd !$ re2#"!r cropfeedin2$ %ith $!fe t effective p"!ceent offerti"i?er !teri!"$ in $eed pro3iit1

4 The &!"!nce of !"" n#trient ion$' &oth !or !nd

the e"eent$ !$ the $t!rtin2 point of cre!tion &1 on"1 p"!nt$ !nd icro&e$> hence


10/30

the $oi"' it$ icro&e$ (centered !&o#t $oi" or2!nic !tter) !nd It$ crop$' !re the

#!"it1 contro" of !n;$ n#trition !nd of !"" the !ni!"$ $#pportin2 hi In o#r

!n!2eent of the $oi" %e !re not 1et the e#!" of %h!t N!t#re %!$ &efore !n;$!dvent on the $cene to t!7e over th!t re$pon$i&"e p!rt of cre!tion

APPENDI

The precedin2 ten p!2e$ of di$c#$$ion of the $#&ect of $oi" re!ction$ (pH) !nd &!"!nced

p"!nt n#trition cite c#t$' 2r!ph$' t!&"e$' etc' !$ t%ent15three !or c!$e$ of $i2nific!nti""#$tr!tive !tter$ The$e !re co""ected in $e#ence in the fo""o%in2 t%ent15three p!2e$

!$ !n !ppendi3 to the precedin2 te3t

I""#$tr!tion - Ann#!" r!inf!""$ !re di$trited !$ "on2it#din!" &e"t$ in the %e$tern h!"f of

the United St!te$' t on "!tit#din!" one$ in the e!$tern h!"f' to 2ive #$ o#r e$t !nd o#r

E!$t !nd to divide the "!tter into o#r North !nd o#r So#th

Con$t!nt r!tio$ of precipit!tion to ev!por!tion (!$ percent!2e$) p"otted !$ i$o&!r$ torepre$ent effective r!inf!"" $erve to !p o#t the v!ried de2ree$ of con$tr#ctive or


11/30

de$tr#ctive $oi" deve"opent The1 de"ine!te the eco"o2ie$ of crop$' "ive$toc7'

percent!2e$ of "!nd in f!r$' efficienc1 of r!dio reception' !nd pro&"e$ of defective

he!"th vi! pro&"e$ in n#trition

I""#$tr!tion 6 Te$t$ of $oi"$ for $o"#&"e $!"t$ (in di"#te !cid) !cro$$ ! $ection of !n$!$!nd Mi$$o#ri' !"on2 ! "ine of con$t!nt teper!t#re' $#22e$t $oi" con$tr#ction in the

%e$tern p!rt (r!inf!"" "e$$ th!n 68 inche$) !nd $oi" de$tr#ction in the e!$tern p!rt (r!inf!""

ore th!n 68 inche$)


12/30

I""#$tr!tion 4 A di!2r!!tic repre$ent!tion of deve"opent of $oi" #nder incre!$in2

force$ of roc7 %e!therin2 &1 r!inf!"" !nd teper!t#re The !3i# of it$ &re!7do%n'2ivin2 c"!1 $!t#r!tion &1 n#trient c!tion$ !nd on"1 $!"" !o#nt$ of !cidit1' repre$ent$

the ferti"e $oi"$ for protein prod#ction !nd 2ood n#trition of hi2her for$ of "ife ne!r theid"ine of thi$ $7etch

Note the v!rio#$ $oi" proce$$e$' 7ind$ of $oi"$' doin!nce of either c!"ci# orpot!$$i#' !nd !ni!" he!"th ch!r!cteri$tic$ fro the e$t to the E!$t' or !ccordin2 to

hi2her r!inf!""$ !nd ore $oi" deve"opent


13/30

I""#$tr!tion = A$ ! theoretic!" c#rve of incre!$in2 %e!therin2 of roc7' $oi" con$tr#ctionfo""o%$ the ri$in2 c#rve of c"!1 prod#ction #nti" precipit!tion e3ceed$ ev!por!tion to 2ive

$oi" de$tr#ction' or ! f!""in2 c#rve of the $oi";$ prod#ctivit1 !$$oci!ted %ith the dec"ine of

$oi" or2!nic !tter' e3ch!n2e c!p!cit1 !nd c!tionic $!t#r!tion of th!t


14/30

I""#$tr!tion 8 The $oi";$ e"ectric!" cond#ctivit1 of the United St!te$ The $oi" !$ one of the

cond#ctor$ in the r!dio circ#it re#ire$ &oth oi$t#re !nd ferti"it1 $!"t$ for effectivene$$in r!dio reception Note ho% !re!$ of e3ce""ent !nd 2ood r!dio reception co&ined

corre"!te %ith !re!$ of o$t prod#ctive id5continent!" $oi"$ &et%een r!inf!""5

ev!por!tion percent!2e$ of /: !nd -:: (See I""#$tr!tion - ) (Co#rte$1 R!dio Corpor!tion

of Aeric!)


15/30

I""#$tr!tion / T!&"e I The inor2!nic cheic!" copo$ition of the h#!n &od1

(%!r&"ooded) in cop!ri$on %ith th!t of p"!nt$' co#p"ed %ith $#ch of the $oi"' the

tri#vir!te %hich provide$ o#r food Note th!t c!"ci# coin2 fro the $oi" i$ thehi2he$t inor2!nic $oi" re#i$ite for o#r &odie$


16/30

I""#$tr!tion 0 T!&"e II The t!"!ted d!t! of cheic!" copo$ition$ of crop$ 2ro%n on

(!)


17/30

e3ch!n2e!&"e c!"ci# to pot!$$i# &ecoe$ n!rro%er to 2ive hi2her 1ie"d$ of "7 t

tho$e of "o%er concentr!tion$ of n#trition!" v!"#e$

I""#$tr!tion . L!&or!tor1 te$t$ of %e!therin2 the $oi" !t hi2h r!te' &1 incorpor!tin2

incre!$in2 !o#nt$ of e"eent!" $#"f#r to &e o3idi?ed !nd "e!ched o#t &1 hi2h r!inf!""'

$ho% the n!rro%in2 r!tio$ of c!"ci# to !"" te$ted n#trient e"eent$ !ccordin2 !$ the!o#nt of !pp"ied $#"f#r (Sch%efe"en2e) i$ incre!$ed ("eft to ri2ht) !nd the pH fi2#re

&ecoe$ $!""er Note th!t the "o%ered top "ine indic!te$ "o$$ of c"!1 !"$o !nd !

decre!$in2 tot!" e3ch!n2e c!p!cit1 %ith %e!therin2


18/30

I""#$tr!tion -: Stre!7$ of &etter 2ro%th of $o1&e!n$ in the fie"d re$#"ted (ri2ht to "eft)

fro dri""in2 (!) c!"ci# ch"oride' !7in2 the $oi" ore !cid> (&) c!"ci# nitr!te' !7in2no ch!n2e in fin!" !cidit1> !nd (c) c!"ci# h1dro3ide' red#cin2 the !cidit1> 1et the$e $oi"

tre!tent$ %ere !"" !"i7e in &rin2in2 !&o#t &etter &e!n crop$ %ith f#""er nod#"!tion of the

root$ d#e to "i7e !o#nt$ of the e"eent c!"ci# !pp"ied !$ &etter !nd e!r"1 p"!ntn#trition


19/30


20/30

I""#$tr!tion -6 Spin!ch i$ ! iner!"5rich ve2et!&"e' e$peci!""1 in c!"ci# !nd !2ne$i#

B#t #ch of e!ch i$ co&ined !$ o3!"!te copo#nd$ to &e in$o"#&"e !nd indi2e$ti&"e'

$!ve ! $!"" re!ction (See "eft 2r!ph' $h!ded !re! of !cid $oi"' "eft pH 86)

Spin!ch 2ro%n on the $!e $oi"' ne!r ne#tr!"' (pH /F) h!$ "o%er concentr!tion$ ofc!"ci# !nd !2ne$i# !nd %ith eno#2h o3!"!te to !7e ore th!n &oth of the

in$o"#&"e !nd indi2e$ti&"e (See ri2ht 2r!ph' $h!ded !re! The !cid $oi" !de the $pin!ch

#ch ore iner!"5rich' !$ the $oi" offered ore of th!t n#trient)


21/30

I""#$tr!tion -4 So1&e!n$ 2ro%n on the c"!1 i3ed into #!rt? $!nd' !$ de$cri&ed in the

te3t di$c#$$ion' deon$tr!ted th!t


22/30

#!dr#p"in2 of tot!" c!"ci#' ovin2 the divi$ion "ine$ in the $erie$ to ! "o%er pH &1 -:

pH #nit

The crop$ of !"" p!n$' $!ve the #pper ri2ht h!nd one' h!d "e$$ nitro2en' pho$phor#$ !ndpot!$$i# in their tot!" crop$ (top$ p"#$ root$) th!n %!$ ori2in!""1 pre$ent in the p"!nted

$eed$

I""#$tr!tion -8 The &!"!nced p"!nt diet of c!tion$ e3ch!n2e!&"e in the $oi" c!""$ for!ppro3i!te percent!2e$ $!t#r!tion of it$ e3ch!n2e c!p!cit1 &1' (!) h1dro2en55-: to -8G>

(&) c!"ci#55/: to 0:G> !2ne$i#55-: to 6:G' or 0 to -8G> pot!$$i# 6 to 8G> !nd

$odi# :6 to 8G

hen the !rid $oi"$ !re not !cid' t !re $!"ine !nd !"7!"ine in re!ction (pH)' thee"eent$ of coon"1 "o%er $!t#r!tion$ &ecoe too hi2h re"!tive to the c!"ci#' !7in2

the "!tter deficient !$ p"!nt n#trition

The !p of !2ne$i# in the dr!in!2e %!ter$ $ho%$ "!r2e !re!$ of e3ce$$ive!2ne$i#' re"!tive to c!"ci#' p!rtic#"!r"1 the !re!$ of


23/30

I""#$tr!tion -/ B1 i3in2 p#"veri?ed f!r !n#re into the #pper three inche$ of $oi"

&efore $eedin2 !nd then doin2 "i7e%i$e for $#perpho$ph!te (Pot .)' the p"!nt 2ro%th %!$

#ch "e$$ th!n %hen the pho$ph!te %!$ fir$t co&ined %ith the !n#re !nd the i3t#re

p#t into the $oi" $ii"!r"1 (Pot -:)

Mi3in2 the cop!r!&"e t%o different tre!tent$ into the #pper $i3 inche$ of $oi"

deon$tr!ted $ii"!r"1 (Pot$ -6 !nd -4' on the ri2ht) Mi3in2 the pho$ph!te %ith !ctiveor2!nic !tter !de it #ch ore efficient for &etter p"!nt 2ro%th


24/30

I""#$tr!tion -0 hen the hi2h"1 inor2!nic c!tion$ in the $oi" v!r1 in their r!tio$'i""#$tr!ted &1 incre!$in2 c!"ci# $!t#r!tion !nd decre!$in2 h1dro2en' or !cidit1' ("eft to

ri2ht' #pper ro%)> or &1 c!"ci# $ii"!r"1 !tched %ith pot!$$i# (idd"e ro%) then the

p"!nt 2ro%th v!ried %ide"1 ("eft to ri2ht) in $pite of ! con$t!nt tot!" of c!"ci# &1 $oi"te$t

B#t %hen c!"ci# %!$ $ii"!r"1 !tched %ith the "!r2e or2!nic c!tion' eth1"ene &"#e'

then the "!tter ffered o#t the effect$ of v!ri!&"e $!t#r!tion to !7e the effect$ &1

c!"ci# ! con$t!nt one !ccordin2 to it$ tot!" !v!i"!&"e $#pp"1 in the $oi" ("o%er ro%)


25/30

I""#$tr!tion -F T!&"e I+ An!"1$i$ of !"f!"f! for ei2hteen of it$ different !ino !cid$'

%hen 2ro%n on ! $oi" %ith nor!" content of $#"f#r in contr!$t to the !"f!"f! 2ro%n on the

$!e $oi" deficient in re$pect to th!t n#trient !nion (!$$oci!ted coon"1 %ith or2!nic!tter)' the !o#nt$ of the !ino !cid$ %ere "o%er for the $#"f#r5deficient $oi" in !"" t

one of the !ino !cid$' n!e"1 !$p!r!2ine' not coon"1 deficient in hoe52ro%n feed

!teri!"$


26/30

I""#$tr!tion -. Lo%er !o#nt$ of $#"f#r offered &1 the $oi" for 2ro%in2 !"f!"f! !nd

$o1&e!n$' "o%ered the concentr!tion in the$e t%o "e2#e$ of the coon"1 deficient

!ino !cid' ethionene


27/30

I""#$tr!tion 6: The tot!" nitro2en in ! non5"e2#e h!1' "i7e &roe2r!$$' !1 v!r1

%itho#t corre"!tion to $oe of the !ino !cid$' e$peci!""1 the coon"1 deficient "1$ine

Tot!" nitro2en !$ the e!$#re of


28/30

I""#$tr!tion 6- The $oi";$ !or n#trient e"eent$ in their re"!tion$ to e!ch other odif1

the $1nthe$i$ !nd concentr!tion of tr1ptoph!ne in non5"e2#e$ hen the pho$phor#$

offered &1 the $oi" %!$ "o%' the incre!$ed offerin2$ &1 c!"ci# did not 2ive !$ hi2h !concentr!tion of thi$ e$$enti!" !ino !cid !$ %hen the $oi" pho$phor#$ %!$ !"$o hi2h


29/30

I""#$tr!tion 66 Boron' !$ ! n#trient offered to the $o1&e!n$ !nd !"f!"f! in hi2her !o#nt$

$erved to 2ive hi2her concentr!tion$ of the coon"1 deficient !ino !cid' tr1ptoph!ne'in the$e t%o "e2#e$


30/30

I""#$tr!tion 64 ithho"din2 !n1 one of the fo#r tr!ce e"eent$ te$ted' he"d do%n the

concentr!tion of tr1ptoph!ne in the t%o "e2#e$' !"f!"f! !nd $o1&e!n$ The %idev!ri!tion in thi$ e$$enti!" !ino !cid $#22e$t$ po$$i&"e protein deficiencie$ in the h!1$ !$

feed %hen the $oi" i$ deficient in tr!ce e"eent$ re#ired &1 the$e crop$

albrecht, william - soil reaction

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