alcohol and heart disease 1

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The Correlation between Drinking

Alcohol and Heart Diseases of Men

in the age of 20 - 35 years old in Puri

Indah, West Jakarta in 2006.

Name: Robby Effendy Thio

NIM: 030.06.228

English Lecturer: Drs. Husni Thamrin, MA


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Chapter IIntroduction

Any advice about the consumption of alcohol must take into account

not only the complexrelation between alcohol and cardiovasculardisease but also the well-known

association of heavy consumptionof alcohol with a large number of health risks. One

approachwould be to recommend no consumption of alcohol. However, alarge

number of recent observational studies have consistentlydemonstrated a reduction in

coronary heart disease (CHD) withmoderate consumption of alcohol. Any prohibition

of alcoholwould then deny such persons a potentially sizable health benefit. This

paper examines the complex relation between alcohol and coronary heart disease.

I. Background

I examined the association between alcoholic drinks consumption and risk of heart

diseases such as: Coronary Heart Disease(CHD).

II. Problems

Drinking Alcohols have always been related to heart diseases especially for Men in the

age of 20 - 35 years old in Puri Indah, West Jakarta.

III. Limitation of Problems

The Limitation of this problem is the lifestyle of young men (between the age of 20 35)

that is drinking alcohols and what are the effects of drinking alcohols in relation to heart

diseases.

IV. Objectives

The main objective is to show up what are the effects of alcohol consumption to heart

diseases, in medicals point of view.

V. Methods of Writing

Library Research and Internet Browsing (Collecting Information).


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ignition of the drink, such as the Flaming Dr. Pepper. Spirits with a higher proof (ABV in UK

is roughly half of proof number) can be ignited with ease by heating slightly, e.g. adding the

spirit to a warmed shot glass.

In chemistry,alcohol is a general term for any organic compound in which a hydroxylgroup

(-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, which in turn is bound to other carbon atoms and further

hydrogens. Other alcohols such as propylene glycol and the sugar alcohols may appear in

food or beverages regularly, but these alcohols do not make them "alcoholic". Methanol (one

carbon), the propanols (three carbons giving two isomers), and the butanols (four carbons,

three isomers) are all commonly found alcohols, and none of these three should ever be

consumed in any form. Alcohols are toxicated into the corresponding aldehydes and then

into the corresponding carboxylic acids. These metabolic products cause a poisoning and

acidosis. In the case of other alcohols than ethanol, the aldehydes are poisonous and the

acidosis can be lethal.

III. Uses

In many countries, alcoholic beverages are commonly consumed at the major daily meals

(lunch and dinner). Most early beers were in fact highly nutritional and served as a means of

calorie distribution. Beer can be stored longer than grain or bread without fear of pest

infestation or rotting, and drinking beer avoided the tooth-destroying grit that was present in

hand-ground or early mill-ground flours.

In places and eras with poor public sanitation, such as MedievalEurope, consumption of

alcoholic drinks (particularly weak or "small" beer) was one method of avoiding water-borne

diseases such as cholera. Though alcohol kills bacteria, the low concentration in beer or

even wine will have only a limited effect. Probably the boiling of water, which is required for

the brewing of beer, and the growth of yeast, which would tend to crowd out other micro-

organisms, were more important than the alcohol itself. In any case, the ethanol (and

possibly other ingredients) of alcoholic beverages allows them to be stored for months or

years in simple wood or clay containers without spoiling, which was certainly a major factor

in their popularity.

In colder climates, strong alcoholic beverages such as vodka are popularly seen as a way to

"warm up" the body, possibly because ethanol is a quickly absorbed source offood energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaming_Dr._Pepperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaming_Dr._Pepperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy


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and dilates peripheral blood vessels (Peripherovascular dilation). This however is a

dangerous myth, and people experiencing hypothermia should avoid alcohol - although it

makes you feel warmer, the body loses heat and body temperature decreases, which may

increase the effects of hypothermia, and eventually cause death. This is because of the

dilation of blood vessels not in the core of the body; because of this increased bloodflow, the

body loses its heat out of its less protected outer extremities.

In many cultures, both contemporary and historical, alcoholic beverages mostly because

of theirneurological effects have also played an important role in various kinds of social

interaction, providing a form of "liquid courage" (those who consume it "gain" confidence and

lose discretion). While other psychoactive drugs (such as opium, coca, khat, cannabis,

kava-kava, etc.) also have millennial traditions of social use, only coffee, tea, and tobacco

are currently as universally used and accepted as ethanol.

IV. Types of Alcoholic Beverages

Low-alcohol-content drinks are produced by fermentation ofsugar- orstarch-containing

products, and high-alcohol ones are produced by distillation of these. Sometimes, the

alcohol content is increased by adding distilled products, particularly in the case of wines.

Such fortified wines include Port and Sherry.

The process involved (as well as the resulting alcohol content) defines the finished product.

Beerinvolves a relatively short (incomplete) fermentation process and an equally short

aging process (a week or two) resulting in an alcohol content generally between 3-8%, as

well as natural carbonation. Wine involves a longer (complete) fermentation process, and a

relatively long aging process (months or years -- sometimes decades) resulting in an alcohol

content between 7-18%. Sparkling wine is generally made by adding a small amount of

sugar before bottling, which causes a secondary fermentation to continue in the bottle.

Distilled products are generally not made from a "beer" that would normally be palatable as

fermentation is normally completed, but no aging is involved until after distillation. Most are

30% or greater alcohol by volume. Liqueurs are characterized by the way in which their

flavors are infused and typically have high sugar content. Spirits typically contain 37.5%

alcohol or greater and are not infused with flavors during the distilling process, however

some modern spirits are infused with flavors after distilling (the Swedish vodkaAbsolut, for

instance).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava-kavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkling_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqueurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolut_Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava-kavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkling_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqueurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolut_Vodka


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Standard alcoholic drinks in the United States all contain the same amount of alcohol, about

0.6 fl. oz. (American) each (17.75ml). A U.S. standard drink is a 12 ounce can or bottle of

beer, a five ounce glass of dinner wine, or a 1.5 ounce drink of 40% distilled spirits (either

straight or in a mixed drink).

In the UK, alcohol content is measured in units. One unit equates to 10ml of pure ethanol

(approx. fl. oz. American). A typical large glass or pint of beer contains approximately 2

units. A shot (25ml) of 40% spirit contains exactly 1 unit.

The names of some beverages are determined by the source of the material fermented:

SourceName of fermented

beverageName of distilled beverage

barley beer, ale, barley wine Scotch whisky, Irish whiskey

rye rye beerRye whiskey, Roggenkorn (type of Korn, fromGermany)

corn corn beer Bourbon whiskey

Sorghum Baijiu (China)

wheat wheat beerWheat whisky, Weizenkorn (type of Korn, fromGermany)

riceHuangjiu,Choujiu

(China) , sake, sonti,makkoli, tuak, thwon

Rice baijiu (China), Shch andAwamori (Japan),soju (Korea),

juice offruits,other thanapples or

pears

wine (most commonlyfrom grapes)

brandy, Cognac (France), Branntwein (Germany),Pisco (Peru and Chile), "Rakia" also Rakiya, Rakija,Rak (The Balkans, Turkey), Singani (Bolivia)

juice ofapples("hard") cider,

applejack (or apple brandy), Calvados, cider, lambic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whiskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangjiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choujiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sontihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thwonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_baijiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awamorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22Rakia%22_also_Rakiya%2C_Rakija%2C_Rak%C4%B1&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22Rakia%22_also_Rakiya%2C_Rakija%2C_Rak%C4%B1&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_(fruit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados_(spirit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whiskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangjiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choujiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sontihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thwonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_baijiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awamorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22Rakia%22_also_Rakiya%2C_Rakija%2C_Rak%C4%B1&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22Rakia%22_also_Rakiya%2C_Rakija%2C_Rak%C4%B1&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_(fruit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados_(spirit)


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apfelwein

juice ofpearsperry, or pear cider;

poire (France)

pear brandy, Eau-de-Vie (France)

juice ofsugarcane, or

molasses

basi, betsa-betsa(regional)

rum (Caribbean), pinga orcachaa (Brasil),aguardiente, guaro, shch (Japan)

juice ofagave pulque tequila, mezcal

juice ofrye

and wheat

desi Daroo (Indian liquor)

juice ofplums plum wine slivovitz, tzuica, palinca

juice ofpineapples

tepache (Mexico)

coyol palmcoyol wine (Central

America)

pomace pomace wineRaki (Turkey) tsipouro, tsikoudia (Greece), grappa(Italy), Trester(Germany), marc (France), zivania(Cyprus), aguardente (Portugal)

honey mead distilled mead ("mead brandy" or "honey brandy")

potato and/orgrain

potato beer

vodka: potato mostly used in Poland and Germany,otherwise grain or potato. A strong drink called

aquavit or brnnvin in Sweden, akvavit in Denmarkand akevitt in Norway, and brennivn in (Iceland) ismade from potato or grain. Actually, vodka is Russianfor "little water" and can be done out of almostanything. - In Ireland, Poitn (or poteen) is a recentlylegalised drink made from potatoes. shch (Japan)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eau-de-Vie&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betsa-betsa&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguardientehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezcalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desi_(drink)&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slivovitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzuicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palincahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocomiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coyol_wine&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomace_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsipourohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsikoudiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trester&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguardentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquavithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poit%C3%ADnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eau-de-Vie&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betsa-betsa&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguardientehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezcalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desi_(drink)&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slivovitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzuicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palincahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocomiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coyol_wine&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomace_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsipourohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsikoudiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trester&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguardentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquavithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poit%C3%ADnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB


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beets pink vodka / woman's vodka / girlie vodka (Russia)

Milk Kumis orKefir Arak

Gouqi Gouqi jiu (China) Gouqi jiu (China)

Note that in common speech, wine orbrandyis made from grapes unless the fruit is

specified: "plum wine" or "cherry brandy" for example, although in some cases grape-

derived alcohol is added.

Beeris generally made from barley, but can sometimes contain a mix of other grains.

Whisky(or whiskey) is sometimes made from a blend of different grains, especially Irish

whiskey which may contain several different grains. The style of whisk(e)y (Scotch, Rye,

Bourbon, corn) generally determines the primary grain used, with additional grains usually

added to the blend (most often barley, and sometimes oats).As far as American whiskey is

concerned, Bourbon (corn), rye whiskey,must be at least 51% of respective constituent at

fermentation, whilst corn whiskey (as opposed to bourbon) must be at least 81% - all by

American law similar to the french A.O.P (appellation origon controlle).

Two common distilled beverages are vodka and gin. Vodka can be distilled from any source

of agricultural origin (grain and potatoes being the most common) but the main characteristic

of vodka is that it is so thoroughly distilled as to exhibit less of the flavors derived from its

source material. Distillers and experts however will disagree, potato vodkas display a

creamy mouthfeel, whilst rye vodkas will have heavy nuances of rye (detected more easily

as rye bread). Other vodkas display citrus notes (more common among domestic brands).

Gin is a similar distillate which has been flavored by contact with herbs and other plant

products, especiallyjuniper berriesbut also including angel root, licorice, cardamom, grains

of paradise, Bulgarian rose petals, and many others. The name comes from the Dutch or

French word for Juniper, jenever or genever.

V. Measurements of Alcohol Consumption
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak_(distilled_beverage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouqihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouqi_jiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouqi_jiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak_(distilled_beverage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouqihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouqi_jiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouqi_jiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berries


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10/21

Discussion 2: Heart Diseases

Heart DiseasesAlso called: Cardiac disease

Heart disease is the number one killer in the world. It is also a major cause of disability.There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart diseaseis narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to theheart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's themajor reason people have heart attacks.

Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may notpump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.

Heart disease is any disorder that affects the heart's ability to function normally. Variousforms of heart disease include:

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy

Aortic regurgitation

Aortic stenosis

Arrhythmias

Cardiogenic shock

Congenital heart disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD)Dilated cardiomyopathy

Endocarditis

Heart attack (myocardial infarction)

Heart failure

Heart tumor Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Idiopathic cardiomyopathy

Ischemic cardiomyopathy

Acute mitral regurgitation

Chronic mitral regurgitation

Mitral stenosis

Mitral valve prolapse

Peripartum cardiomyopathy

Pulmonary stenosis

Stable angina

Unstable angina

Tricuspid regurgitation

You can help reduce your risk of heart disease by taking steps to control factors that put youat greater risk:

Control yourblood pressure
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Lower yourcholesterol

Don't smoke

Get enough exercise

The most common heart disease is coronary artery disease.

I. Coronary Heart Disease

Alternative names

Coronary artery disease; Arteriosclerotic heart disease; CHD; CAD

Definition

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply bloodand oxygen to the heart. CHD is also called coronary artery disease.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Coronary heart disease is usually caused by a condition called atherosclerosis, whichoccurs when fatty material and a substance called plaque builds up on the walls of yourarteries. This causes them to get narrow. As the coronary arteries narrow, blood flow to theheart can slow down or stop, causing chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath, heartattack, and other symptoms.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death for men and women. Accordingto the American Heart Association, more than 15 million people have some form of the

condition.

Men in their 40s have a higher risk of CHD than women. But, as women get older, their riskincreases so that it is almost equal to a man's risk. See: Heart disease and women

Many things increase your risk for CHD. Bad genes (heredity) can increase your risk. You'remore likely to develop the condition if someone in your family has had it -- especially if theyhad it before age 50. Your risk for CHD goes up the older you get.

The following factors also increase your risk of CHD:

Diabetes

High blood pressure High LDL "bad" cholesterol

Low HDL "good" cholesterol

Menopause

Not getting enough physical activity or exercise

Obesity

Smoking
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Higher-than-normal levels of inflammation-related substances may also increase your riskfor a heart attack. Such substances include C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. Increasedlevels of a chemical called homocysteine, an amino acid, are also linked to an increased riskof a heart attack.

Symptoms

Symptoms may be very noticeable, but sometimes you can have the disease and not haveany symptoms.

Chest pain or discomfort (angina) is the most common symptom. You feel this pain whenthe heart is not getting enough blood or oxygen. How bad the pain is varies from person toperson.

There are two main types of chest pain:

Atypical chest pain -- often sharp and comes and goes. You can feel it in your left

chest, abdomen, back, or arm. It is unrelated to exercise and not relieved by rest or amedicine called nitroglycerin. Atypical chest pain is more common in women.

Typical chest pain -- feels heavy or like someone is squeezing you. You feel it under

your breast bone (sternum). The pain usually occurs with activity or emotion, andgoes away with rest or a medicine called nitroglycerin.

Adults with typical chest pain have a higher risk of CHD than those with atypical chest pain.

Other symptoms include:

Shortness of breath

Heart attack -- in some cases, the first sign of CHD is a heart attack

Signs and tests

Many tests help diagnose CHD. Usually, your doctor will order more than one test beforemaking a definite diagnosis.

Tests may include:

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Exercise stress test

Echocardiogram

Nuclear scan Coronary angiography/arteriography

Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) to look for calcium in the lining of the

arteries -- the more calcium, the higher your chance for CHD Coronary CT angiography

Magnetic resonance angiography

Complications
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approximately 30% to 50%. Studiesof coronary narrowings defined by cardiac

catheterization orautopsy show a reduction in atherosclerosis in persons who consume

moderate amounts of alcohol. In general, the inverse association is independent of potential

confounders, such as diet and cigarettesmoking. Concerns that the association could be an

artifactdue to cessation of alcohol consumption in persons who already have CHD have

largely been disproved. No clinical trials have been performed to test the alcohol-CHD

relation. However,the large numbers of observational studies support a true protectiveeffect

of moderate consumption of alcohol.

III. Mechanisms for Cardioprotective Effects of Moderate Consumption of Alcohol

Recent analyses suggest that approximately 50% of the protective effect of alcohol is

mediated through increased levels of HDL

cholesterol. HDL removes cholesterol from thearterial walland transports it back to the liver and probably has severalother protective

effects on the arterial system. A number ofepidemiological studies and small clinical trials

have demonstratedthat moderate consumption of alcohol raises HDL cholesterollevels.

When HDL cholesterol was added to computermodels predictive of CHD, about half the

benefit of alcoholin protecting against CHD could be attributed to its effect on HDL levels.

A number of other mechanisms have been proposed to explain theother half of the

protective effect of alcohol against CHD.One or two alcoholic drinks per day apparently do

not affectother major risk factors, such as LDL cholesterol and blood pressure. Several

studies have suggested that alcohol may affectblood clotting, either by causing the blood to

clot less avidlythrough effects on coagulation factors and platelets or by enhancing the

ability of the blood to break up clots when they form. These studies are supported by

epidemiological data thatsuggest that acute alcohol consumption causes a short-term

beneficialeffect in protection against CHD in addition to long-term effects.Other studies

have focused on the nonalcoholic components ofalcoholic beverages, particularly in red

wine and dark beer,which may have antioxidant properties. However, theepidemiological

evidence favoring one type of beverage overanother is inconsistent, possibly because of

large differencesin diet, smoking, and other risk behaviors among drinkers.Again, at least

half of the inverse association between alcohol and CHD appears to be directly linked to

alcohol through increasedHDL cholesterol levels.

IV. Recommendation


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It is unlikely that a randomized, controlled trial of alcohol consumption will ever be performed

to establish a direct link between alcohol consumption and reduction in CHD and to define

the risks and benefits of encouraging consumption of alcohol. In lieu of this scientific base, a

number of scientific factscan be brought to bear on the development of recommendations

about alcohol consumption. First, the beneficialeffects of alcohol are limited to one or two

drinks per day.Second, heavier consumption is related to a number of health problems.

Third, it is clear that persons with medical and social conditions made worse by alcohol

should not consume any alcoholwhatsoever, including persons with prior diagnoses of

hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis, liver disease, porphyria, uncontrolled hypertension,and

congestive heart failure. Pregnant women and persons on certain medications that interact

with alcohol should also refrainfrom consumption. Persons with a personal or strong family

historyof alcoholism are at risk for alcohol addiction and should avoid all alcoholic

beverages.

These facts preclude widespread public health recommendations to either encourage or

prohibit alcohol consumption. For example, in theUnited States 100 000 excess deaths can

be attributed to alcohol-relateddiseases each year. On the other hand, if current consumers

of alcohol all abstained from drinking, approximately 80 000excess deaths would occur.

Most of the excess deaths due to alcohol occur in people younger than 45 years, whereas

deathsreduced by alcohol are generally in age groups with high CHDrates, ie, 45 years or

older. In either case, general public health education messages about alcohol may be

difficult todevelop, so that they target only persons for whom moderateconsumption of

alcohol would have a positive cost-benefit ratio.

Therefore, the following recommendations may be made for the individual patient who is

considering beginning or continuingto drink alcohol.

1. Consult a physician for an assessment of the benefitsand risks of alcohol consumption.

Persons with a personal orfamily history of alcoholism, hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis,

liver disease, certain blood disorders, heart failure, and uncontrolled hypertension, as well as

pregnant women and persons on certainmedications that interact with alcohol, should not

consume anyalcohol. Any recommendations should be tailored to the individualpatient's

risks and potential benefits.


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Conclusion

I. Drinking Alcohols

For many people, moderate drinking is probably safe. It may even have health benefits,including reducing your risk of certain heart problems. Moderate drinking is one drink a dayfor woman or anyone over 65, and two drinks a day for men under 65.

Some people should not drink at all, including alcoholics, children, pregnant women, peopleon certain medicines and people with some medical conditions. If you have questions aboutwhether it is safe for you to drink, speak with your healthcare provider.

Anything more than moderate drinking can be risky. Binge drinking - drinking five or moredrinks at one time - can damage your health and increase your risk for accidents, injuriesand assault. Years of heavy drinking can lead to liver disease, heart disease, cancer and

pancreatitis. It can also cause problems at home, at work and with friends.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

II. Heart Disease

Heart disease is a number of abnormal conditions affecting the heart and the blood vesselsin the heart. Types of heart disease include:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type and is the leading cause of

heart attacks. When you have CAD, your arteries become hard and narrow. Blood has a

hard time getting to the heart, so the heart does not get all the blood it needs. CAD can leadto:

o Angina.Angina is chest pain or discomfort that happens when the heart does not get

enough blood. It may feel like a pressing or squeezing pain, often in the chest, butsometimes the pain is in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. It can also feel likeindigestion (upset stomach). Angina is not a heart attack, but having angina means you aremore likely to have a heart attack.

o Heart attack. A heart attack occurs when an artery is severely or completely blocked, and

the heart does not get the blood it needs for more than 20 minutes. Heart failure occurs when the heart is not able to pump blood through the body as well as

it should. This means that other organs, which normally get blood from theheart, do not getenough blood. It does NOT mean that the heart stops. Signs of heart failure include:

o Shortness of breath (feeling like you can't get enough air)

o Swelling in feet, ankles, and legs

o Extreme tiredness

Heart arrhythmias are changes in the beat of the heart. Most people have felt dizzy, faint,

out of breath or had chest pains at one time. These changes in heartbeat are, for most
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people, harmless. As you get older, you are more likely to have arrhythmias. Don't panic ifyou have a few flutters or if your heart races once in a while.

Prevent Heart Disease

You can reduce your chances of getting heart disease by taking these steps:

Know your blood pressure. Your heart moves blood through your body. If it is hard for

your heart to do this, your heart works harder, and your blood pressure will rise. People withhigh blood pressure often have no symptoms, so have your blood pressure checked every 1to 2 years. If you have high blood pressure , your doctor may suggest you make somelifestyle changes, such as eating less salt (DASH Eating Plan) and exercising more. Yourdoctor may also prescribe medicine to help lower your blood pressure.

Don't smoke. If you smoke, try to quit. If you're having trouble quitting, there are products

and programs that can help:

Nicotine patches and gums

Support groups

Programs to help you stop smoking

Ask your doctor or nurse for help. For more information on quitting, visit Quitting Smoking.

Get tested fordiabetes . People with diabetes have high blood glucose (often called

blood sugar). People with high blood sugar often have no symptoms, so have your bloodsugar checked regularly. Having diabetes raises your chances of getting heart disease. Ifyou have diabetes, your doctor will decide if you need diabetes pills or insulin shots. Yourdoctor can also help you make a healthy eating and exercise plan.

Get yourcholesterol and triglyceride levels tested. High blood cholesterol can clog your

arteries and keep your heart from getting the blood it needs. This can cause a heart attack.Triglycerides are a form of fat in your blood stream. High levels of triglycerides are linked toheart disease in some people. People with high blood cholesterol or high blood triglyceridesoften have no symptoms, so have your blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels checkedregularly. If your cholesterol or triglyceride levels are high, talk to your doctor about what youcan do to lower them. You may be able to lower your cholesterol and triglyceride levels byeating better and exercising more. Your doctor may prescribe medication to help lower yourcholesterol.

Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight raises your risk for heart disease. Calculateyour Body Mass Index (BMI) to see if you are at a healthy weight. Eat a healthy diet andexercise at a moderate intensity for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Start byadding more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to your diet. Take a brisk walk on yourlunch break or take the stairs instead of the elevator.

If you drink alcohol, limit it to no more than one drink (one 12 ounce beer, one 5 ounce

glass of wine, or one 1.5 ounce shot of hard liquor) a day.
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2. www.wikipedia.com. Alcoholic Beverages.

3. www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htm
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alcohol and heart disease 1

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