alcohol. the character of alcohol ethanol the alcohol in beer, wine, spirits methanol wood alcohol...
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Alcohol
AlcoholThe character of alcohol
EthanolThe alcohol in beer, wine,
spiritsMethanol
Wood alcohol—poisonousIs alcohol a nutrient?
Provides energy7 kcal/g
No other nutritive value
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Alcohol and Its Sources
FermentationYeast cells metabolize
sugar to make alcoholAlcoholic beverages
Beer: 5–6% alcoholWine: 8–14% alcoholLiquor: 35–45% alcohol
“Proof” is twice the alcohol percentage
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What Is a Drink?
Alcohol Absorption
No digestion requiredAbsorbed from mouth,
esophagus, stomach,and small intestine
Absorption slowed by food
Alcohol Metabolism
Small amounts of alcoholAlcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol acetaldehyde
Aldehyde dehydrogenaseAcetaldehyde
acetateAcetaldehyde, acetate
converted to acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA molecules
built into fatty acids
Alcohol Metabolism
Large amount of alcoholOverwhelms alcohol
dehydrogenase systemUses microsomal ethanol-
oxidizing system (MEOS)
Alcohol MetabolismRemoving alcohol from
circulationLiver metabolism limitedBlood alcohol level falls
slowlyIndividual differences
in rate of alcohol metabolismGenderRace/ethnicityAge
Graph source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Alcohol Metabolism: Gender Differences
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When Alcohol Becomes a ProblemAlcohol in the brain and nervous system
Depressant; affects all parts of brainAlcohol’s effect on GI system
Esophagitis and gastritis
When Alcohol Becomes a Problem
Alcohol and the liverFatty liverFibrosisCirrhosis
Fetal alcohol syndromePhysical abnormalitiesMental retardationLow birth weight and poor growth
Alcoholics and MalnutritionPoor diet
Alcohol provides energy but no nutrients
Economic factorsLack of interest in food;
GI problemsVitamin deficiencies
Alcohol interferes with vitamin metabolism
Folate, thiamin, andvitamin A
Alcoholics and MalnutritionMineral deficiencies
Inadequate diet; fluid lossesCalcium, magnesium, iron, and zincSome mineral levels are elevated
MacronutrientsAlcohol interferes with amino acid absorptionAlcohol raises blood levels of fats
Body weightInconsistent effect of alcohol calories on weight
Does Alcohol Have Benefits?Moderate drinking has been associated
with reduced mortalityHeart disease
French paradox: red wine
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Harmful Effects
Alcohol
People who should not consume alcoholThose who cannot moderate their intakeChildren and adolescentsThose taking certain medicationsThose with illnesses worsened by alcoholThose who drive or operate machineryPregnant or breastfeeding womenThose with a strong family history of
alcoholism
Energy DrinksBackgroundHealth risksTo ban or not to ban?