alcohols ch 3 ch 2 oh (ethanol) ch 3 oh methanol
TRANSCRIPT
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alcohols
CH3CH2OH (ethanol)CH3OH methanol
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ether
CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether)propellant in aerosol cans
CH3OCH2CH3 methoxyethane or ethyl methyl ether
low boiling points
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aldehydes
CH3CHO ethanal(acetaldehyde)
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ketones
Butanone or methyl ethyl ketone
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Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic Acids pKa
Formic acid (HCO2H) 3.77
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 4.76
Chloroacetic acid (CH2ClCO2H) 2.86
Dichloroacetic acid (CHCl2CO2H) 1.29
Trichloroacetic acid (CCl3CO2H) 0.65
Trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO2H) 0.5
Oxalic acid (HO2CCO2H) 1.27
Benzoic acid (C6H5CO2H) 4.2
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ester
-formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol-used as fragrances
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amides
CH3NH2 (methyl amine)Amine-NH2
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nitrile
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Substitution Reaction – a reaction in which part of a small reacting molecule replaces an atom or a group
of atoms on the organic molecule
CH3CH2CH3 + Cl2 CH3CH2CH2Cl + HClpropane + chlorine 1-chloropropane + hydrochloric acidH is replaced by a functional group (Cl)
CH3CH2OH + HF CH3CH2F + H2OEthanol + hydrofluoric acid fluoroethane + water
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HalogenationH
CH
H
C
H
H
H + Br2
H
CH
H
C
H
H
Br
Heat or Light or hv
Ethane Bromoethane
HBr+
C
H
H
H + Cl2
Heat or Light or hv
Methane chloromethane
HCl+H C
H
H
ClH
CH2Cl2 and CHCl3may be observed
A halogen is added
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Addition reactions
Breaking a double bond and adding a halogen, a hydrogen halide, or sulfuric acid.
H2C=CH2(g) + Br2(l) BrH2C-CH2Br(l)Ethene + bromine 1,2-dibromorthane
CH2=CHCH3 + HCl CH3CHClCH3
propene + hydrochloric acid 2-chloropropane
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Elimination reactions
Remove atoms to create double bonds.
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CHCH2 + H2O 1-propanol propene + water
H2SO4
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Esterification
forms an ester by heating a carboxylic acid, R-CO-OH, with an alcohol, R'-OH, while removing the water that
is formed.
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Saponification
Ester + base alcohol + salt
fat or oil + base soap + glycerol
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C C
H
H
H
H H
C C
H
H H
C C
H
H
H
CH3 H
C C
CH3
H H
C C
H
H
H
Cl
C C
F
F
F
F
C C
H H
C C
H
H HH
C C
H
H
ClH
C C
F F
FF
n
Polyethylene
n
Polypropylenepropylene
ethylene
vinyl chloride
n
n
n
n
Poly(vinylchloride), PVC
n
n
n
n
TeflonTetrafluoroethene
Styrene
Polystyrene
Polymers are large molecules containing many identical repeating units (100-1000000)
Polymerisation reaction is a repetition reaction which combines many small molecules of monomer (alkene) to form a polymer
Addition polymer is a polymer in which the monomer simply add together with no other products formed besides polymer
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