aldehydes presentation.pptx
TRANSCRIPT
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First things first !!
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Carbonyl Group
A carbonyl group is a chemically organic functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom
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Carbonyl Group
What is the chemical structure of CARBONYL??
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Carbonyl Group
[C=O]
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Carbonyl Group
Carbonyl compounds can be devided into two classes :
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Carbonyl Group
Class I - Has a group attached to the acyl group that can function as a leaving group.
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Carbonyl Group
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Carbonyl Group
Class II - Does not have a group attached to the acyl group that can function as a leaving group.
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Carbonyl Group
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Reactions at the Carbonyl Group
Reagents that attack the electron-poor d+ end of this bond are nucleophiles.
Nucleophiles (from “nucleus loving”, or “positive-charge loving”). A nucleophile is a reactant that provides a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Reactions at the Carbonyl Group
Reagents that attack the electron-rich d - end of the C=O bond are called electrophiles.
electrophilicity (from “electron-loving”, or “negative-charge loving”). An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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Welcome To !!!
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ALDEHYDES !!
When the carbonyl group is directly bonded to, at least, one hydrogen atom the compound is said to be an aldehyde,
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ALDEHYDES !!
What is the chemical formula for aldehydes?
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ALDEHYDES !!
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When the carbonyl group is directly bonded to, at least, one hydrogen atom the compound is said to be an aldehyde,
ALDEHYDES !!
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but when only directly connected to carbon atoms it is described as a ketone.
ALDEHYDES !!
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ALDEHYDES !!Aldehyde is an organic compound which contain formyl group. This functional group, in its structure R-CHO, consist of carboxyl centre bonded to R group and hydrogen. The group with R is called as formyl group and aldehyde group.
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ALDEHYDES !!
NomenclatureSteps to remember!
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Nomenclature !!Identify and name the parent.
Identify and name the substituents.
Assign a locant to each substituent.
1.2
. 3.4
.Assemble the substituents alphabetically.
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Notes in naming Aldehydes
Notice!
Nomenclature !!
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In this line structure, the double bonded oxygen should always on the very end of the molecule
Nomenclature !!
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And In this 2nd line structure, the double bonded oxygen is somewhere in the middle of carbon chain and hydrogen attached near to the oxygen.
Nomenclature !!
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But wait !!
There’s more !!
Some basic !!
Branched Substituent !!
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Isopropyl !!
Sec - butyl !!
Tert - butyl!!
Iso – butyl !!
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Isopropyl !!
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Sec - butyl !!
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Tert – butyl !!
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Iso - butyl !!
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Important thing in naming aldehydes
When naming the parent, the suffix “-al” indicates the presence of an aldehyde group.
Nomenclature !!
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Nomenclature !!
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Nomenclature !!When choosing the parent of an aldehyde
Identify the longest chain
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Application !!Formaldehyde
Use in:• Tanning• Preserving• Embalming• Germicide• Fungicide• Production on
polymeric materials
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Tests for Aldehydes !!2,4-DNP Test for Aldehydes
and Ketones
Positive test :Formation of a precipitate is a positive test
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Tests for Aldehydes !!
Tollen’s Test for Aldehydes
Positive Test:Formation of silver mirror or a black precipitate is a positive test.
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Tests for Aldehydes !!Jones (Chromic Acid)
Oxidation Test for AldehydesPositive Test:
A positive test for aldehydes and primary or secondary alcohols consists in the production of an opaque suspension with a green to blue color. Tertiary alcohols give no visible reaction within 2 seconds, the solution remaining orange in color. Disregard any changes after 15 seconds.
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Tests for Aldehydes !!
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Nomenclature !!
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Nomenclature !!
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Nomenclature !!