1 - - ____________________ 5 ____________ 6 - __________________________________ 7 ___________ 17 - _________________________ 17 ___________ 17 __________________________________________ 18 ___________ 19 ________________________________ 19 _________________________ 20 __________________________________________________ 23 ________________ 28 ______________________ 30 __________________________ 32 __________________________ 36 _______________________________________ 40 - __________________ 40 _____________________________________________ 50 _____________________ 57 _____________________________ 57 _____________________________________ 58 _______________________________________ 58 ____________________________________ 58 _________________________________________________ 58 ____________________________________________ 58 / _________________________________ 58 ______________ 59 2 ________________________________ 60 _______________________________________ 62 __________________________ 63 ____________________________ 67 __________________________________ 68 _____________________ 69 _________________ 70 71 - - ______________________________ 71 - ___________________________________________ 74 II _________________________________________ 81 __________________________________ 83 ____________________________ 83 ____________________ 85 II _______ 85 _______________________ 85 _________________ 86 ______________________ 86 ________ 89 _____________________ 91 V ______ 92 ______________________ 94 ____________________ 94 ____________ 94 ________________________________ 95 _______________________ 96 _________________ 97 ______________________ 97 _______________________ 98 ____________________ 100 _______________________ 100 ________________________ 100 VII _____ 102 ______________________ 102 3 _____________________ 103 __________________________ 104 ____________________________ 104 _______________________________ 105 ________________________ 105 ________________ 107 _____________________ 107 ______________________ 108 __________________________ 108 ____________________ 109 _______________________ 109 ________________________ 110 ____________________ 111 _________________________________________________ 112 ____________________________________________________ 115 __________________________________ 117 ) __________________ 117 ) ________________________ 121 ) ___________________________________ 123 ) _____________________ 126 ) _____________________ 127 , _________________________________________ 128 _____________________________________ 134 __________________________________ 139 _______________________________________ 150 SUMMARY _____________________________________ 153 ________________________________________ 155 1 _____________________________________ 158 ________________________________________ 158 2 _______________________________________ 199 4 _____________________________ 199 _____________________________________________ 199 2. ____________ 206 2.1. _________________________________ 206 _________________________________ 220 _______________________________ 224 5 . - - 1998. 6 1 - - . - . . - , - , . , : , , , , , . - , . , . " ", " " ; 1 . . (1991): " ", : . 7 . , , , , . , , . (Bloom,1976) " " - " " . ("Mastery learning"), 75 - 90% . , , . , , , (Cronbach, 1977). . - (, 1981). (1976) , . . - , , , . - , . (1956) - . , . 8 - - . : , , , . 1: - , : - , - - - ( ) . ( 1) : (Bloom, 1956), (Cronbach et al.,1964) (Harrow, 1972). : 1. - . 2. - . 9 , . (Kropp & Stoker, 1966) , - , . (Madaus, Woods & Nuttall, 1973) , , : . , . "g" , . . (1956) "" " " " " : - . - , . - - . - . - , . . 10 " " - " ". : - . - - . - . (Gagn, 1965; Cox,1973). , , "" . (De Block, 1972) (Guilford, 1967) ( ). ( 2) . 72 : 1. , . 2. . : , , , . 3. . - . 2: 11 (1967) . (, , ) . , , , - . (), : , , , . . (De Landsheere, 1977; De Corte, 1973). ( 3) (De Landsheere, 1977). "", "" "" " " , "" . - "" " ", , "" , (. , 1973). 12 3: "" (De Corte, 1973). "" : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) 7) . 13 , ( ) , - , - . 4 (D'Hainaut, 1970). 14 . , , (Miller, 1961) (Mager, 1962). - . . . , . (Merrill, 1971) (2.3 3.1, 1) . : - , , . , , , . ( 5) , (Krathwol et al.., 1964). (Metfessel et al., 1969; Stones & Anderson, 1972), , . 1: - 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 2. ( ) 2.1 - 2.2 2.3 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 3.1 4.1 - ( ) 3.2 4.2 ( ) 3.3 4.3 () 15 (1972) ( 1) . De Landsheere, 1977), . 5: , . . "" . , " " "" . , , , , , , . , , , . . 16 . - - . ? 17 ? (Hilgard & Bower, 1977) . - 1. - , - . 2. . 3. . 4. , . 5. - "". 6. ( ), . 7. , . 1. . . 2. - , . 3. , . 4. - . ( - , ). 18 5. , . 6. - , - . . 1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. . , . 5. - . 6. . 7. ( , , ) . 8. , , - . . . - . - , , , . 19 , - . (Bruner, 1960) " ", , - . , . , . : 1. . 2. . " " - . , , . 3. " ". . 4. "" , , "" "" . , , : . : , - . , , (-, 1970). 20 (1970) " " - , . , : - , "" , , - "" . , - . (Jung, 1975) " , " "" , . ? . , - . " ", - . " " : (Atkinson, 1966) , (Evans, 1969) , (Kohlberg, 1977) , (1978) . . . . " . " (, 1977, . 259). 21 , - . , . . " , ". - . " "" , " (, 1966, . 43). ; . : , . . , , ( ). - . - . , - . . , . - ( ). . . , - , . - 22 , . , - , . - " ". " () (, , , , .), , ( , , , , , , .) , , , (, 1977).2 (Donaldson, 1982) " " (), , " , " (). " " - . , - , . , " , ". , , . 2 , .: .. , , , , 1977, . 20 23 (1977), XIV " ", . (Toward a Theorry of Instruction, The Relevance of Education) , . - , . . : (1) , (2) (3) . : () , () , () , () , () , () , () . 6: (1967) . : - " ", - , - , 24 - - , - , . : () , () , () () . (1977) , . , . , . 1. ( 6) , , - : . . : , - . - , . , : . (Shulman, 1977) , , - , . , " ", , - , . , - , . 25 (" ") . : " ", - . . (Ebel, 1977) - . (Broudy & Palmer, 1965) . - , . . (, ) , . , , . (Ausubel, 1968) . - , . : 1. . 2. , , . . , . - . . : 26 . . " ". , , . . , ? . . - , , . . - . . , - ( ). , - ( ). , . " " " ". , 27 . , . , . , , . " " ( ). " " ( ). " " , , () () . " ", . (Crutchfield, 1977) " " . , . . . . . - . , , , . , . . , , - , . 28 - , , . . . , , - . , . . . . , . . . . "" - , , , , . , , - . - , . - . . . 29 - . - (Kami, 1971). (Furth,1970) - . , - , . , , - . . , . - () , = . - , , . , . . , . , (1978, . 9). - . : () , , ; () - , . : " " . - - , , . 30 (1971) (discovery), , (invent), - . - - . . (1981) - , - () - () - . (1981) " , " - " ". - - . . . . - . , - . , " ", . , - . (Hunt, 1961) (Ferguson, 1954) , . . , 31 - , . . . . , , - . , . , , , - . ( ) "" , . : . - . , - . - . . (Fleishman,1960; , 1969) . (1961) . , - , . , . . . . 32 . : () , () - , . (1969) , , " ". . (Lorge, 1945; Thorndike, 1948; Husen, 1951; Holland, 1951). (Vernon, 1964) . : () , () , () () . (1976) . , , , , , . . (1981) . , . . " " - , . - , ( ). 33 . , - . , . (1981) . : () . - , , . : () () - . , . . : () ( ) , , () , , (). : , . , - . . - . , - " ". (1979) . 34 . . - . , , , " " (, 1976). (1981) - . - , " ". . " , . : , , , , . , , . , , , , , . : , , . . , , , - " (1981, . 48). . , - " ". . 35 , . . , . " " . " ". "" " ". " , , , " (1981, . 146). : , , . " ". . , , - . - . " " " , ". , "", . - , : , " ". 36 - - . . (1981) . - , , . " , ". (1975) . : () , () , () () . , , , - , - . , - , , , . , . - . (1976) : , 37 , . : , , , , . : , , , - . 7: , , , . . - "" . , , , . (50%), 38 (25%) (25%). . (Block, 1970; Anderson, 1971; Arlin, 1973; Binor, 1974; . Levin, 1975). (Block, 1977) , "Mastery learning", (75 - 90%). 3/4 1/4 . . - , , . . - , . . . : () , () , . "mastery learning". - . . ? (Cronback, 1977) . . , . 39 , . . (. Levin, 1979) " ". "mastery learning" " ", . ( ) . . . ? . . (F = 20,13; p < 0,01). , - (F=10,87; p