alexander the great - steilacoom€¦ · alexander the great •philip intended to use greece as a...
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Macedonia
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Philip II
• Ruled Macedonia from 359-
336 B.C. and transformed it
into a powerful military
machine
• Moved into northern Greece
and met little resistance due
to residual effects of
Peloponnesian War
– By 338 he had Greece under
his control
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Hellenistic World
• The period of Alexander and his successors is called the Hellenistic period to reflect the broad influence of Greek culture beyond Greece’s borders
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Alexander the Great
• Philip intended to use Greece as a launching
pad to invade Persia, but he was assassinated
before he could begin his plan
• Instead the invasion of Persia would be left for
Philip’s son Alexander who was just 20 when
Philip was assassinated
– “Alexander inherited from his father the most
perfectly organized, trained, and equipped army
of ancient times.”
• J.F.C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great
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Conquests of Alexander
• Ionia and Anatolia 333
• Syria, Palestine, Egypt 332
• Mesopotamia 331
• Persepolis 331
• King of Persia 330
• India 327
• Returns to Susa 324
• Dies (age 33) 323
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Warfare in the Age of Alexander
• Phalanx: A formation of infantry carrying
overlapping shields and long spears, developed by
Philip II and used by Alexander the Great
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Warfare in the Age of Alexander
• Hoplite
– The main melee
warrior of the
Macedonian army.
– Worked mainly in the
tight phalanx
formation, creating
impregnable lines that
often left the enemy
demoralized.
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Warfare in the Age of Alexander
• Companions
– Alexander’s elite cavalry, the offensive arm of his army, and his elite guard.
– They would be used in conjunction with the phalanx. The phalanx would fix the enemy in place and then the companion cavalry would attack on the flank.
– Alexander would lead the charge with his cavalry, normally in a wedge formation.
– These troops would also protect the flanks of the Macedonian line during battle.
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Warfare in the Age of Alexander
• Generally would go around
strong points. When he
could not he used
engineering.
• Sieges involved the
surrounding and blockading
of a town or fortress by an
army trying to capture it.
• A variety of weapons were
built to hurl projectiles over
city walls, scale or batter the
walls, and transport soldiers
over them.
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Al e x a nd e r
t h e Gr e a t
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T h e Cl a ssi c a l
Gr e e k
“ I d e a l ”
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The Economy of the Hellenistic World
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The End of the Empire
"The Marriage of
Alexander the Great
and Roxanna" by
Ishmail Parbury
• Alexander – Married Roxanna and had his men
also intermarry
– Adopted Eastern dress and habits
– Publicly insisted upon his descent from the gods
– Began giving key positions to Persians
• The Macedonians were tired of campaigning and resented the changes in Alexander’s behavior and become mutinous
• Alexander died in June 323, perhaps as a result of poisoning
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After Alexander • After Alexander died,
his generals jockeyed for power and by 275 they had divided up his kingdom into three large states
– Antigonus took Greece and Macedon
– Ptolemy took Egypt
– Seleuces took the former Achaemenid empire
• The period of Alexander and his successors is called the Hellenistic period to reflect the broad influence of Greek culture beyond Greece’s borders
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The Hellenization of Asia
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Next
• Romans