alison e. cole and r.a. nicoll- characterization of a slow cholinergic post-synaptic potential...

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J. Physiol. (1984), 352, p p . 173-188 1 7 3 With 1 0 text-figures Printed i n Great Britain CHARACTERIZATION OF A SLOW CHOLINERGIC POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL RECORDED IN VITRO FROM RAT HIPPOCAMPAL PYRAMIDAL CELLS B Y ALISON E . COLE* AND R . A . NICOLL From t h e Departments o f Pharmacology a n d Physiology, University o f California, S a n Francisco, CA 94143, U.S.A. (Received 2 4 June 1983) SUMMARY 1 . Intracellular from CA I pyramidal cells i n t h e hippocampal preparation w as used t o compare t h e action o f exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh) a n d cholinomimetics t o t h e effect o f electrically stimulating sites i n t h e slice known t o contain cholinergic fibres. 2 . ACh depolarized pyramidal cells with a n associated increase i n input resistance, blocked a calcium-activated potassium conductance (GK(Ca)), a n d blocked accommo- dation o f action potential discharge. A l l o f these actions were blocked b y t h e muscarinic antagonist, atropine. 3 . Repetitive electrical stimulation o f stratum (s.) oriens evoked a series o f fast excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) followed b y a n inhibitory post-synaptic potential. These potentials were followed by a slow e.p.s.p. that lasted 20-30 s . 4 . Th e slow e.p.s.p. w a s selectively enhanced b y eserine a n d blocked b y atropine. Ionophoretic application o f A Ch closely mimicked t h e time course o f t h e slow e.p.s.p. 5 . Th e slow e.p.s.p. w a s blocked b y tetrodotoxin a n d cadmium, indicating that i t w a s dependent o n propagated action potentials a n d o n calcium. 6 . Considerably higher stimulus strengths were needed t o elicit a slow e.p.s.p. than t o elicit th e earlier synaptic potentials. T h e size o f t h e slow e.p.s.p. w a s markedly increased b y repetitive stimulation. 7 . Stimulation o f th e alveus, s . oriens, s . pyramidale a n d fimbria a l l evoked a slow e.p.s.p., while stimulation o f s . radiatum w a s relatively ineffective. 8 . T h e input resistance o f t he cell increased during the slow e.p.s.p. Hyperpolarizing t h e cell decreasedthe size o f the slow e.p.s.p. a n d a t membrane potentials of - 7 0 mV o r greater, little response w a s recorded. 9 . Stimulation o f s . oriens blocked GK(ca) a n d accommodation o f action potential discharge. These effects, which could b e seen i n t h e absence o f any change i n membrane potential, were enhanced b y eserine a n d blocked b y atropine. 1 0 . T h e present electrophysiological results establish that CAI pyramidal cells receive a cholinergic input a n d demonstrate that this input c a n dramatically alter t h e firing properties of these neurones f o r tens ofseconds i n the absence o f a n y marked * Present address: Laboratory o f Neurophysiology, NIH-NINCDS, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20205, U.S.A. ) by guest on October 27, 2010  jp.physoc.org Downloaded from J Physiol (

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Page 1: Alison E. Cole and R.A. Nicoll- Characterization of a Slow Cholinergic Post-Synaptic Potential Recorded In Vitro From Rat Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells

8/3/2019 Alison E. Cole and R.A. Nicoll- Characterization of a Slow Cholinergic Post-Synaptic Potential Recorded In Vitro From…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alison-e-cole-and-ra-nicoll-characterization-of-a-slow-cholinergic-post-synaptic 1/16

J . P h y s i o l . ( 1 9 8 4 ) , 3 5 2 , p p . 1 7 3 - 1 8 8 1 7 3W i t h 1 0 t e x t - f i g u r e s

P r i n t e d i n G r e a t B r i t a i n

CHARACTERIZATION OF A SLOW CHOLINERGIC POST-SYNAPTIC

POTENTIAL RECORDED IN VITRO FROM RAT HIPPOCAMPALPYRAMIDAL CELLS

BY ALISON E . COLE* AND R . A . NICOLL

From t h e D e p a r t m e n t s o f P h a r m a c o l o g y a n d P h y s i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a ,S a n F r a n c i s c o , CA 9 4 1 4 3 , U . S . A .

( R e c e i v e d 2 4 J u n e 1 9 8 3 )

SUMMARY

1 . I n t r a c e l l u l a r r e c o r d i n g f r o m CAI p y r a m i d a l c e l l s i n t h e h i p p o c a m p a l s l i c ep r e p a r a t i o n w a s u s e d t o c o m p a r e t h e a c t i o n o f e x o g e n o u s l y a p p l i e d a c e t y l c h o l i n e( A C h ) a n d c h o l i n o m i m e t i c s t o t h e e f f e c t o f e l e c t r i c a l l y s t i m u l a t i n g s i t e s i n t h e s l i c eknown t o c o n t a i n c h o l i n e r g i c f i b r e s .

2 . ACh d e p o l a r i z e d p y r a m i d a l c e l l s w i t h a n a s s o c i a t e d i n c r e a s e i n i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e ,b l o c k e d a c a l c i um - a c t i v a t e d p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e ( G K ( C a ) ) , a n d b l o c k e d accommo-

d a t i o n o f a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l d i s c h a r g e . A l l o f t h e s e a c t i o n s w e r e b l o c k e d b y t h e

m u s c a r i n i c a n t a g o n i s t , a t r o p i n e .3 . R e p e t i t i v e e l e c t r i c a l s t i m u l a t i o n o f s t r a t u m ( s . ) o r i e n s e v o k e d a s e r i e s o f f a s t

e x c i t a t o r y p o s t - s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l s ( e . p . s . p . s ) f o l l o w e d b y a n i n h i b i t o r y p o s t - s y n a p t i cp o t e n t i a l . T h e s e p o t e n t i a l s w e r e f o l l o w e d b y a s l o w e . p . s . p . t h a t l a s t e d 2 0 - 3 0 s .

4 . The s l o w e . p . s . p . w a s s e l e c t i v e l y e n h a n c e d b y e s e r i n e a n d b l o c k e d b y a t r o p i n e .

I o n o p h o r e t i c a p p l i c a t i o n o f ACh c l o s e l y m i m i c k e d t h e t i m e c o u r s e o f t h e s l o w e . p . s . p .5 . The s l o w e . p . s . p . w a s b l o c k e d b y t e t r o d o t o x i n a n d c a d m i u m , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i t

w a s d e p e n d e n t o n p r o p a g a t e d a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s a n d o n c a l c i u m .

6 . C o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r s t i m u l u s s t r e n g t h s w e r e n e e d e d t o e l i c i t a s l o w e . p . s . p . t h a n

t o e l i c i t t h e e a r l i e r s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l s . T h e s i z e o f t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . was m a r k e d l y

i n c r e a s e d b y r e p e t i t i v e s t i m u l a t i o n .

7 . S t i m u l a t i o n o f t h e a l v e u s , s . o r i e n s , s . p y r a m i d a l e a n d f i m b r i a a l l e v o k e d a s l o w

e . p . s . p . , w h i l e s t i m u l a t i o n o f s . r a d i a t u m was r e l a t i v e l y i n e f f e c t i v e .8 . T h e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c e l l i n c r e a s e d d u r i n g t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . H y p e r p o l a r i z i n g

t h e c e l l d e c r e a s e d t h e s i z e o f t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . a n d a t membrane p o t e n t i a l s o f -70 mVo r g r e a t e r , l i t t l e r e s p o n s e was r e c o r d e d .

9 . S t i m u l a t i o n o f s . o r i e n s b l o c k e d G K ( c a ) a n d a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f a c t i o n p o t e n t i a ld i s c h a r g e . T h e s e e f f e c t s , w h i c h c o u l d b e s e e n i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a n y c h a n g e i nmembrane p o t e n t i a l , w e r e e n h a n c e d b y e s e r i n e a n d b l o c k e d b y a t r o p i n e .

1 0 . T h e p r e s e n t e l e c t r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s u l t s e s t a b l i s h t h a t CAI p y r a m i d a l c e l l sr e c e i v e a c h o l i n e r g i c i n p u t a n d d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h i s i n p u t c a n d r a m a t i c a l l y a l t e r

t h e f i r i n g p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s e n e u r o n e s f o r t e n s o f s e c o n d s i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a n y m a r k e d* P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : L a b o r a t o r y o f N e u r o p h y s i o l o g y , NIH-NINCDS, 9 0 0 0 R o c k v i l l e P i k e ,

B e t h e s d a , MD 2 0 2 0 5 , U . S . A .

) by guest on October 27, 2010 jp.physoc.orgDownloaded from J Physiol (

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A . E . COLE AND R . A . NICOLL

e f f e c t o n membrane p o t e n t i a l . S u c h a n a c t i o n c o n t r a s t s w i t h p r e v i o u s l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d

s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l s i n t h i s r e g i o n o f t h e b r a i n .

INTRODUCTION

T h e e x i st e n c e o f a p r o j e c t i o n f r o m c e l l s i n t h e m e d i a l s e p t a l n u c l e u s t o t h e

h i p p o c a m p u s w a s f i r s t s u g g e s t e d b y a n a t o m i s t s n e a r t h e t u r n o f t h e c e n t u r y ( E l l i o tS m i t h , 1 9 1 0 ; H e r r i c k , 1 9 1 0 ) . An a b u n d a n c e o f more r e c e n t n e u r o a n a t o m i c a l s t u d i e su s i n g d e g e n e r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s ( M o r i n , 1 9 5 0 ; M c L a r d y , 1 9 5 5 ; R a i s m a n , 1 9 6 6 ) a n d

r e t r o g r a d e a n d a n t e r o g r a d e t r a n s p o r t t e c h n i q u e s ( M o s c o , L y n c h & C o t m a n , 1 9 7 3 ;R o s e , H a t t o r i & F i b i g e r , 1 9 7 6 ; M e i b a c h & S i e g e l , 1 9 7 7 ; L y n c h , R o s e & G a l l , 1 9 7 8 ;C r u t c h e r , M a d i s o n & D a v i s , 1 9 8 1 ) h a v e f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f a

s e p t o - h i p p o c a m p a l p a t h w a y . H o w e v e r , i t was n o t u n t i l t h e w o r k o f L e w i s & S h u t e

( 1 9 6 7 ) t h a t t h e c h o l i n e r g i c n a t u r e o f t h e s e p t o - h i p p o c a m p a l p r o j e c t i o n was d e m o n -

s t r a t e d , b a s e d o n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c h o l i n e s t e r a s e a n d c h o l i n e a c e t y l t r a n s f e r a s e i n

t h e s e a r e a s ( S h u t e & L e w i s , 1 9 6 6 ; L e w i s & S h u t e , 1 9 6 7 ; L e w i s , S h u t e & S i l v e r , 1 9 6 7 ) .M o r e r e c e n t l y , t h e r e l e a s e o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e ( A C h ) f r o m t h e h i p p o c a m p u s h a s b e e n

s h o w n t o b e i n c r e a s e d d u r i n g s e p t a l s t i m u l a t i o n ( S m i t h , 1 9 7 4 ; D u d a r , 1 9 7 5 ) .Many i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e f o u n d t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n o f ACh t o h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a l

c e l l s c a u s e s a s l o w m u s c a r i n i c e x c i t a t i o n ( B e n - A r i , K r n j e v i c , R e i n h a r d t & R o p e r t ,

1 9 8 1 ; D o d d , D i n g l e d i n e & K e l l y , 1 9 8 1 ; H a l l i w e l l & A d a m s , 1 9 8 2 ; B e n a r d o & P r i n c e ,1 9 8 2 b ) . K r n j e v i c & R o p e r t ( 1 9 8 2 ) h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t s t i m u l a t i o n o f t h e m e d i a l

s e p t u m f a c i l i t a t e s t h e s y n c h r o n i z e d f i r i n g o f h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a l c e l l s i n r e s p o n s e

t o c o m m i s s u r a l i n p u t s a n d t h a t t h i s e f f e c t i s e n h a n c e d b y a n t i c h o l i n e s t e r a s e a n dr e d u c e d b y m u s c a r i n i c a n t a g o n i s t s . H o w e v e r , t h e p o s t - s y n a p t i c e f f e c t s o f s t i m u l a t i n gc h o l i n e r g i c f i b r e s h a v e n o t b e e n c h a r a c t e r i z e d w i t h i n t r a c e l l u l a r r e c o r d i n g .

I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , u s i n g t h e h i p p o c a m p a l s l i c e p r e p a r a t i o n , w e h a v e c h a r a c t e r i z e d

r e s p o n s e s r e c o r d e d i n t r a c e l l u l a r l y f r o m p y r a m i d a l c e l l s t h a t r e s u l t f r o m t h e a c t i v a t i o n

o f c h o l i n e r g i c f i b r e s a n d w e h a v e c o m p a r e d t h e s e e f f e c t s t o t h o s e o f ACh a p p l i c a t i o n .A p r e l i m i n a r y a c c o u n t o f some o f t h e s e r e s u l t s h a s a p p e a r e d ( C o l e & N i c o l l ,1 9 8 3 ) .

METHODS

T h e m e t h o d s f o r t h e r a t h i p p o c a m p a l s l i c e p r e p a r a t i o n u s e d i n t h e p r e se n t p a p e r a r e s i m i l a r t o

t h o s e u s e d i n o t h e r s t u d i e s f r o m t h i s l a b o r a t o r y ( c f . N i c o l l & A l g e r , 1 9 8 1 ; A l g e r & N i c o l l , 1 9 8 2 ) .O u r s t a n d a r d b a t h i n g medium c o n s i s t s o f ( m M ) : N a C l , 1 1 6 - 4 ; K C I , 5 - 4 ; M g S O 4 , 1 - 3 ; C a C l 2 , 2 ' 5 ;N a H 2 P O 4 , 1 P 0 ; N a H C O 3 , 2 6 - 2 ; g l u c o s e , 1 1 . I n t r a c e l l u l a r r e c o r d i n g e l e c t r o d e s w e r e p u l l e d f r o m

' o m e g a d o t ' g l a s s t u b i n g a n d f i l l e d w i t h 2 M - p o t a s s i u m m e t h y l s u l p h a t e ( 8 0 - 1 2 0 M Q ) . Th e mem-

b r a n e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e i m p a l e d c e l l c o u l d b e c h a n g e d b y p a s s i n g c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e r e c o r d i n ge l e c t r o d e u s i n g a b r i d g e c i r c u i t ( W P I 7 0 1 ) . O n l y c e l l s w i t h s t a b l e membrane p o t e n t i a l s o f g r e a t e rt h a n -55 mV w e r e u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h i s s t u d y i s b a s e d on r e c o r d i n g s o f over 1 4 0 c e l l s o b t a i n e d

i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i f t y s l i c e s . B i p o l a r s t i m u l a t i n g e l e c t r o d e s were c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m s t a i n l e s s - s t e e lm i c r o - e l e c t r o d e s ( H a e r ) . T h e two p o l e s o f t h e e l e c t r o d e were s t a g g e r e d s o t h a t w h e n t h e c a t h o d e

w a s i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e s l i c e t h e a n o d e was j u s t a b o v e t h e s l i c e . T h e s t i m u l u s c o n s i s t e d o f a 0 - 0 2 ms

p u l s e w i t h a n i n t e n s i t y o f 1 5 - 3 0 V . Th e r e s p o n s e s were a l l o b t a i n e d f r o m C A 1 p y r a m i d a l c e l l s .D r u g s w e r e a p p l i e d b y a d d i t i o n t o t h e s u p e r f u s i n g medium o r , i n a f e w c a s e s , b y i o n o p h o r e s i s .

F o r i o n o p h o r e s i s s i n g l e - b a r r e l l e d e l e c t r o d e s were f i l l e d w i t h e i t h e r 1 M - a c e t y l c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e o r

1 M - c a r b a m y l c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e ( c a r b a c h o l ) a n d w e r e e j e c t e d w i t h p o s i t i v e c u r r e n t . T h e d r u g s u s e d

1 7 4

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ACh E . P . S . P . IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES

w e r e e s e r i n e ( 0 1 - 1 0 / M ) , a c e t y l c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e ( 1 0 - 1 0 0 S M ) , c a r b a c h o l ( 1 - 2 0 # U M ) , t e t r o d o t o x i n

( 1 F M ) , c a d m i u m c h l o r i d e ( 1 0 0 A M ) , a n d a t r o p i n e m e t h y l n i t r a t e ( 0 0 1 - 1 # M ) . A l l o f t h e s e w e r e p u r -c h a s e d f r o m S i g m a . T e t r a e t h y l a m m o n i u m c h l o r i d e ( 5 m M ) w a s p u r c h a s e d f r o m E a s t m a n K o d a k .

RESULTS

E f f e c t s o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e a n d c a r b a c h o l

B a t h a p p l i c a t i o n o f e i t h e r ACh o r c a r b a c h o l h a d d r a m a t i c e f f e c t s o n CAl p y r a m i d a l

c e l l e x c i t a b i l i t y . T h e e f f e c t s o f c a r b a c h o l c o u l d b e s e e n a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s l o w a s

2 0 n m . I n c o n t r a s t , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f ACh g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 0 /M w e r e u s u a l l y r e q u i r e d

t o e l i c i t e f f e c t s . T h i s r e l a t i v e i n s e n s i t i v i t y t o ACh w a s d u e , i n p a r t , t o t h e a c t i o n o f

c h o l i n e s t e r a s e i n t h e t i s s u e , b e c a u s e i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f e s e r i n e ( 0 1 - 1 0 # M ) , e f f e c t sc o u l d b e s e e n a t 1 0 - f o l d l o w e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . F i g . 1 A s h o w s t h a t ACh h a d t w o

d i s t i n c t a c t i o n s o n p y r a m i d a l c e l l s . F i r s t , i t d e p o l a r i z e d t h e membrane p o t e n t i a l a n d

i n d u c e d r e p e t i t i v e f i r i n g o f t h e c e l l ( F i g . 1 A 2 ) . T h i s d e p o l a r i z a t i o n w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c e l l , w h i c h w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y p a s s i n gc o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t h y p e r p o l a r i z i n g p u l s e s t h r o u g h t h e r e c o r d i n g e l e c t r o d e . To s e e t h i si n c r e a s e i n r e s i s t a n c e m o r e c l e a r l y , a s t e a d y h y p e r p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t w a s a p p l i e d t or e t u r n t h e membrane b a c k t o t h e r e s t i n g l e v e l ( s e e b a r l a b e l l e d - d . c . b e n e a t h t r a c e ) .

S e c o n d l y , t h e h y p e r p o l a r i z a t i o n t h a t f o l l o w e d a s e r i e s o f a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s e v o k e d b y

a s h o r t ( 6 0 - 1 0 0 m s ) d e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t p u l s e w a s s e v e r e l y r e d u c e d ( F i g . 1 Al t o A 3 ) .

T h i s a f t e r - h y p e r p o l a r i z a t i o n ( a . h . p . ) h a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e d u e l a r g e l y t o a c a l c i u m -

a c t i v a t e d p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e ( A l g e r & N i c o l l , 1 9 8 0 ; H o t s o n & P r i n c e , 1 9 8 0 ;

S c h w a r t z k r o i n & S t a f s t r o m , 1 9 8 0 ; G u s t a f s s o n & W i g s t r o m , 1 9 8 1 ) . I n s o m e i n s t a n c e s

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c a r b a c h o l o r ACh t h a t p r o d u c e d l i t t l e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n n e v e r t h e l e s s

r e d u c e d t h e a . h . p . T h e m u s c a r i n i c a n t a g o n i s t , a t r o p i n e , c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d b o t h

a c t i o n s o f ACh ( F i g . 1 B ) a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s l o w a s 0 - 0 1 / M , w h i c h w a s t h e l o w e s t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n t e s t e d .I n r e s p o n s e t o l o n g - d u r a t i o n c u r r e n t p u l s e s ( 6 0 0 - 8 0 0 m s ) t h e d i s c h a r g e o f p y r a m i d a l

c e l l s a d a p t s r a p i d l y , a n d t y p i c a l l y a f t e r s i x t o e i g h t s p i k e s t h e c e l l f a l l s s i l e n t f o r t h e

d u r a t i o n o f t h e p u l s e ( c f . M a d i s o n & N i c o l l , 1 9 8 2 ) . C a r b a c h o l ( 1 - 2 0 F M ) a n d

a c e t y l c h o l i n e ( 1 0 U M - 1 mM) m a r k e d l y a t t e n u a t e d t h i s s p i k e f r e q u e n c y a d a p t a t i o n .

I n F i g . 2 a n i o n o p h o r e t i c p u l s e o f c a r b a c h o l ( 5 n A f o r 5 s ) d e p o l a r i z e d t h e c e l l by

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 mV ( F i g . 2 B ) a n d d r a m a t i c a l l y i n c r e a s e d t h e n u m b e r o f s p i k e s

e v o k e d b y t h e d e p o l a r i z i n g p u l s e ( F i g . 2A a n d C ) . T h i s e f f e c t w a s n o t d u p l i c a t e d i nt h i s c e l l b y d e p o l a r i z i n g t h e c e l l t o a s i m i l a r e x t e n t w i t h c u r r e n t ( s e e r e c o r d l a b e l l e d+ d . c . i n F i g . 2 A ) o r b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e s i z e o f t h e d e p o l a r i z i n g p u l s e i n o r d e r t o c o n t r o l

f o r t h e i n c r e a s e i n i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e ( n o t s h o w n ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e c h a n g e i nmembrane p o t e n t i a l , t h e b l o c k a d e o f s p i k e f r e q u e n c y a d a p t a t i o n w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

t h e b l o c k a d e o f t h e a . h . p . , w h i c h i s s e e n a s a s m a l l downward d e f l e x i o n i n F i g . 2 B .

W i t h l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a g o n i s t i t w a s p o s s i b l e i n s o m e c e l l s t o s e e a r e d u c t i o n

i n s p i k e f r e q u e n c y a d a p t a t i o n i n t h e a b s e n c e o f membrane d e p o l a r i z a t i o n . Th e

b l o c k a d e o f s p i k e f r e q u e n c y a d a p t a t i o n w a s p r e v e n t e d b y l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

a t r o p i n e ( n o t s h o w n ) .

We h a v e e x a m i n e d t h e e f f e c t o f c a r b a c h o l o n c a l c i u m s p i k e s t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h eb l o c k o f t h e a . h . p . i s d u e t o a b l o c k o f c a l c i u m e n t r y i n t o t h e c e l l . C a l c i u m s p i k e s

w e r e e v o k e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f t e t r o d o t o x i n ( 1 # M ) a n d t e t r a e t h y l a m m o n i u m ( 5 m M ) .

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A . E . COLE AND R . A . NICOLL

A t a t i m e when c a r b a c h o l h a d c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d t h e a . h . p . t h e c a l c i u m s p i k e w a s

s t i l l p r e s e n t a n d , i n f a c t , w a s p r o l o n g e d a n d t h e c e l l f i r e d m u l t i p l e s p i k e s i n r e s p o n s e

t o a s i n g l e d e p o l a r i z i n g p u l s e ( F i g . 3 ) . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t c a r b a c h o l i s b l o c k i n g t h e

a . h . p . a t a s t e p s u b s e q u e n t t o c a l c i u m e n t r y . H o w e v e r , s i n c e c a r b a c h o l s l i g h t l y

r e d u c e d t h e p e a k o f t h e c a l c i u m s p i k e i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f o f t h e c e l l s , a d i r e c t a c t i o no n c a l c i u m e n t r y ( c f . G i l e s & N o b l e , 1 9 7 6 ) c a n n o t b e r u l e d o u t .

ACh

A1~~~~~~~~11q o 4 5

- min 1 - 5 s

B - d . c . ACh

F i g . 1 . E f f e c t s o f ACh o n a h i p p o c a m p a l C A t p y r a m i d a l c e l l . A , c h a r t r e c o r d s o f r e s p o n s e s

i n n o r m a l p h y s i o l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n . AI s h o w s t h e c o n t r o l a . h . p . f o l l o w i n g a 6 0 ms d i r e c td e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t p u l s e ; a p p l i c a t i o n o f ACh ( 0 5 mM; A 2 ) d e p o l a r i z e d t h e m e m b r a n e ,i n c r e a s e d c e l l f i r i n g a n d i n c r e a s e d t h e c e l l ' s i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e ; t h e membrane w a s r e t u r n e d

t o r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l w i t h d . c . h y p e r p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t ( s e e b a r l a b e l l e d - d . c . ) ; A3 s h o w s

t h e b l o c k a d e o f t h e a . h . p . i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f A C h . Wh en ACh w a s w a s h e d o u t ( A 4 ) t h e

membrane r e p o l a r i z e d a n d t h e a . h . p . r e t u r n e d t o c o n t r o l a m p l i t u d e ( A 5 ) . B , t h e s a m e c e l l ,

b u t w i t h a t r o p i n e ( 1 - 0 p s M ) a d d e d t o t h e s u p e r f u s a t e . A l l a c t i o n s o f ACh on membrane

p o t e n t i a l a n d a . h . p . w e r e c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d . Time c a l i b r a t i o n i n A4 a l s o a p p l i e s t o A 2 ,B2 a n d B 4 . C a l i b r a t i o n s i n A5 a r e t h e same f o r a l l a . h . p . r e c o r d s . Membrane p o t e n t i a l-62 mV.

E l e c t r i c a l s t i m u l a t i o n o f c h o l i n e r g i c f i b r e s

H i s t o c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s h a v e l o c a l i z e d t h e e n z y m e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e t o f i b r e s f o u n d

p r i m a r i l y i n t h e a l v e u s , s . o r i e n s a n d s . p y r a m i d a l e ( S h u t e & L e w i s , 1 9 6 6 ; L e w i s &

S h u t e , 1 9 6 7 ; L e w i s e t a l . 1 9 6 7 ; S t o r m - M a t h i s e n , 1 9 7 0 ; M o s c o e t a l . 1 9 7 3 ; L y n c he t a l . 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e s e f i b r e s e n t e r t h e h i p p o c a m p u s v i a b o t h t h e f o r n i x a n d f i m b r i a . T h e

e f f e c t s o f e l e c t r i c a l s t i m u l a t i o n o f t h e s e r e g i o n s i n t h e h i p p o c a m p a l s l i c e h a v e b e e n

e x a m i n e d i n n i n e t y - s e v e n c e l l s . F o r most o f o u r s t u d i e s w e p l a c e d t h e s t i m u l a t i n ge l e c t r o d e i n s . o r i e n s ; r e p e t i t i v e s t i m u l a t i o n a t t h i s s i t e ( F i g . 4 A ) p r o d u c e d s h o r t -

l a t e n c y f a s t e x c i t a t o r y p o s t - s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l s ( e . p . s . p . s ) f o l l o w e d b y an i n h i b i t o r yp o s t - s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l ( i . p . s . p ) . I n t h e m a j o r i t y o f c e l l s a s m a l l s l o w e . p . s . p . o c c u r r e d

a f t e r t h e i . p . s . p . T h i s s l o w e . p . s . p . was m a r k e d l y e n h a n c e d b y e s e r i n e ( 0 1 - 1 0g l M ;

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ACh E . P . S . P . IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES

n= 3 9 ) , r e s u l t i n g i n i n t e n s e d i s c h a r g e d u r i n g t h e e a r l y p h a s e o f t h e r e s p o n s e .

A t r o p i n e ( 0 1 - 1 # S M ; n = 2 1 ) e n t i r e l y b l o c k e d t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . w i t h o u t a f f e c t i n g t h e

f a s t e . p . s . p . s o r i . p . s . p .We h a v e c o m p a r e d t h e e f f e c t s o f i o n o p h o r e t i c a l l y a p p l i e d ACh t o p a t h w a y

s t i m u l a t i o n . A s s h o w n i n F i g . 4 B , a n i o n o p h o r e t i c p u l s e o f ACh ( 1 5 n A f o r 0 5 s ) o ft h e s a m e d u r a t i o n a s t h e t r a i n o f s t i m u l i e v o k e d a s l o w d e p o l a r i z a t i o n w i t h a s i m i l a rt i m e c o u r s e t o t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . ; b o t h r e s p o n s e s a r e b l o c k e d b y a t r o p i n e .

A C o n t r o l C a r b a c h o l W a s h + d . c .

1 2 0 m V

B C a r b a c h o l + d . c .

CRi5 mV. g 2 0 . . ..

2 O * *

1 0 a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 o ~ ~ ~ OD0 0 9 0

E OO Oe * 00@- 0 - - - - - 0 * 4 - - - . . . " O*0006*% 0 0 s e 0 0 6 0 0 " 6 0.. ...z 0 0 1 . . . . . . . . .

. . .

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T i m e ( m i n )

F i g . 2 . E f f e c t o f c a r b a c h o l o n a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f c e l l d i s c h a r g e . A , r e s p o n s e o f c e l l t o

d e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t p u l s e ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 0 0 m s d u r a t i o n ) a t f o u r d i f f e r e n t t i m e s ,c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e f i l l e d c i r c l e s a b o v e t h e t r a c e i n B . I n i t i a l l y , t h e c e l l f i r e d s i x s p i k e st h e n f e l l s i l e n t ; a f t e r a n i o n o p h o r e t i c p u l s e o f c a r b a c h o l ( 5 n A , 5 s ; s e e a r r o w i n B ) t h e

c e l l d e p o l a r i z e d a n d t h e n u m b e r o f s p i k e s i n c r e a s e d ( 2 n d t r a c e i n A ; C ) . D u r i n g w a s h , t h e

c e l l r e p o l a r i z e d a n d t h e n u m b e r o f s p i k e s r e t u r n e d t o c o n t r o l l e v e l . When t h e c e l l w a s

d e p o l a r i z e d t o a s i m i l a r d e g r e e w i t h d i r e c t c u r r e n t ( + d . c . o n A a n d B ) t h e r e w a s n o

c o m p a r a b l e e f f e c t o n a c c o m m o d a t i o n . T h e l a r g e downward d e f l e x i o n s i n B a r e c o n s t a n t -

c u r r e n t h y p e r p o l a r i z i n g p u l s e s f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e( R i . ) .

C , p l o t o f

number o f s p i k e s V 8 . t i m e , b e f o r e , d u r i n g a n d a f t e r i o n o p h o r e si s o f c a r b a c h o l .

S i n c e t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s t i m u l a t i n g and r e c o r d i n g s i t e w a s u s u a l l y a t l e a s t

1 m m , i t s e e m e d u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e ACh wa s b e i n g r e l e a s e d d i r e c t l y b y t h e s t i m u l a t i n gc u r r e n t . T h e f i n d i n g t h a t t e t r o d o t o x i n ( T T X ) b l o c k e d t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . a s w e l l a s t h e

p r e c e d i n g p o t e n t i a l s ( F i g . 5 A ) c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . w a s d e p e n d e n t on

p r o p a g a t e d a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s ( n = 5 ) . The s l o w e . p . s . p . w as a l s o c a l c i u m d e p e n d e n t ,

a s e x p e c t e d f o r a s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l d e p e n d e n t on t h e r e l e a s e o f t r a n s m i t t e r . T h i s

w a s s h o w n b y a d d i n g t h e c a l c i u m c h a n n e l b l o c k e r , c a d m i u m ( 1 0 0 , S M ) , t o t h e

s u p e r f u s i n g medium w h i c h b l o c k e d t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . , a s w e l l a s t h e e a r l i e r r e s p o n s e s

( F i g . 5 B ; n = 5 ) .W e h a v e c o m p a r e d t h e s t i m u l u s s t r e n g t h n e c e s s a r y f o r e v o k i n g t h e e a r l y f a s t

e . p . s . p . a n d i . p . s . p . t o t h e s t i m u l u s s t r e n g t h n e c e s s a r y f o r e v o k i n g t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . As

1 7 7

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1 7 8 A . E . COLE AND R . A . NICOLL

C o n t r o l C a r b a c h o l + A t r o p i n e

2 0msV

1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

F i g . 3 . C a r b a c h o l b l o c k s a c a l c i u m - a c t i v a t e d p o t a s s i u m r e s p o n s e w i t h o u t b l o c k i n g c a l c i u ms p i k e s i n C A 1 p y r a m i d a l c e l l s . U p p e r t r a c e s a r e f i l m r e c o r d s o f s u p e r i m p o s e d s u b t h r e s h o l d

a n d s u p r a t h r e s h o l d c a l c i u m s p i k e s e v o k e d i n a p y r a m i d a l c e l l i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f , u M - T T Xa n d 5 mM-TEA. C u r r e n t t r a c e s a r e b e l o w t h e v o l t a g e r e c o r d s . T h e l o w e r t r a c e s a r e

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y r e c o r d e d c h a r t r e c o r d s o f t h e a . h . p . , a c a l c i u m - a c t i v a t e d p o t a s s i u mr e s p o n s e . T h e r e s p o n s e s i n t h e m i d d l e c o l u m n w e r e r e c o r d e d 8 - 5 m i n a f t e r 1 0 , u M - c a r b a c h o lw a s a d d e d t o t h e s u p e r f u s a t e ; t h e r e c o r d i n t h e l a s t c o l u m n i s 2 3 m i n a f t e r a t r o p i n e ( 1 / S M )w a s a d d e d . Membrane p o t e n t i a l -56 mV.

A B C o n t r o l A t r o p i n e

C o n t r o l

j j ~ ~ ~ S n a p t i{ , E s e r i n e n

1 75 mV

1 5 s

+ A t r o p i n e

F i g . 4 . E l e c t r i c a l s t i mu l a t i o n o f t h e h i p p o c a m p a l s l i c e m i m i c s t h e e f f e c t s o f e x o g e n o u s A C h .A , r e p e t i t i v e s t i m u l a t i o n ( 2 0 Hz f o r 0 - 5 s ) i n s . o r i e n s ( u p p e r t r a c e ) e l i c i t e d s h o r t - l a t e n c y

f a s t e . p . s . p . s , f o l l o w e d b y a n i . p . s . p . a n d t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . E s e r i n e ( 2 # m ; m i d d l e t r a c e )g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . a m p l i t u d e a n d g e n e r a t e d i n t e n s e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l f i r i n g .T h e s l o w e . p . s . p . w a s c o m p l e t e l y a n d s e l e c t i v e l y e l i m i n a t e d b y a t r o p i n e ( 0 - 1 # m ; l o w e r

t r a c e ) . Membrane p o t e n t i a l -60 mV. B , u p p e r t r a c e s s h o w t h e s y n a p t i c r e s p o n s e ( s l o we . p . s . p . ) e l i c i t e d b y e l e c t r i c a l s t i m u l a t i o n ( 3 0 Hz f o r 05 s ) i n c o n t r o l s o l u t i o n a n d i t s

b l o c k a d e b y a t r o p i n e . L o w e r t r a c e s s h o w t h e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n p r o d u c e d b y a n i o n o p h o r e t i cp u l s e o f ACh ( a r r o w ) w h i c h m i m i c s t h e s y n a p t i c r e s p o n s e a n d i s a l s o b l o c k e d b y a t r o p i n e .A l l r e c o r d s i n B o b t a i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f 1 , u M - e s e r i n e . C a l i b r a t i o n i n B a p p l i e s t o a l lr e c o r d s . Membrane p o t e n t i a l -57 mV.

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ACh E . P . S . P . IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES

s h o w n i n F i g . 6A t h e f a s t e . p . s . p . s a n d i . p . s . p . w e r e e v o k e d a t s t i m u l u s s t r e n g t h s c o n -

s i d e r a b l y b e l o w t h o s e r e q u i r e d f o r e v o k i n g a s l o w e . p . s . p . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e s l o w

e . p . s . p . i s p r o d u c e d b y a s e p a r a t e g r o u p o f f i b r e s f r o m t h o s e p r o d u c i n g t h e f a s ts y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l s . A l t h o u g h , i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f e s e r i n e , a s i n g l e s t i m u l u s c o u l d

u s u a l l y e v o k e a s m a l l s l o w e . p - s . p . , t h e r e s p o n s e s h o w e d m a r k e d s u m m a t i o n a s t h ef r e q u e n c y o f s t i m u l a t i o n was i n c r e a s e d ( F i g . 6 B ; n = 1 1 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d a m a x i -

mum a t a b o u t 2 0 - 5 0 H z . F o r m o s t o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t s we u s e d a 0 5 s s t i m u l u s t r a i n

a t 2 0 - 3 0 H z .

A

C o n t r o l TTX

-I~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ - 6"Wo

* 0

B

C o n t r o l C a d m i u m

J 5mV

J 1 5 s

F i g . 5 . B l o c k a d e o f s l o w e . p . s . p . b y TTX a n d c a d m i u m . A , c h a r t r e c o r d s o f s l o w e . p . s . p .e l i c i t e d b y e l e c t r i c a l s t i m u l a t i o n ( a t f i l l e d c i r c l e ) i n s . o r i e n s ( 2 0 H z , 0 . 5 s ) i n c o n t r o l

s o l u t i o n a n d b l o c k e d a f t e r TTX ( 1 s u M ) w a s a d d e d t o t h e s u p e r f u s a t e . Membrane p o t e n t i a l

-57 mV. B , s a m e a s i n A b u t w i t h cadmium ( 1 0 0 # M ) a d d e d t o s u p e r f u s a t e . R e c o r d s i nA a n d B w e r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f 1 j u M - e s e r i n e . C a l i b r a t i o n i n B a p p l i e s t o A .

Membrane p o t e n t i a l -5 5 m V.

W e a t t e m p t e d t o e v o k e s l o w e . p . s . p . s b y s t i m u l a t i n g v a r i o u s s i t e s i n t h e s l i c e . The

s i z e o f t h e r e s p o n s e s v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y i n d i f f e r e n t p r e p a r a t i o n s , b u t i n g e n e r a l , a s

i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 7 , s t i m u l a t i o n o f t h e a l v e u s , s . o r i e n s , a n d s . p y r a m i d a l e w e r e a l l

e f f e c t i v e i n e v o k i n g a s l o w e . p . s . p . , w h i l e s t i m u l a t i o n o f s . r a d i a t u m was r e l a t i v e l yi n e f f e c t i v e . I n a f e w c a s e s i t was e v e n p o s s i b l e t o e v o k e a s l o w e . p . s . p . b y s t i m u l a t i n g

t h e f i m b r i a ( F i g . 7 ) .I n a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e c e l l s t e s t e d a s m a l l i n c r e a s e i n i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e

c o u l d b e d e t e c t e d d u r i n g t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . T h i s c a n b e s e e n i n F i g . 8A b y c o m p a r i n g

t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e membrane p o t e n t i a l d e f l e x i o n s c a u s e d b y c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t

h y p e r p o l a r i z i n g p u l s e s d u r i n g t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . a n d d u r i n g t h e p a s s a g e o f a s t e a d y

d e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t ( + d . c . ) w h i c h d e p o l a r i z e d t h e c e l l t o t h e s a m e e x t e n t . T h e s i z e

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A . E . COLE AND R . A . NICOLL

o f t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . w a s v e r y s e n s i t i v e t o c h a n g e s o f t h e membrane p o t e n t i a l . A s t h e

membrane w a s h y p e r p o l a r i z e d t h e s i z e o f t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . w a s r e d u c e d a n d w a s

v i r t u a l l y a b o l i s h e d a t membrane p o t e n t i a l s o f -70 mV o r g r e a t e r ( F i g . 8 B ) . I n t w o

c e l l s t h e c o n d u c t a n c e c h a n g e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . w a s m e a s u r e d d u r i n g

d . c . h y p e r p o l a r i z a t i o n o f t h e membrane p o t e n t i a l . At membrane p o t e n t i a l s t h a t

A B

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~VA I I

1 5 s

F i g . 6 . E f f e c t o f s t i m u l u s i n t e n s i t y a n d f r e q u e n c y o n t h e e v o k e d s l o w e . p . s . p . i n C A lp y r a m i d a l c e l l s . A s h o w s t h e r e s p o n s e t o 5 , 1 5 a n d 3 0 V s t i m u l a t i o n f o r 0 - 5 s . Membranep o t e n t i a l -58 mV. B s h o w s r e s p o n s e s t o o n e p u l s e , t h r e e p u l s e s ( 6 H z ) , a n d e l e v e n p u l s e s( 2 2 H z ) i n a s t i m u l u s t r a i n l a s t i n g 0 - 5 s . R e c o r d s i n A a n d B w e r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e

o f 1 / S M - e s e r i n e . C a l i b r a t i o n a p p l i e s t o A a n d B . S t i m u l a t i n g e l e c t r o d e s i n A a n d B p l a c e di n s . o r i e n s . Membrane p o t e n t i a l -55 mV.

e v o k e d l i t t l e s l o w e . p . s . p . , l i t t l e c h a n g e i n c o n d u c t a n c e was s e e n . T h i s f i n d i n g , a l o n g

w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t l i t t l e s l o w e . p . s . p . c a n b e e v o k e d a t membrane p o t e n t i a l sc o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s t h a n t h e p o t a s s i u m e q u i l i b r i u m p o t e n t i a l , w h i c h i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y-85 mV ( A l g e r & N i c o l l , 1 9 8 0 ) , s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t s t h e p r o p o s a l t h a t ACh b l o c k s a

v o l t a g e - s e n s i t i v e p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e ( H a l l i w a l l & A d a m s , 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e s p o n t a n e o u s

r e s p o n s e s i n r e c o r d s o f F i g . 8 B r e p r e s e n t s y n c h r o n o u s e p i l e p t i f o r m b u r s t s d i s c h a r g e sw h i c h p r e s u m a b l y o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e CA2/CA3 r e g i o n . T h i s a c t i v i t y was s e e n i na p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 - 3 0 % o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n s t h a t h a d b e e n e x p o s e d t o e s e r i n e f o r o v e r

3 0 m i n a n d was c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d b y a t r o p i n e .S i n c e e x o g e n o u s l y a p p l i e d ACh r e d u c e s t h e a . h . p . a n d a c c o m m o d a t i o n i n a d d i t i o n

t o d i r e c t l y d e p o l a r i z i n g t h e m e m b r a n e , w e e x a m i n e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t r e p e t i t i v es t i m u l a t i o n o f s . o r i e n s m i g h t a l s o p r o d u c e s i m i l a r e f f e c t s . I n F i g . 9A t h e s t i m u l u s

1 8 0

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ACh E . P . S . P . IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES

s t r e n g t h t o s . o r i e n s w a s a d j u s t e d s o t h a t t h e e f f e c t o n t h e a . h . p . e v o k e d by

d e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t p u l s e s w a s j u s t d e t e c t a b l e . I n t h e p r e s e n c e o f e s e r i n e ( 0 1 - 1 0 , U M ;n = 1 8 ) a s l o w e . p . s . p . a p p e a r e d i n r e s p o n s e t o r e p e t i t i v e s t i m u l a t i o n a n d t h e a . h . p .

w a s s e v e r e l y d e p r e s s e d d u r i n g t h i s p o t e n t i a l . I n t h e e x p e r i m e n t o f F i g . 9B t h e

s t i m u l u s i n t e n s i t y was i n c r e a s e d t o p r o d u c e a s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c t i o n i n t h e a . h . p . T h i s

i A l v e u s

F i m b r i a 2F~~~~~~~~~

R e c .

. 4

S . r a d i a t u m S . p y r a m i d a l e

4 3

J 5 m V

1 5 s

F i g . 7 . S l o w e . p . s . p . e v o k e d i n C A l c e l l b y s t i m u l a t i n g v a r i o u s s i t e s i n t h e h i p p o c a m p a l

s l i c e . D i a g r a m o f h i p p o c a m p a l s l i c e p r e p a r a t i o n i l l u s t r a t e s p l a c e m e n t o f r e c o r d i n g

e l e c t r o d e ( R e c . ) i n C A I , a n d p l a c e m e n t o f s t i m u l a t i n g e l e c t r o d e i n f o u r d i f f e r e n t s t r a t a

( 1 - 4 ) a n d t h e f i m b r i a ( F ) . T h e r e c o r d s ( s t a r t i n g a t t o p a n d p r o c e e d i n g c l o c k w i s e ) s h o w

s l o w e . p . s . p . s e v o k e d by s t i m u l a t i n g i n a l v e u s ( 1 ) , s . o r i e n s ( 2 ) a n d s . p y r a m i d a l e ( 3 ) ;

s t i m u l a t i n g s . r a d i a t u m ( 4 ) r a r e l y p r o d u c e d a s l o w e . p . s . p . ; s t i m u l a t i n g t h e f i m b r i a ( F )a l s o e l i c i t e d a s u b s t a n t i a l s l o w e . p . s . p . I n r e c o r d s 1 - 4 , w h i c h a r e f r o m t h e s a m e c e l l ,

i d e n t i c a l s t i m u l u s p a r a m e t e r s ( 2 0 Hz f o r 0 . 5 s ) w e r e u s e d a n d t h e s t i m u l a t i n g e l e c t r o d e

was mov ed t o e a c h o f t h e s i t e s i n d i c a t e d . Th e f i m b r i a l r e c o r d i s f r o m a d i f f e r e n t s l i c e . A l lr e c o r d s w e r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f t / L M - e s e r i n e . Membrane p o t e n t i a l s -55 mV ( 1 - 4 )a n d -60 mV ( F ) .

r e d u c t i o n w a s p r e v e n t e d b y a d d i n g a t r o p i n e ( 0 1 C u M ; n = 1 6 ) t o t h e s u p e r f u s a t e . I t

c a n a l s o b e s e e n i n F i g . 9 t h a t e s e r i n e c a u s e d a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e a . h . p . i n t h e a b s e n c e

o f p a t h w a y s t i m u l a t i o n a n d t h a t a t r o p i n e c a u s e d a s m a l l i n c r e a s e i n t h e a . h . p . i n t h e

a b s e n c e o f s t i m u l a t i o n . T h i s e f f e c t o f e s e r i n e w a s s e e n i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f c e l l s a n d

i n c r e a s e d w i t h t h e t i m e o f e x p o s u r e . T h e e f f e c t o f a t r o p i n e o n t h e a . h . p . i n t h e

a b s e n c e o f p a t h w a y s t i m u l a t i o n w a s much m o r e v a r i a b l e a n d w a s s e e n i n o n l y a

s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n o f c e l l s .S t i m u l a t i o n o f s . o r i e n s a l s o h a d p r o f o u n d e f f e c t s o n a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f s p i k e

d i s c h a r g e d u r i n g a l o n g d e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t p u l s e ( n = 2 6 ) e v e n i n t h e a b s e n c e o f

1 8 1

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e s e r i n e . F i g . lOA s h o w s t h a t b e f o r e p a t h w a y s t i m u l a t i o n t h e c e l l f i r e d f i v e s p i k e s ,

w h e r e a s i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e s t i m u l u s t h e c e l l f i r e d t h i r t e e n s p i k e s . T h i s o c c u r r e d

i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a s l o w d e p o l a r i z a t i o n . Th e s t i m u l u s - i n d u c e d b l o c k o f a c c o m m o d a t i o n

w a s p r e v e n t e d b y a t r o p i n e ( n = 1 6 ; F i g . l O B ) .

+ d . c .A

-J 5mV

1 5 s

B

F i g . 8 . I n c r e a s e d i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e d u r i n g t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . a n d e f f e c t o f membrane p o t e n t i a lo n t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . I n A , a s m a l l i n c r e a s e i n i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e d u r i n g t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . i s

r e f l e c t e d i n t h e i n c r e a s e d a m p l i t u d e o f c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t h y p e r p o l a r i z i n g p u l s e s ( d o w n w a r d

d e f l e x i o n s ) , a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e p u l s e a m p l i t u d e d u r i n g m e m b r a n e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f t h e

s a m e a m p l i t u d e w i t h d i r e c t c u r r e n t ( s e e b a r l a b e l l e d + d . c . ) . Membrane p o t e n t i a l-62 mV. A s s h o w n i n B , t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . d e c r e a s e s a s t h e c e l l i s h y p e r -

p o l a r i z e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d i r e c t c u r r e n t . A t a membrane p o t e n t i a l o f -70 mV t h e

r e s p o n s e i s a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e d . R e c o r d s i n A a n d B w e r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e

p r e s e n c e o f 1 / S M - e s e r i n e . C a l i b r a t i o n i n A a p p l i e s t o B . S p o n t a n e o u s f i r i n g i n B r e f l e c t ss y n c h r o n o u s e p i l e p t i f o r m b u r s t d i s c h a r g e s f r o m C A 2 / C A 3 . Membrane p o t e n t i a l -60 mV.

DISCUSSION

I n t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t s w e h a v e c o m p a r e d t h e a c t i o n s o f e x o g e n o u s l y a p p l i e dACh a n d c a r b a c h o l o n CAI p y r a m i d a l c e l l s t o t h e r e s p o n s e s e v o k e d b y s t i m u l a t i n g

s i t e s i n t h e s l i c e kno wn t o c o n t a i n c h o l i n e r g i c f i b r e s . We h a v e c o n f i r m e d m a ny o f t h ea c t i o n s o f ACh r e p o r t e d b y o t h e r s . T h u s , ACh d e p o l a r i z e d p y r a m i d a l c e l l s a n d

1 8 2

l l l

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ACh E . P . S . P . IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES

i n d u c e d r e p e t i t i v e d i s c h a r g e . T h i s d e p o l a r i z a t i o n was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i nt h e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c e l l ( c f . B e n - A r i e t a l . ' 1 9 8 1 ; Dodd e t a l . 1 9 8 1 ; B e n a r d o

& P r i n c e , 1 9 8 2 b ) , w h i c h h a s b e e n a t t r i b u t e d t o b l o c k a d e o f t h e M - c u r r e n t ( H a l l i w e l l& A d a m s , 1 9 8 2 ) .

AC o n t r o l E s e r i n e

*,/jj' l + 5 m V1 5 s

B C o n t r o l A t r o p i n e

F i g . 9 . E f f e c t o f t r a i n s t i m u l a t i o n i n s . o r i e n s o n t h e a . h . p . s r e c o r d e d i n CA1 c e l l s . A . h . p . s

w e r e r e c o r d e d f o l l o w i n g 1 0 0 m s d i r e c t d e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t p u l s e s a p p l i e d e v e r y 5 s . I nA , t r a i n s t i m u l a t i o n ( s e e f i l l e d c i r c l e b e l o w t r a c e ; 3 0 H z , 05 s ) i n c o n t r o l s o l u t i o n was

a d j u s t e d s o t h a t a s l i g h t d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e a . h . p . s f o l l o w i n g t h e t r a i n was j u s t d e t e c t a b l e .I n t h e p r e s e n c e o f e s e r i n e ( 0 - 3 / M ) a n i d e n t i c a l s t i m u l u s e v o k e d a l a r g e s l o w e . p . s . p . ,i n d u c e d i n t e n s e d i s c h a r g e a n d g r e a t l y r e d u c e d t h e a . h . p . I n B , t h e t r a i n s t i m u l a t i o n ( f i l l e dc i r c l e ) i n c o n t r o l s o l u t i o n w i t h o u t e s e r i n e p r e s e n t was i n c r e a s e d t o e v o k e a s l o w e . p . s . p .a n d s i g n i f i c a n t d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e a . h . p . ; b o t h e f f e c t s w e r e b l o c k e d b y a t r o p i n e ( 1 # M ) .C a l i b r a t i o n i n A a l s o a p p l i e s t o B . Membrane p o t e n t i a l -56 mV.

ACh a l s o s e v e r e l y d e p r e s s e d t h e s l o w a f t e r - h y p e r p o l a r i z a t i o n t h a t f o l l o w s a s e r i e so f s p i k e s e v o k e d b y a d e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t p u l s e . T h i s p o t e n t i a l i s d u e i n l a r g e p a r t t o

a n i n c r e a s e i n c a l c i u m - a c t i v a t e d p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e ( G K ( C a ) ) , s i n c e i t i s b l o c k e d

b y c a l c i u m a n t a g o n i s t s ( A l g e r & N i c o l l , 1 9 8 0 ; H o t s o n & P r i n c e , 1 9 8 0 ; G u s t a f s s o n &

W i g s t r o m , 1 9 8 1 ) a n d b y i n t r a c e l l u l a r i n j e c t i o n o f t h e c a l c i u m c h e l a t o r , EGTA ( A l g e r& N i c o l l , 1 9 8 0 ; S c h w a r t z k r o i n & S t a f s t r o m , 1 9 8 0 ) . ACh m a y b e b l o c k i n g G K ( C a ) a t

a s t e p s u b s e q u e n t t o c a l c i u m e n t r y b e c a u s e c a l c i um s p i k e s w e r e p r o l o n g e d a n d o f t e n

m u l t i p l e s p i k e s w e r e e v o k e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f A C h . A d e p r e s s a n t a c t i o n o f ACh o n

G K ( C a ) h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d i n neurones o f t h e m y e n t e r i c p l e x u s ( M o r i t a , N o r t h &

T o k i m a s a , 1 9 8 2 ) a n d i n CAI p y r a m i d a l c e l l s ( B e n a r d o & P r i n c e , 1 9 8 2 b ) . On t h e o t h e r

h a n d , 0 K ( c a ) d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e a f f e c t e d b y ACh i n f r o g s y m p a t h e t i c g a n g l i o n

c e l l s ( A d a m s , Brown & C o n s t a n t i , 1 9 8 2 ) a n d i n a r e c e n t v o l t a g e - c l a m p s t u d y o f

h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a l c e l l s ( B r o w n & G r i f f i t h , 1 9 8 3 ) m u s c a r i n e h a d l i t t l e e f f e c t o na s l o w o u t w a r d c u r r e n t t h o u g h t t o b e m e d i a t e d b y G K ( c a ) . I f ACh w e r e t o r e d u c e

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A . E . COLE AND R . A . NICOLL

G K ( C a ) b y e n h a n c e d c a l c i u m s e q u e s t r a t i o n i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t d u r i n g t h e r e l a t i v e l ys h o r t v o l t a g e - c l a m p s t e p s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y t h e e f f e c t s on G K ( C a ) w o u l d b e s m a l l .R e d u c t i o n o f 0 K ( C a ) h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e a c t i o n o f o t h e r t r a n s m i t t e r s

i n c l u d i n g s e r o t o n i n o n m y e n t e r i c n e u r o n e s ( W o o d & M a y e r , 1 9 7 9 ) , n o r a d r e n a l i n e on

s y m p a t h e t i c ( H o r n & M c A f e e , 1 9 8 0 ) a n d h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a l neurones ( M a d i s o n& N i c o l l , 1 9 8 2 ; Haas & K o n n e r t h , 1 9 8 3 ) a n d h i s t a m i n e on h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a ln e u r o n e s ( H a a s & K o n n e r t h , 1 9 8 3 ) .

AS

10mV

m e ~~~2< 3

2 0 0 m s

F i g . 1 0 . T r a i n s t i m u l a t i o n i n s . o r i e n s b l o c k s a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f c e l l d i s c h a r g e i n C A lp y r a m i d a l c e l l s . A , u p p e r t r a c e i s a c h a r t r e c o r d s h o w i n g l o n g ( 8 0 0 m s ) d e p o l a r i z i n g p u l s e sa p p l i e d e v e r y 5 s . T r a c e s b e l o w a r e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y r e c o r d e d f i l m r e c o r d s o f t h e 8 0 0 m sp u l s e s h o w i n g a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f c e l l f i r i n g . C u r r e n t m o n i t o r i s d i s p l a y e d i m m e d i a t e l yb e l o w . 1 , 2 a n d 3 i n u p p e r a n d l o w e r r e c o r d s c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e s a m e 8 0 0 m s p u l s e s b e f o r e

( 1 ) ,i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r ( 2 )

a n d 9 0 sa f t e r ( 3 )

t h et r a i n

o fs t i m u l i ( 4 0 Hz f o r 0 - 5 s ; S a b o v et r a c e ) . B , same e x p e r i m e n t a s i n A , b u t w i t h a t r o p i n e ( 1 E M ) a d d e d t o t h e s u p e r f u s a t e .

T h e b l o c k o f a c c o m m o d a t i o n a n d i n c r e a s e d c e l l f i r i n g s e e n i n A2 a f t e r t h e s t i m u l u s i sc o m p l e t e l y a n t a g o n i z e d b y a t r o p i n e ( B 2 ) . C a l i b r a t i o n i n A i s f o r b o t h c h a r t r e c o r d s ;c a l i b r a t i o n i n B i s f o r a l l f i l m r e c o r d s . Membrane p o t e n t i a l -61 mV.

F i n a l l y , ACh a n d c a r b a c h o l r e d u c e d t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f a c t i o n p o t e n t i a ld i s c h a r g e w h i c h o c c u r s d u r i n g l o n g d e p o l a r i z i n g c u r r e n t p u l s e s . T h i s e f f e c t was

o b s e r v e d a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f ACh t h a t h a d l i t t l e e f f e c t o n membrane p o t e n t i a l a n dwas d u e , i n p a r t , t o t h e b l o c k a d e o f O K ( c a ) , s i n c e s i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e s e e n a f t e r

s e l e c t i v e b l o c k a d e o f 0 K ( C a ) b y cadmium ( M a d i s o n & N i c o l l , 1 9 8 2 ) . B l o c k a d e o f t h eM - c u r r e n t w o u l d a l s o b e e x p e c t e d t o r e d u c e a c c o m m o d a t i o n ( A d a m s e t a l . 1 9 8 2 ;H a l l i w e l l & A d a m s , 1 9 8 2 ) . H o w e v e r , we h a v e n o t y e t d e t e r m i n e d t h e r e l a t i v e

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ACh E . P . S . P . IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES

c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e t w o a c t i o n s o f A C h . A l l o f t h e a c t i o n s o f ACh t h a t we h a v e

o b s e r v e d i n p y r a m i d a l c e l l s a r e e n h a n c e d b y e s e r i n e a n d c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d b y l o w

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e m u s c a r i n i c a n t a g o n i s t , a t r o p i n e .

T h e r e w a s a p r o g r e s s i v e d e c r e a s e i n t h e s i z e o f t h e a . h . p . i n m o s t c e l l s w h e n s l i c e s h a d b e e n e x p o s e d

t o e s e r i n e f o r m o r e t h a n 3 0 m i n ( c f . B e n a r d o & P r i n c e , 1 9 8 2 a ) , a n d i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20% o f t h es l i c e s s p o n t a n e o u s e p i l e p t i f o r m b u r s t s a p p e a r e d . T h e s e e f f e c t s w e r e b l o c k e d b y a t r o p i n e . A t r o p i n e ,i n t h e a b s e n c e o f e s e r i n e , u s u a l l y h a d n o e f f e c t o n t h e a . h . p . b u t i n a f e w c e l l s c a u s e d a s m a l l i n c r e a s e .T h e s e f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e i s a t o n i c r e l e a s e o f A C h , b u t t h a t t h e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e i n t h e s l i c ep r e v e n t s t h i s ACh f r o m e x e r t i n g a p o s t - s y n a p t i c e f f e c t .

T h e f a c i l i t a t i o n o f r e p e t i t i v e s p i k e d i s c h a r g e b y n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r s h a s b e e n s e e n

i n o t h e r n e u r o n e s . T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e m u s c a r i n i c a c t i o n o f ACh o n n e o c o r t i c a l c e l l s

( K r n j e v i c , P u m a i n & R e n a u d , 1 9 7 1 ) a n d s y m p a t h e t i c g a n g l i o n c e l l s ( A d a m s e t a l .

1 9 8 2 ) . S i m i l a r e f f e c t s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d f o r s e r o t o n i n o n n e u r o n e s i n t h e m y e n t e r i c

p l e x u s ( W o o d & M a y e r , 1 9 7 9 ) , H e l i x g a n g l i o n ( C o t t r e l l , 1 9 8 2 ) a n d r a t f a c i a l n u c l e u s

( V a n d e r M a e l e n & A g h a j a n i a n , 1 9 8 0 ) . F i n a l l y , i n h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a l c e l l s n o r -a d r e n a l i n e a t t e n u a t e s a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f s p i k e d i s c h a r g e ( M a d i s o n & N i c o l l , 1 9 8 2 ) .

O u r e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t w e h a v e a c t i v a t e d a c h o l i n e r g i c p a t h w a y t o CAI

p y r a m i d a l c e l l s f a l l s i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s . F i r s t , e l e c t r i c a l s t i m u l a t i o n o f t h e s l i c e c a n

e v o k e p o s t - s y n a p t i c r e s p o n s e s t h a t e x a c t l y m i m i c a l l o f t h e a c t i o n s o f e x o g e n o u s l y

a p p l i e d A C h . T h u s , t h e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n s e l i c i t e d b y b o t h p r o c e d u r e s f o l l o w e d t h e s a m e

t i m e c o u r s e a n d w e r e b o t h a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c e l l .

I n a d d i t i o n , G K ( C a ) a n d a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l d i s c h a r g e w e r e b l o c k e d .

S e c o n d l y , t h e s t i m u l a t i o n s i t e s w h e r e t h e s e r e s p o n s e s w e r e e v o k e d c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e

known a n a t o m i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c h o l i n e r g i c f i b r e s . T h e s e f i b r e s , w h i c h o r i g i n a t em a i n l y i n t h e m e d i a l s e p t a l n u c l e u s a n d e n t e r t h e h i p p o c a m p u s v i a t h e f o r n i x a n d

f i m b r i a , a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e a l v e u s , s . o r i e n s a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t t o s .

p y r a m i d a l e ( S h u t e & L e w i s , 1 9 6 6 ; L e w i s & S h u t e , 1 9 6 7 ; L e w i s e t a l . 1 9 6 7 ; S t o r m -

M a t h i s e n , 1 9 7 0 ; M o s c o e t a l . 1 9 7 3 ; L y n c h e t a l . 1 9 7 8 ; Kimura e t a l . 1 9 8 1 ; H o u s e r ,

C r a w f o r d , B a r b e r , S a l v a t e r r a & V a u g h n , 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e much h i g h e r s t i m u l u s i n t e n s i t yr e q u i r e d t o e l i c i t a s l o w e . p . s . p . c o m p a r e d t o t h e f a s t e . p . s . p . s a n d i . p . s . p . i s c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h t h e e s t a b l i s h e d s m a l l d i a m e t e r o f t h e c h o l i n e r g i c a f f e r e n t s ( S h u t e & L e w i s , 1 9 6 6 ) .T h i r d l y , a l l o f t h e r e s p o n s e s w e r e s e l e c t i v e l y e n h a n c e d b y t h e c h o l i n e s t e r a s e i n -

h i b i t o r , e s e r i n e , a n d b l o c k e d b y t h e m u s c a r i n i c a n t a g o n i s t , a t r o p i n e . T h e f a c t t h a t

we h a v e b e e n a b l e t o e x a c t l y m i m i c a l l o f t h e p o s t - s y n a p t i ca c t i o n s o f

ACh b ye l e c t r i c a l l y s t i m u l a t i n g s i t e s i n t h e h i p p o c a m p a l s l i c e t h a t a r e known t o c o n t a i n

c h o l i n e r g i c f i b r e s p r o v i d e s s t r o n g e l e c t r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l s u p p o r t f o r a n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r

r o l e f o r A C h .

I t i s o f i n t e r e s t t o c o m p a r e o u r r e s u l t s t o t h o s e o f K r n j e v i c & R o p e r t ( 1 9 8 2 ) w ho

s t u d i e d t h e f a c i l i t a t i o n o f p y r a m i d a l c e l l d i s c h a r g e b y s t i m u l a t i n g t h e m e d i a l s e p t u m .

F i r s t , t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h i s f a c i l i t a t i o n o n f r e q u e n c y o f t e t a n i c s t i m u l a t i o n i s s i m i l a r

t o t h e f r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e s l o w e . p . s . p . s e e n i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . S e c o n d l y ,a l t h o u g h t h e e f f e c t s o f b r i e f ( a b o u t 1 0 0 m s ) t e t a n i t o t h e m e d i a l s e p t u m i n t h e i r s t u d yo n l y l a s t e d f o r 0 - 3 s , s u c c e s s i v e b r i e f t e t a n i p r o d u c e d a d e p r e s s i o n l a s t i n g a f e w

s e c o n d s f o l l o w e d b y a f a c i l i t a t i o n l a s t i n g 2 0 - 3 0 s . T h i s i s r e m a r k a b l y s i m i l a r t o t h et i m e c o u r s e o f t h e i . p . s . p . / s l o w e . p . s . p . s e q u e n c e s e e n i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .An i m p o r t a n t i s s u e c o n c e r n s t h e l o c a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c h o l i n e r g i c i n p u t o n t o

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p y r a m i d a l c e l l s . T h e p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f s p i k e d i s c h a r g e t o a

s o m a t i c d e p o l a r i z i n g s t i m u l u s a r e p r e s u m a b l y l o c a t e d c l o s e t o t h e i n i t i a l s e g m e n t ,

w h i c h i s t h e n o r m a l s i t e f o r i m p u l s e i n i t i a t i o n . A n a t o m i c a l s t u d i e s s ug g e s t t h a t t h e

l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c h o l i n e r g i c i n p u t i s i n t h e i n f r a p y r a m i d a l l a y e r i n s . o r i e n sa d j a c e n t

t o s .p y r a m i d a l e , w i t h a

l e s sd e n s e i n p u t

t o t h e s u p r a p y r a m i d a ll a y e r

a t t h eb a s e o f S . r a d i a t u m ( S h u t e & L e w i s , 1 9 6 6 ; L e w i s & S h u t e , 1 9 6 7 ; Fonnum, 1 9 7 0 ;

S t o r m - M a t h i s e n , 1 9 7 0 ) . Th e f i b r e s s y n a p s e p r i m a r i l y o n t o d e n d r i t i c s p i n e s i n t h e s e

r e g i o n s , a n d o n l y r a r e a x o s o m a t i c s y n a p s e s w e r e f o u n d ( S h u t e & L e w i s , 1 9 6 6 ) .A l t h o u g h t h i s i n p u t i s t o s o m e e x t e n t r e m o t e , r e c e n t w o r k h a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t

h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a l c e l l s a r e e l e c t r i c a l l y c o m p a c t ( B r o w n , F r i c k e & P e r k e l , 1 9 8 0 ;

T u r n e r & S c h w a r t z k r o i n , 1 9 8 0 ; J o h n s t o n , 1 9 8 1 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t ACha n d / o r a s e c o n d m e s s e n g e r m a y d i f f u s e a w a y f r o m t h e s y n a p t i c s i t e s . H o w e v e r , i t

s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t a l l o f t h e c h o l i n e r g i c s y n a p t i c r e s p o n s e s r e p o r t e d h e r e h a v e

b e e n o b s e r v e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f e s e r i n e a n d t h e r e f o r e a r e n o t s i m p l y a r e s u l t o f

g r o s s l y e l e v a t e d l e v e l s o f ACh t h a t c a n d i f f u s e t o s i t e s w h i c h a r e n o r m a l l y i n a c c e s s i b l e .M o s t s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l s w h i c h h a v e b e e n a n a l y s e d i n t h e mammalian C . N . S . r e s u l t

f r o m a n i n c r e a s e i n i o n i c c o n d u c t a n c e a n d h a v e b r i e f t i m e c o u r s e s , u s u a l l y l a s t i n gn o m o r e t h a n a s e c o n d ( E c c l e s , 1 9 6 4 ; K r n j e v i c , 1 9 7 4 ; N i c o l l , 1 9 8 2 ) . S i n c e t h e

r e v e r s a l p o t e n t i a l f o r c l a s s i c a l e x c i t a t o r y s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l s i s f a r r e m o v e d f r o m t h e

r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l , t h e s e s y n a p s e s e x e r t t h e i r e f f e c t s p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h a c h a n g e i nmembrane p o t e n t i a l . T h e c h o l i n e r g i c s y n a p t i c r e s p o n s e s c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h e p r e s e n t

s t u d y a r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m c l a s s i c a l s y n a p t i c e x c i t a t i o n f o r t w o r e a s o n s .F i r s t , t h e c h o l i n e r g i c s y n a p t i c r e s p o n s e s t u d i e d h e r e h a s a l o n g d u r a t i o n , l a s t i n g t e n so f s e c o n d s . S i m i l a r l o n g - l a s t i n g e x c i t a t o r y p o t e n t i a l s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n p e r i -

p h e r a l v e r t e b r a t e g a n g l i a . T h e s e i n c l u d e b o t h c h o l i n e r g i c ( N i s h i & K o k e t s u , 1 9 6 8 ;L i b e t , 1 9 7 0 ; W e i g h t & V o t a v a , 1 9 7 0 ; Adams & B r o w n , 1 9 8 2 ; N o r t h & T o k i m a s a ,

1 9 8 2 ) a n d n o n - c h o l i n e r g i c s l o w s y n a p t i c r e s p o n s e s ( G r a f e , M a y e r & W o o d , 1 9 8 0 ;

J o h n s o n , K a t a y a m a , M o r i t a & N o r t h , 1 9 8 1 ; D u n & J i a n g , 1 9 8 2 ; J a n & J a n , 1 9 8 2 ;

T s u m o o , K o n i s h i & O t s u k a , 1 9 8 2 ) . A s l o w e . p . s . p . , p o s s i b l y m e d i a t e d b y A C h , h a s

b r i e f l y b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n n e u r o n e s o f t h e i n t e r p e d u n c u l a r n u c l e u s ( S a s t r y , 1 9 8 0 ) .S e c o n d l y , n o c h a n g e i n membrane p o t e n t i a l w a s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e t r a n s m i t t e r t op r o f o u n d l y a f f e c t t h e f i r i n g p a t t e r n o f t h e p o s t - s y n a p t i c c e l l . T h i s i s b e c a u s e AChb l o c k s t w o i n t r i n s i c p o t a s s i u m c u r r e n t s w h o s e p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n i n v o l v e s c o n t r o l o f

r e p e t i t i v e f i r i n g o f t h e n e u r o n e a n d n o t r e s t i n g membrane p o t e n t i a l . T h u s , t h e

p h y s i o l o g i c a l r o l e f o r t h e s e p t o - h i p p o c a m p a l c h o l i n e r g i c p a t h w a y may n o t b e t oi n i t i a t e c e l l d i s c h a r g e b u t r a t h e r t o r e g u l a t e a n d s u s t a i n t h e f i r i n g g e n e r a t e d b y o t h e r

i n p u t s . A s t e c h n i q u e s b e c o m e m o r e r e f i n e d , s y n a p t i c r e s p o n s e s s i m i l a r t o t h o s er e p o r t e d h e r e m a y b e f o u n d t o b e w i d e s p r e a d i n t h e C . N . S .

We t h a n k D . V . M a d i s o n a n d N . R . N e w b e r r y f o r t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l s t u d i e so n t h e ACh p h a r m a c o l o g y a n d D . V . M a d i s o n f o r h i s comments o n t h e m a n u s c r i p t . T h i s r e s e a r c hw a s s u p p o r t e d b y g r a n t s NS 1 5 7 6 4 , NS 1 6 4 8 5 , MH 0 0 4 3 7 (RCDA) a n d t h e K l i n g e n s t e i n F u n d .

REFERENCES

A D A M S , P . R . & BROWN, D . A . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . S y n a p t i c i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e M - c u r r e n t : s l o w e x c i t a t o r yp o s t - s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l m e c h a n i s m i n b u l l f r o g s y m p a t h e t i c n e u r o n e s . J . P h y r i o l . 3 3 2 , 2 6 3 - 2 7 2 .

A D A M S , P . R . , BROWN, D . A . & C O N S T A N T I , A . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . P h a r m a c o l o g i c a l i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e M - c u r r e n t .

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ACh E . P . S . P . IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES

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t h e r a b b i t h i p p o c a m p u s . B r a i n R e . 8 8 3 , 1 2 3 - 1 3 3 .

D U N , N . J . & J I A N G , Z . G . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . N o n - c h o l i n e r g i c e x c i t a t o r y t r a n s m i s s i o n i n i n f e r i o r m e s e n t e r i c

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E C C L E S , J . C . ( 1 9 6 4 ) . T h e P h y a i o l o g y o f S y n a p a e 8 . B e r l i n , H e i d e l b e r g , Ne w Y o r k : S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g .

E L L I O T S M I T H , G . ( 1 9 1 0 ) . Some p r o b l e m s r e l a t i n g t o t h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e b r a i n . I I . L a n c e t i , 1 4 7 - 1 5 3 .

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G R A F E , P . , MAYER, C . J . & WOOD, J . D . ( 1 9 8 0 ) . S y n a p t i c m o d u l a t i o n o f c a l c i u m - d e p e n d e n t

p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e i n m y e n t e r i c n e u r o n e s i n t h e g u i n e a - p i g . J . P h y a i o l . 3 0 5 , 2 3 5 - 2 4 8 .

G U S T A F S S O N , B . & W I G S T R O M , H . ( 1 9 8 1 ) . E v i d e n c e f o r t w o t y p e s o f a f t e r h y p e r p o l a r i z a t i o n i n CAIp y r a m i d a l c e l l s i n t h e h i p p o c a m p u s . B r a i n R e s . 2 0 6 , 4 6 2 - 4 6 8 .

H A A S , H . L . & K O N N E R T H , A . ( 1 9 8 3 ) . H i s t a m i n e a n d n o r a d r e n a l i n e d e c r e a s e c a l c i u m - a c t i v a t e d

p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e i n h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a l c e l l s . N a t u r e , L o n d . 3 0 2 , 4 3 2 - 4 3 4 .

H A L L I W E L L , J . V . & A D A M S , P . R . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . V o l t a g e - c l a m p a n a l y s i s o f m u s c a r i n i c e x c i t a t i o n i n

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H E R R I C K , C . J . ( 1 9 1 0 ) . T h e m o r p h o l o g y o f t h e f o r e b r a i n i n a m p h i b i a a n d r e p t i l i a . J . c o m p . N e u r o l .

P s y c h o l . 2 0 , 4 1 3 - 5 4 7 .

H O R N , J . P . & M C A F E E , D . A . ( 1 9 8 0 ) . A l p h a - a d r e n e r g i c i n h i b i t i o n o f c a l c i u m - d e p e n d e n t p o t e n t i a l s

i n r a t s y m p a t h e t i c n e u r o n e s . J . P h y s i o l . 3 0 1 , 1 9 1 - 2 0 4 .

H O T S O N , J . R . & P R I N C E , D . A . ( 1 9 8 0 ) . A c a l c i u m - a c t i v a t e d h y p e r p o l a r i z a t i o n f o l l o w s r e p e t i t i v ef i r i n g i n h i p p o c a m p a l n e u r o n s . J . N e u r o p h y s i o l . 4 3 , 4 0 9 - 4 1 9 .

H O U S E R , C . R . , C R A W F O R D , G . D . , B A R B E R , R . P . , S A L V A T E R R A , P . M . & VAUGHN, J . E . ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c h o l i n e r g i c n e u r o n s : a n i m m u n o c y t o c h e m i c a l

s t u d y w i t h a m o n o c l o n a l a n t i b o d y t o c h o l i n e a c e t y l t r a n s f e r a s e . B r a i n R e 8 . 2 6 6 , 9 7 - 1 1 9 .

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J O H N S T O N , D . ( 1 9 8 1 ) . P a s s i v e c a b l e p r o p e r t i e s o f h i p p o c a m p a l CA3 p y r a m i d a l n e u r o n s . C e l l m o l e c .N e u r o b i o l . 1 , 1 0 0 - 1 1 0 .

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1 5 1 - 2 0 1 .

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A . E . COLE AND R . A . NICOLL

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N O R T H , R . A . & T O K I M A S A , T . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . M u s c a r i n i c s y n a p t i c p o t e n t i a l s i n g u i n e a - p i g m y e n t e r i c p l e x u s

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R A I S M A N , G . ( 1 9 6 6 ) . The c o n n e c t i o n s o f t h e s e p t u m . B r a i n 8 9 , 3 1 7 - 3 4 8 .

R O S E , A . M . , H A T T O R I , T . & F I B I G E R , H . C . ( 1 9 7 6 ) . A n a l y s i s o f t h e s e p t o - h i p p o c a m p a l p a t h w a yby l i g h t a n d e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p i c a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y . B r a i n R e s . 1 0 8 , 1 7 0 - 1 7 4 .

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