alkaloids - university of babylon · classification: true alkaloids (typical) which are derived...
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Alkaloids
Definition: the term “alkaloid” (alkali-like) is
commonly used to designate basic
heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant
origin that are physiologically active.
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Classification:
True alkaloids (Typical) which are derived from amino acids and have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring, like Atropine
Protoalkaloids which are derived from amino acids and do not have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring like Ephedrine
Pseudo alkaloids which are not derived from amino acids but have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring like Caffeine
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Distribution and occurrence:
Rare in lower plants.
Dicots are more rich in alkaloids than
Monocots.
Families rich in Alkaloids: Apocynaceae,
Rubiaceae, Solanaceae and
Papaveracea.
Families free from Alkaloids: Rosaceae,
Labiatae
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Distribution in Plant:
All Parts e.g. Datura.
Barks e.g. Cinchona
Seeds e.g. Nux vomica
Roots e.g. Aconite
Fruits e.g. Black pepper
Leaves e.g. Tobacco
Latex e.g. Opium
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Forms of Alkaloids:
Free bases
Salts with Organic acids e.g. Oxalic,
acetic acids
Salts with inorganic acids e.g. HCl, H2SO4.
Salts with special acids:
e.g. Meconic acid in Opium
Quinic acid in Cinchona
Glycosidal form e.g. Solanine in Solanum.
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Physical Properties: 1- Condition:
Most alkaloids are crystalline solids.
Few alkaloids are amorphous solids e.g. emetine.
Some are liquids that are either:
Volatile e.g. nicotine and coniine Non-volatile e.g. pilocarpine and hyoscine.
2- Color:
The majority of alkaloids are colorless but some are colored e.g.:
Colchicine and berberine are yellow.
Canadine is orange.
The salts of sanguinarine are copper-red.
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Chemical Properties:
1- Nitrogen:
Primary amines R-NH2 e.g. Norephedrine
Secondary amines R2-NH e.g. Ephedrine
Tertiary amines R3-N e.g. Atropine
Quaternary ammonium salts R4-N e.g d-Tubocurarine
2- Basicity:
R2-NH > R-NH2 > R3-N
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3- Presence
oxygen:
Most alkaloids contain Oxygen and are
solid in nature like atropine.
Some alkaloids are free from oxygen and
are mostly liquids like nicotine.
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Qualitative test for Alkaloids:
Precipitation Reagents:
1- used to indicate the absence or presence of
Alkaloids
2- Test for complete the extraction
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Colour Reagents:
1- Froehd’s Reagent.
2- Marqui’s Reagent.
3- Mandalin’s Reagent.
4- Erdmann’s Reagent.
5- Mecke's Reagent.
6- Shaer's Reagent.
7- mayers Reagent.
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Plant material and solvent
Extract
Concentration
Acidified Extract (Alk. as salts)
Organic solvent dissove Impurities
Acidification
Alkalinization
Alkaline aqueous layer
Organic solvent dissove Alkaloids
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Classification of Alkaloids Biogenetic.
Based on the biogenetic pathway that form the alkaloids.
Botanical Source.
According to the plant source of alkaloids.
Type of Amines. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary alkaloids.
Basic Chemical Skeleton
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Ephedrine
Atropine.
CH2 CH CH3
NH2
NCH3 OH
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Peganum harmala