alkanes - ms. mogck's classroom · properties of alkanes • non polar molecules • as the...
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Alkanes
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Carbonhas4bondingelectrons
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Carboncanbondtoitselfinchains
orrings
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Carboncanformsingle,doubleand
triplebonds
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Carboncanformisomers
(sameformula,differentnames,characteristicsand
properties)
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OrganicCompounds• CarbonandHydrogen(bondedtogether)• ExcludingOXIDES,CARBIDES,CARBONATES,CYANIDES
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Completestructuraldiagram• i.e.3-methylheptane
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CondensedStructuralDiagram
• i.e.3methylheptane
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LineStructuralDiagram• AkaSkeletondiagram• i.e.3-methylheptane
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ALKANES• Hydrocarboncompounds• AllcarbonsareSATURATED(meaningallsinglebonds)• Acyclic(meaningnoloops)
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CnH2n+2• i.e.C7H16
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IUPACNaming• therootisnamesusingthelongestcontinuouschainofcarbonatomsandapplyingthestandardgreek name• thesuffix“ane”isaddedtotheappropriatenumbering
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Prefix #ofCarbonsMeth 1Eth 2Prop 3But 4Pent 5Hex 6Hept 7Oct 8Non 9Dec 10
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• everysidechainisnamedbysubtractingthe“ane”andadding“yl”suffix• eachsidechainisnumberedbyitsdistancefromthefirstcarboninthechain(sotohavethelowestnumbers)
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Example
• Namethefollowingalkane
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Example2
• Namethefollowingalkane
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
CH3
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Example3
• Namethefollowingalkane
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Example4,5,6,7
• 3,3,4,5-tetramethyl decane
• 3-ethyl5-methyloctane
• 4-butyl3-ethyl2,6-dimethylnonane
• 3-ethyl2,3,3-trimethyl heptane
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CommercialImportanceofAlkanes
• Naturalgas=mainlymethane(alsoincludesethane,propane,butaneandpentane)• NaturalgasisheatedinafractionaldistillationtowntoremoveH2S
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• Petroleum=varietyofalkanesseparatedbyfractionaldistillation• Fuel,wax,lubricants,asphalt,tarandsulfurallcomefrompetroleum• Pharmaceuticals,fertilizers,pesticidesandplasticsaremanufacturedfrompetroleum
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PropertiesofAlkanes
• Nonpolarmolecules• asthelengthofthechainincreases,thesumoftheintermolecularforcesincreases
• shapeandsizeaffecttheboilingpoint• Increasethebranchingdecreasestheboilingpoint
• Increasingthenumberofcarbonsincreasestheboilingpoint
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