The Skeletal System

The Skeletal SystemAll About Bones

How many bones can you name?

DO NOWBones to Know:Skull1. Skull2. HyoidBoneVertebral Column3. VertebraeThoracic Cage4. Ribs5. Sternum

Pectoral Girdle6. Scapula7. ClavicleUpper Limb8. Humerus9. Radius10. Ulna11. Carpals12. Metacarpals13. PhalangesPelvic Girdle14. PelvisLower Limb15. Femur16. Patella17. Fibula18. Tibia19. Tarsals20. Metatarsals21. PhalangesAxial Skeleton:Appendicular Skeleton:Axial and Appendicular

Axial Portion

Skull

Vertebrate

Ribs

Sternum

Appendicular Portion

Pelvis

Clavicle

Scapula

What is the common name for the clavicle?What is the common name for the scapula?Humerus

Radius and Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Femur

Patella

Tibia and Fibula

Tibia/Fibula vs Radius/Ulna

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Tarsal Bones vs Carpal Bones

Types of BonesHow many bones are there??In a newborn there are 300!!!!!

How many bones are there?In an adult, that are 206!!!

That is almost 100 fewer than infants. What happened?

What is the largest bone?The Femur!

What is the smallest bone?

Exit TicketName the bones listed below.

12345All About BonesSkeletal DisordersDO NOWCan you name any skeletal disorders?

What do you know about them?

What would you like to know?Fractures

ActivityCreate a foldable (like the one we did for the organ systems) that details the different types of fractures.

Name the fractureGive the definition of the fractureDraw itClassify the difficulty to heal (how do bones heal, what process?)

There are 9 different fractures

Compression fractures: usually occurs in the vertebrae, for example when the front portion of a vertebra in the spine collapses due to osteoporosis (a medical condition which causes bones to become brittle and susceptible to fracture, with or without trauma).Other types of fracture are:Complete fracture: A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely.Incomplete fracture: A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined. In such cases, there is a crack in the osseous tissue that does not completely traverse the width of the bone.[4]Linear fracture: A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis.Transverse fracture: A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis.Oblique fracture: A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis.Spiral fracture: A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted.Comminuted fracture: A fracture in which the bone has broken into a number of pieces.Impacted fracture: A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other.Avulsion fracture: A fracture where a fragment of bone is separated from the main mass.41Exit TicketWhich fracture do you think are the hardest to mend? Why?

Which fracture do you think are the easiest to mend? Why?

All About BonesMales vs. FemalesDO NOWHow can you distinguish between males and females?

Dont just make a list, describe the differences.

ActivityYou are a world-renowned bone expert.

You just received an urgent call from your Supervisor. He has informed you that a jogger has discovered a body in the woods. The body is nearly decayed and the police need to know if the victim is male or female.

Some cluesThere are distinct difference in the bones that distinguish males from females

The PelvisFemale Pelvic bonesBroader sciatic notchRaised auricular surface

Males Pelvic BonesNarrower sciatic notchFlat auricular surfaceThe Pelvis

Figure 1. Female and male pelvic bones. (Source: Smithsonian Institution)48Male or Female?

Figure 2. Pelvic bone of the skeleton in the cellar. (Source: Smithsonian Institution) Male49Male or Female?

Male50

Male or Female?Female51

Male or Female?Male52SkullMale skullsLarger than femalesLarger brow ridgeSloping, less rounded foreheadLarger projections behind earsSquare chinGreater definition of muscle attachment areas on the back of the headSkull: Male

SkullFemaleSmoother bone surfaces where muscles attachLess pronounced brow ridgesMore vertical foreheadSharp upper margins of the eyes orbitsSmaller projections behind the earsChin more pointedLarger, obtuse angle of the jawSkull: Female

Male or Female?

Female57Male or Female?

Female58Male or Female?

Male59Checklist for examining the skullFor each category, describe what you see and determine male or female for that feature.

Brow ridgeNeck muscle attachmentsMastoid ProcessUpper eye orbit marginAngle of jawChin

From there you can make a better estimate as to the sex.

Exit TicketWhat is the easiest way to determine the gender (using the skeleton) of an individual, and why?Off you go!!Work in small groups to determine the sex of the skeleton.

Turn in work individually!

All About BonesDetermining Your HeightDo NowWhich bones do you think would be the best for determining the height of an individual. Defend your answer.

You must pick one bone.

Determining Height from Bone LengthIt is possible to determine the height of an individual based on the length of one bone.

This is useful because sometimes all that police recover is a few bones.

ActivityIn this activity you will look at the bones in the arm.Which are?

And the bones in the leg.Which are?

ActivityBreak into groups of 4.

2 of you will measure the arm bones2 of you will measure the leg bonesThen compare your results

How accurate are you to the actual height of the person?Which equation is more accurate?Important Equations: ArmsMalesHeight = (length of radius x 3.3) + 34Height = (length of humerus x 2.9) + 27.8

FemalesHeight = (length of radius x 3.3) + 32Height = (length of humerus x 2.8) + 28.1

Important Equations: LegsMalesHeight = 2.42 x (tibia length in cm) + 81.93

FemaleHeight = 2.90 x (tibia length in cm) + 61.53

Using the femur and tibiaHeight = 1.31 x (length of femur in cm + length of tibia in cm) + 63.05

Exit TicketIn some cases all that a forensics team has to go on is a bone.

What are your conclusions regarding the level of accuracy you can obtain in predicting height based on one or two bones?