all about by khandakar niaz morshed

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Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word "tour" is derived from the Latin'tornare' and the Greek 'tornos,' meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central pointor axis.' This meaning changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn.' The suffix -ism is

defined as 'an action or process; typical behavior or quality' whereas the suffix -ist denotes onethat performs a given action. When the word tour and the suffixes -ism and -ist are combined,they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents astarting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey that is a round trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to the originalstarting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist.

Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena

and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."In 1976, the TourismSociety of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of peopleto destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities duringthe stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."In 1981, the InternationalAssociation of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activitiesselected by choice and undertaken outside the home.

The United Nations classified three forms of tourism in 1994, in its "Recommendations onTourism Statistics: Domestic tourism", which involves residents of the given country travelingonly within this country; Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the givencountry; and Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.The UN alsoderived different categories of tourism by combining the three basic forms of tourism: Internaltourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism; National tourism, whichcomprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism; and International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and outbound tourism. Intrabound tourism is a term coined by the KoreaTourism Organization and widely accepted in Korea.[citation needed] Intrabound tourism differsfrom domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policymaking and implementation of

national tourism policies.

Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from the promotion of inbound tourism to the promotion of intrabound tourism,because many countries are experiencing tough competition for inbound tourists.



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Tourist

Tourism is classically regarded as traveling for recreation although this definition has beenexpanded in recent years to include any travel outside of one's normal working or living area.

The tourist originated when large numbers of middle class people began to join aristocratictravelers. As societies became wealthier, and people lived longer, it became not only possible but

probable that lower-middle and middle class people steadily employed would retire in goodhealth and with some significant savings.

The tourist is usually interested (among other things) in the destination's climate, culture or itsnature. Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world, not incidentally to

some other purpose, but as an end in itself: to see great buildings or other works of art; to learnnew languages; or to taste new cuisines.

Organized tourism is now a major industry around the world. Many national economies are nowheavily reliant on tourism.

The term tourism is sometimes used pejoratively, implying a shallow interest in the societies and

natural wonders that the tourist visits.

There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe,where international travel for short breaks is common.Tourists have high levels of disposableincome, considerable leisure time, are well educated, and have sophisticated tastes.[citationneeded] There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a fragmentingof the mass market for beach vacat ions; people want more specialised versions, quieter resorts,family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted destination hotels.

The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-costairlines and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. WHOestimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.There have also been changes inlifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet



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sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which aninclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threatsto tourist destinations, such as in Bali and several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004,a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countries on the IndianOcean, including the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost and many tourists died. This,together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism tothe area.

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has asimilar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism andtourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locationsvisited by tourists.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continuegrowing at the average annual rate of 4 %.With the advent of e-commerce, tourism productshave become one of the most traded items on the internet.Tourism products and services have

been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.)can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line andtraditional shops.

It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and thedegree to which countries play in the global context.Not only as a result of the importanteconomic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.

Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although comparedwith traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologiessuch as a space elevator make space travel cheap.

Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar- powered airplanes or large dirigibles.[citation needed] Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis,



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expected to open in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.

Latest trends

As a result of the Late-2000s recession, international arrivals suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7% during the first eight monthsof 2008. The Asian and Pacific markets were affected and Europe stagnated during the borealsummer months, while the Americas performed better, reducing their expansion rate but keepinga 6% growth from January to August 2008. Only the Middle East continued its rapid growthduring the same period, reaching a 17% growth as compared to the same period in 2007.Thisslowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with anegative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September.The hotel industry also reports a slowdown, as room occupancy continues to decline.As theglobal economic situation deteriorated dramatically during September and October as a result of the global financial crisis, growth of international tourism is expected to slow even further for theremaining of 2008, and this slowdown in demand growth is forecasted to continue into 2009 asrecession has already hit most of the top spender countries, with long-haul travel expected to bethe most affected by the economic crisis.This negative trend intensified as international touristarrivals fell by 8% during the first four months of 2009, and the decline was exacerbated in someregions due to the outbreak of the influenza AH1N1 virus.

Wh a t is poverty?

Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able to see adoctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is nothaving a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time. Poverty is losing a child to illness

brought about by unclean water. Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom.

Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has been described in

many ways . Most often, poverty is a situation people want to escape. So poverty is a call toaction -- for the poor and the wealthy alike -- a call to change the world so that many more mayhave enough to eat, adequate shelter, access to education and health, protection from violence,and a voice in what happens in their communities.



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To know what helps to reduce poverty, what works and what does not, what changes over time, poverty has to be defined, measured, and studied -- and even experienced. As poverty has manydimensions, it has to be looked at through a variety of indicators -- levels of income andconsumption, social indicators, and indicators of vulnerability to risks and of socio/politicalaccess.

Much work has been done using consumption or income-based measures of poverty, but also onnon-income dimensions of poverty, most notably in the Human Development Report preparedannually by the United Nations Development Programme. See New Directions in PovertyMeasurement below.

S ocio-Econonomic a nd c ala mity More over Socio-Econonomic status and calamity causes behind of poverty of the south Asiaregion as follows those are slowing progress of the region

Agro-based economy

Lack of Education

High Population

Undeveloped Technology

Lack of regional unity

Lack regional C ommitment

C alamity

Less Land

No C ultural Policy

No Market policy

Less Skilled professional

Less com etitive Product

Problems South Asia



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In the most south Asian countries domestic, public and private sector decision-makers still do notappreciate the importance of national cultural industries as agents of dynamic economic growthand prosperity. Even they are not aware about investment in cultural industries as the play animportant role in development and capable to increase employment and sustainable incomegeneration.

Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation as National Tourist Organization (NTO)

Bangladesh Parjatan C orporation (BP C ) was established in 1972 through a Presidential Order no143, and placed it under the Ministry of C ivil Aviation and Tourism. It has been entrusted withdual responsibility - promotion of tourism in the country as well as creation of facilities oncommercial basis. Since its inception, BP C has been developing and creating various touristfacilities across the country. Till to date, it has created 42 tourism units (hotels. motels, restaurantstourism centre, picnic spots, duty free shops, drinks corner, etc.) at different places of touristattractions of the country in order to offer facilities to the tourists. It also runs a National Hoteland Tourism Training Institute (NHTTI), which to date, produced more than 24,000 trainedmanpower. As per the privatization policy of Bangladesh government, BP C has leased out asmany as 11 commercial units to private sector on commercial basis

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

People of Bangladesh are generally very hospitable and tourist friendly.

Security is not that bad as often projected by electronic and print media.

Domestic tourism is increasing steadily. Due to two-day holiday in the week, the trend of movingout for recreation has increased mainly among the middle class people of the society.

Awareness about tourist attractions among the local community is increasing

C ommunication and transport system has been developed from north to south, east to west

Weaknesses

On the role of BP C , there is debate whether the C orporation should play the role of a mere NTOor a commercial organization or both



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F requent changes of officials in the BP C¶ s management and its line ministry

Absence of representation of civil society in the BP C¶ s Board of Directors.

Opportunities

It is easy to implement eco-tourism, riverine tourism, and spiritual tourism, as the country possesses enough opportunity to develop these types of tourism.

Government has formulated favourable foreign investment policy to attract overseas investors inreadymade garments, leather goods natural gas and petroleum sector and liberal policy for jointventure investment in tourism sector

As there are hundreds of rivers crisscrossing Bangladesh, immense potentiality exists for development of riverine tourism in Bangladesh

Threats/Constraints

Unstable political situation created a bad image abroad, which should be taken as the biggestthreat for development of tourism industry overseas

C ontinuous campaign against Bangladesh by certain quarters as a fundamentalist country isanother obstacle

Unholy alliance between the trade union and political leaders which disrupts labor discipline

Tourism in B a ng la desh: a look through soci al prism

In a roundtable conference held in Dhaka in last F ebruary, officials and resource personnelstressed on taking massive steps required to explore tourism potential. The keynote paper emphasized on some conceived potentials of tourism industry in Bangladesh and, as usual,

pointed out some drawback too. It is a great pleasure to get so many enthusiastic people aroundus trying to promote the tourism sector in Bangladesh. Many of them, have a true passionatedream for developing the sector as a profitable industry. However, there are some issues There israrely seen to be discussed in such forums being held on and off in Bangladesh. With the

accessibility to print and electronic media of Bangladesh from abroad, It¶s noticed a trend of believing on a high potential of tourism industry in Bangladesh is taking place among people.

With full respect to such believers

Tourism, as we know, is one of the largest industry worldwide. The annual revenue generatedfrom the industry is a total of 500 billion USD. And, many countries, despite of limited resourcesand wealth, now a day are showing tremendous effort and interest to get a decent share from this

big money. While speaking about tourism in Bangladesh, the optimists do not forget to remind



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that our tourism industry has been considered as the neglected one that is waiting to thrive if onlysomeone explores it. They usually urge to the government for developing infrastructure, ensuringsecurity or improving other facilities for tourists as part of expanding the sector. I am notopposing the idea that Bangladesh could be a potential shareholder to the tourism business too,

but at the same time, I would like to remind that the patrons of tourism in Bangladesh might haveno idea that how much we would have to pay for it.

The idea of our tourism industry based mainly on attracting tourists by introducing them to our natural beauties, provide them with luxury hotel, security and modern transport. This kind of tourism concept is no more an existence in the modern world. Society and culture of severalcountries in the world is not lagging behind with middle Aegean values and people have becomemore open in terms of expressing their lifestyles. People now do not travel places just to lie onsilky grass carpet and counting flying elephants on gorgeously blue sky. Destination for natural

wonders or beautiful places might have an appeal to certain segment of tourists, but for themajority, scenic beauty have really become a low preference. If we think accordingly the markettheory, the tourists have been segmented into different groups such as leisure, business andindependent customer group. Holidaymakers and age-specific groups are the major portion of thetotal business (approximately 75% of all international travel) is the main profit generating factor of this industry. The tourists of these groups select their destination according to the availabilityof nightlife entertainment, access to alcohol and soft drinks at low price, accommodation withdiscount rate at hotels and luxury hotels are not a necessary to them. They also take into accountof their safety, availability of cheap and easy transport and how many native people cancommunicate with them through English.

Developing the infrastructure, constructing smooth links to scenic destinations, providing easytransport and securing the safety of the tourists are not unattainable if our government takeearnest actions. But ensuring night life and easy access to alcohol for boosting up tourismindustry in a country where 93% of the population is Muslim and where nightlife merely exist or drinking is prohibited by law sounds unrealistic. Is Bangladesh ready to accept this kind of change required for such attain?

We should accept the fact that we cannot turn Dhaka into Bangkok, even if tourism industryseeks to. Mass people won ¶t accept the idea of opening Bars in the city of Dhaka or in C ox ¶sBazar. The existing regulation that permits selling alcohol only to foreign tourists with a 500%duty/tax is also an awful contradiction to our concept of attracting tourists in comparison to other competitive destinations where merely any tax is imposed on such products. Yes, alcohols areavailable in black markets, but are smuggled and with no quality assurance. And the way the



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sellers approach to the tourists to sell the prohibited item at the sea beach of C ox ¶s Bazar, woulddefinitely scare a foreigner. Buying a beer should not be that complicated for tourists whousually have easy access to liquor in their home country. But, for the sake of securing ³fun´ for the tourists, making alcohol business more open is not an easy option for the government.Reforming the existing import policy to reduce such tax won ¶t be easy indeed.

F rom the nearest experience of former finance minister Mr. Saifur Rahman, I believe none of hissuccessor would dare to touch the policy. And, perhaps that should not be. C onsidering thesituation with Yaba, Phencidyl and all² I barely see any reason to make alcohol more available.So, that won ¶t happen and this is a reality which should be accepted by our tourism industry. Theoption of declaring certain geographical area as tourist zone with high security measure wouldrather scare the tourists. Again, arranging a place under a high security measure would fail²

because, a tourist would not like to be treated as a cage-bird. The possibility for foreigners of

being a key target of the nascent militants would also become high. As our past experienceindicates many weird ideas taken by GOB that did not work at all²including the idea of constructing Madhupur Echo park boundary wall, the government should not consider such kindof option at all.

Its true that the world recognizable tourist hubs like Thailand, Bangkok, and Philippines aregenerating a huge remittance from their tourism industry. But that ¶s just one side of the coinwhich has a darker flipside. Bangkok has already been recognized as the capital of Sex industry

in Asia, probably in the whole world. Philippine is following the same footstep and people of these country are paying the price of the tourist money. Dispersal of HIV and antisocial activitiesare on rise. In Nepal, another country having economy based on tourism, is facing a battle withHIV and women trafficking. And unfortunately, such a big price could not save the marginal

people from vicious cycle of poverty. Now a days, tourism industry and sex business have turnedlike a conglomerate trade. All of the tourist spots from Thailand to Goa, Bali to C ancun havestepped into the world of tourism with an approval, silent or open, to sex business for the sake of drawing profit. Any one can openly hire a hooter in the world famous tourist destination LasVegas as prostitution has been declared legal by US government in that state. We have to realizethat we would also have to compromise with this hidden truth of tourism business if we

genuinely hope for its betterment here. Banning the tourists from illegal sex can only repeal thetourists from Bangladesh. So, how would the government can make our tourism a profitablesector without patronizing sex business is an inevitable question for

now a days.



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Another fact to be taken into consideration is- low budget tourist segment is the main supplyforce of the big profit of modern tourism industry. This target group is mainly holidaymakerswho requires discount in accommodations, food and holiday activities which include the well-known - sun-bathing. Sun bathing may sound very strange and unnecessary to the people of Bangladesh who would rather stay at home most of the year to avoid the unbearable scorchingheat, but for the Western and European tourists, sun bathing on beach in bikini or bathing suit isan essential part of holiday leisure. To provide them with such free ambience for could be veryintimidating to our social custom. It is not only a matter of ensuring security for tourists but alsochanging the common people ¶s attitude towards half naked bodies. The change, if could beattained, can pose a threat to the traditional social norms of Bengali Muslim society. However,we need to realize that, as a society we are not open yet though very welcoming and hospitable.Due to religious and cultural influences, social customs are moderately rigid and acceptingdifferent lifestyle is considered outlandish by large section. And, preferring to preserve ones ownreligious and cultural tradition is not something to be ashamed of.

The tourists also look for the opportunities to know the native culture and people. They wouldlike to roam around the city and countryside to explore the cultural diversity. F or such exposure,it is important to ensure an environment where the tourists can move and wander freely in thecrowd and on city streets other than providing them with air-conditioned confinedtransportations. That ¶s how tourist destinations like Goa, Delhi, Bangkok, and Agra havemanaged the top positions in the worlds most popular vacation spots list. In such destinations, atourist can walk around, have lunch, and use reliable city transport with safety which costs onlyfive dollar a day. Whether we admit or not, we are lacking such facilities even for domestictourists.

Promoting tourism and dreaming for billions without considering such realities would be animprudent idea. Taking actions on basis of whimsical conjecture and ignoring the use of discreet

judgment without considering the aftermath may bring us social mutilation while we hope for economic benefit. Recently, Government of Bangladesh has launched a promotional program toenter into the global tourism industry with a theme ³Beautiful Bangladesh´. Previously, we haveseen how taxpayers money was expended for constructing different infrastructure for Bangladesh

Parjatan C orporation with no gain. Recently, the government is realizing that it was their mistaketo be busy with building structures, rather, they would have been involved in policy formulationand external promotional activities. And now, without considering the social realities andcontext, promoting tourism in Bangladesh and experiencing the snags may put our governmentin another self ambiance that they have mistaken again!



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While struggling with many other challenges and threats to our state, economy, environment andcultural tradition, we need to avert our perception to development for a long term gain. F or thelast 36 years since our independence we have learnt to measure the scale of profit of anyschemes with the amount of foreign currency it earns. The indigent economy of ours has beenled to meretricious idea of selling things in foreign markets and accumulating foreign currencyreserve in bank as the key measure of boosting up the economy. C ultural preservation is the newconcept of human development that has been exemplified by Bhutan. With such a potential of developing a world class tourism industry, this Himalayan Kingdom emphasized on the

preservation of culture and environment. Such initiative did not hinder the progress anddevelopment of Bhutan. Per capita income of this country has risen to 1450 USD, currentlyhighest in south Asia, and approximately 50% more than India. Bhutan was known to be the

poorest country of the world even in Nineties. In stead of instant cash from tourists, Bhutan keptits people and culture within its traditional enclosure for long to preserve her culture andenvironment from global intervention. But, on the other hand, she emphasized on utilizing

natural resources that could generate a sustainable emolument. While looking at the example of Thailand, Malaysia and Maldives, that have elated our greed for green money, we should alsoconsider the examples of Bhutan or C ambodia who given priority to their nation ¶s self-esteem.

In the context of social reality of Bangladesh, tourism has a limited potential to be flourished.This reality should not disappoint us; rather we should explore the sustainable elements that can

be utilized for our development. Each country and economy has its own unique feature andresources to be benefitted from. The countries where industrial revolution has taken place werenot able to cultivate crops for their own geographic feature. They had no other way to strengthentheir economy other than developing their technology. But the countries like Netherlands and

New Zealand are leading the world ¶s economic arena by emphasizing their natural resources.Our neighbor India is emerging as a new world power force by building a manpower withscholastic insight who are working in different influential world organizations and internationalacademic institutes. We have our fertile land, we have our manpower. We have huge naturalresources convertible to power. We are not left with regret if tourism can not grow on our soil.

PRO-POOR Bhaktapur in Nepal is a striking example of a destination where the poor benefitfrom tourist revenues

Adopting programs that enlist the help of the urban poor in promoting tourism is an emerginginstrument of

poverty reduction. Despite the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), theAsia and Pacific region is the world ¶s fastest growing tourism destination with annual growthrates ranging between 11% and 14%. In 11 of the 12 countries that account for 80% of the



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world ¶s poor, tourism contributes significantly to the economy. Seven of these 12 countries arein Asia: Bangladesh, People ¶s Republic of C hina, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, andPhilippines.

In the Mekong subregion, tourism is a major source of many people ¶s livelihood. The tourismsector accounts for 9.7% of gross domestic product (GDP) in the Lao People ¶s DemocraticRepublic and 6.7% in Viet Nam. In C ambodia, tourism was a major contributor to its economicrecovery in 1999, accounting for 9.2% of GDP. In Thailand, tourism has been the largest sourceof foreign exchange earnings since 1982.

T a pping Tourism to Reduce Poverty

BIG ATTRA C TION Thailand's Sukhothai draws thousands of visitors each year²could the poor benefit more from tourism?

Urban centers in these countries are also popular tourist destinations. Some are gateways tonatural wonders in the rural hinterland. Others are cultural melting pots offering sights, sounds,cuisine, shopping, and night life.

Properly planned and managed, urban tourism can be a significant tool for pro-poor urbandevelopment. It is labor-intensive and a recognized job creator. It does not require high academicskills. Vocational and basic skills, which the poor can easily acquire, are sufficient. Mostimportantly, women are potentially the greatest beneficiaries.

Urban tourism can also be an effective means to enhance civic awareness of the environment anda city ¶s cultural heritage, which, in turn, can inculcate a sense of identity and civic pride, and

promote social cohesion.

Managing urban tourism requires enlightened city managers and planners, and smart partnerships between the public sector and the tourism industry.



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Uncontrolled tourism growth can strain city infrastructure and services, damage cultural assets,and impact negatively on the poor, especially women. Maximizing benefits and minimizing thedownside are crucial to expanded urban tourism.

Properly planned and managed, urban tourism can be a significant tool for pro-poor urbandevelopment

The key lies in having an entrepreneurial spirit that views the city as a tourism destination,mainstreams tourism into urban planning and management, and involves the poor in managingthe cities ¶ tourism attractions, including its cultural heritage.

C ities need to offer visitors a high-quality experience. This will require improving urbaninfrastructure, services, and safety; and getting host communities to participate in designing andoffering tourism products and services.

Safeguards for environmental protection and cultural sensitivity should also be developed andenforced, together with effective land use planning, zoning, and regulation. Most importantly, asensitive balance between destination marketing and destination preparedness needs to bemaintained.

Over half of ADB projects involve

nongovernment organizations

(NGOs) in some way, from providing input on proposed loans to serving as implementingagencies. Partnership Newsletter keeps NGOs informed of developments in and around ADB.

Published six times a year and distributed by e-mail, Partnership reports on new ADB technicalassistance and loan activities, the latest documents and publications, draft policies open to publiccomment, training opportunities, and conferences and seminars of interest to civil society in theAsia and Pacific region.



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To subscribe, simply send an e-mail to [email protected] with ³subscribe´ in the subjectline. View previous issues.

Ensuring the success of pro-poor urban tourism at the local level, however, needs to be supported by a wider policy framework at the national level. This would offer complementary nationalinvestment strategies, strengthen coordination among ministries and local governments, and

provide incentives to get urban governments and private enterprises involved.

Getting the urban poor involved in promoting and managing their cities ¶ tourism products willalso require the participation of nongovernment and community-based organizations, andtourism industry leaders.

A deep and widespread awareness of the need to involve the poor by making the best use of localskills, labor, and supplies needs to be developed and sustained.

Bhaktapur in Nepal is a striking example of a well-preserved, environmentally clean, and well-managed tourist destination, where the poor benefit from tourist revenues. Tourism and heritagemanagement has been mainstreamed into municipal management and urban planning. Themunicipality introduced a system to raise revenues from tourism for urban upgrading, cultural

heritage reinforcement, and community development. The poor have gained visibly from the positive tourism impact in Bhaktapur.

Likewise, Hue, the ancient capital of Viet Nam, and Luang Prabang, the former capital of theLao People ¶s Democratic Republic, are cities that have incorporated tourism in their urbanmanagement and growth strategies. Both cities have demonstrated a marked propensity for showcasing their cultural legacy to enhance their tourism appeal for the benefit of their citizens,especially the poor.

C ottage industries that produce local handicrafts have mushroomed, the cities ¶ physicalenvironments have improved, and expanded tourism has meant jobs for the poor.



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ADB is well-positioned to promote pro-poor tourism as a key ingredient of urban developmentand renewal. Its policies of sound environmental management, community participation, anddecentralization²coupled with its support for broad-based urban development²are conduciveto catalyzing pro-poor tourism as part of the Asia and Pacific region ¶s effort to reduce urban

poverty, promote social equity, and enhance heritage management. It is a challenging task²butachievable.

Biblography :

www.americanchronicle.com

www.adb.org

http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97jan/borlaug/borlaug.htm F orgotten benefactor of humanity

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7670855.stm Millions mark UN hand washing day

^ a b c d http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918733,00.html Microfinance ¶snext step: deposits

^ a b http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm Africa ¶s mobile banking revolution

^ a b http://www.newsweek.com/id/160070 How to spread democracy

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