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College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in the Lower Animas Irrigation Ditch Sediments Sam Fullen ([email protected]) Dr. Kevin Lombard, Dr. April Ulery, Barbara Hunter, Gaurav Jha, Brandon Francis

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Page 1: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State University

aces.nmsu.edu

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community developmentin New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and extension programs.

Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in the Lower Animas Irrigation Ditch Sediments

Sam Fullen ([email protected])Dr. Kevin Lombard, Dr. April Ulery, Barbara Hunter,

Gaurav Jha, Brandon Francis

Page 2: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Now, then, and back again

Photos credited to: http://www.hcn.org/issues/48.7/silvertons-gold-king-reckoning/a-gold-king-mine-timeline/image_largehttp://www.hcn.org/issues/48.7/silvertons-gold-king-reckoning/silverton-animas-goldking-jpg/image http://dur-duweb.newscyclecloud.com/storyimage/DU/20150808/NEWS01/150809648/AR/0/AR-150809648.jpg?maxw=1290&ts=1477915342

Page 3: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Purpose

• “What’s in our irrigation ditches?”

• To start: lead (Pb) and arsenic (As)?

• Later: how do we sample for emergency?

Photo cred: https://previews.123rf.com/images/cthoman/cthoman1507/cthoman150700817/41889463-A-cartoon-rabbit-looking-confused-and-shrugging--Stock-Vector.jpg

Page 4: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

• No nutritive value; Toxins

• Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain

• Concerns about contamination by local communities

Children particularly susceptible

Solubility in water is low, but dangerous

• Often found together in ore and mining wastes Iron oxides released from the GKM turned the Animas river

orange, carrying As and metals with it

Immobilized by clay, iron oxides (As), or carbonates (Pb); may pose a future risk if not sorbed permanently

Why Focus on Lead and Arsenic?

Page 5: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

What we did• Site description• Sampling technique• Soil processing

• Air dry, grind, sieve, homogenize

• Saturation paste• Acid digestion

• Soil analysis• ICP-OES• pH• Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Photo Cred: Brandon Francis

Page 6: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

• Research site:• ~130 miles downstream from

point source• “Four Corners” region• Sampled EPA sites• GPS to track coordinates• Isolated one ditch with six

sampling sites for analysis

Maps cred: Robert Sabie, Dr. LombardPhoto Cred: Brandon Francis

Site Description

Page 7: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Sampling Technique

Figures cred: Dr. Lombard

Page 8: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Augering:EPA Method 5035

Photos Cred: Hunter Winsor

Page 9: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Some ditches were unable to be sampled due to the start of the irrigation season

Photo Cred: Hunter Winsor

Limitation

Page 10: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Process in hoodLab

Photos Cred: Katie McCarver

Saturate, pH, extract

Electrical Conductivity

Page 11: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

• EPA Method 3051A• MARS 5 Microwave Accelerated Digestion

• EPA Method 200.7• Inductively coupled plasma optical emission

spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis

Photo cred: Katie McCarver and Barbara Hunter

Lab

Page 12: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

• Mixed models used to examine potential differences of metal concentration between depths, and between sample points across a transect

• An sp(pow) covariance structure was used to account for unequally spaced measurements along the Lower Animas Ditch.

• Considered 6 locations on one ditch as 6 repetitions

Statistics

Page 13: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Tota

ls (p

pm)

Sample Point Location

Pb Concentration Means Across a Ditch Transect

0-8inches

8-16in

16-24in

Results

Pb

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All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

• Significant differences of concentrations (p=0.0017) between depths

• No differences between sample point location concentrations

• Estimated correlation of 71% from sampling points 2-ft apart in surface 8”.

• None of the raw data were near the EPA Residential Regional Screening Limit of 400 ppm (range = 2.7 - 165.4 ppm)

Pb Results

Page 15: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

7.07ppm

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Tota

ls (p

pm)

Sample Point Location

As Concentration Means Across Ditch Transect

0-8inches

8-16in

16-24in

NMED limit

Results

As

Page 16: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

• Depth concentrations significantly different (p = 0.0369)

• No differences between sample point concentrations

• Correlation between 2-ft sampling points similar to Pb (72%)

• ~93% raw data (range = 4.15 – 26.59 ppm) was above the NMED As limitations of 7.07 ppm, while all estimated means were above it.

As Results

Page 17: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Discussion/Conclusion• No differences between sample points

• Random location sampling may be sufficient when observing for Pb and As concentrations in irrigation ditches; be weary of edge outliers

• Depth differences suggest multiple sampling depths may be warranted

• High adjacent point correlations suggest sampling several points near to one another is unnecessary (if multiple points desired)

Page 18: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

• Arsenic may be a health risk in irrigation ditch sediments if it becomes mobilized from changing environmental conditions.

• Are current guidelines for As in soil appropriate due to high background levels?

• Legacy mining still remains an environmental concern and considerably more research is necessary to understand how mine waste is impacting soil chemistry.

Conclusion cont.

Photo credit:http://vtpp.ext.vt.edu/museum-of-pest-management/the-application-technology-wing/chemistry-2/lead-arsenate-story/arsenicals-and-their-history-of-application/images/35.jpg?isImage=1https://owlspringsfarm.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/lead-arsenate.gif

Page 19: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Acknowledgements

• Dr. Lois Stanford, Dr. Dawn VanLeeuwen• Jason, Nate, Dez, Makinsey, Hae-na, Roya, Hunter• Water Resource Research Institute (WRRI) Fellowship• Peace Corps Coverdell Fellowship

Photos: http://2015.wrri.nmsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/wrri_2013_logo_nofadeout2.pnghttps://spea.indiana.edu/images/masters/peace-corps-coverdell.jpg

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Image credit: http://images2.memedroid.com/images/UPLOADED80/534b99b0a3f15.jpeg

Thank You

Questions and Comments?

Page 21: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

Photo cred: https://www2.usgs.gov/blogs/features/files/2014/05/Fig-2-Lead-Sample-Map.jpg

Background info..

Page 22: All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins • Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain • Concerns about contamination by

All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

Photo cred: http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i18/Eating-Arsenic.html

Background info..

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All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

SITE NAMEALPHABET

DESIGNATIONDEPTH (in metres)

WIDTH (in metres)

TOTAL LENGTH (in metres)

DISTANCE BTWN SIDE AND CENTRE SAMPLING POINTS (in

metres)

Bill Nolan Property C 1.21 4.50 5.50 2.24Aztec High School B 0.86 5.20 6.00 2.50

Aztec Site 1 A 1.32 3.90 5.30 2.51Wages Farm F 0.85 4.05 4.80 2.55

157 County Rd. 350 Aztec D 0.70 1.80 2.60 1.10

Thomas Farm (Jason’s Grandfather) E 0.95 2.00 2.30 0.95

S

C

DIMENSIONS OF THE DITCHES

Figure Cred: Gaurav Jha

pHMin – 5.4Max – 7.2Average – 6.7

ECFell within acceptable agricultural levels (<4 dS/m)

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All About Discovery!New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

ReferencesAlloway, B. J. (2013). Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Aztec, New Mexico Economic Development Strategy. (2010, June 18). Retrieved July 21, 2016, from http://www.aztecnm.gov/plans/EconomicStrategicPlan.pdf

EPA. 2002. "Method 5035A (SW-846): Closed-System Purge-and-Trap and Extraction for Volatile Organics in Soil and Waste Samples," Draft Revision 1. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/appendix_n_soil_sampling.pdf

EPA. 2007. “Method 3051A: Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, Soils, and Oils, part of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods.” https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/3051a.pdf

Gobla, M. J., Gemperline, C. M., & Stone, L. W. (2015). Technical Evaluation of the Gold King Mine Incident San Juan County, Colorado. Retrieved May 19, 2016 from http://www.usbr.gov/docs/goldkingminereport.pdf

Lombard, K. A., Beresford, S. A., Ornelas, I. J., Topaha, C., Becenti, T., Thomas, D., & Vela, J. G. (2013). Healthy Gardens/Healthy Lives: Navajo Perceptions of Growing Food Locally to Prevent Diabetes and Cancer. Health Promotion Practice, 15(2), 223-231.

Pace, J. (2016). EPA appoints Gold King Mine Superfund manager. Retrieved July 18, 2016, from http://www.durangoherald.com/article/20160326/NEWS01/160329685/-1/News/EPA-appoints-Gold-King-Mine-Superfund-manager

Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. P. 417-435. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of soil analysis: Chemical methods, Part 3. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

Smeal, D., O'Neill, M. K., Owen, C. K., West, M. M., Allen, S. C., & Arnold, R. N. (2014). Forty-three Years (1969-2011) of Climatological Data: NMSU's Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, NM. NM State University, Cooperative Extension Service.

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Aldrich MV, Peralta-Videa JR, Parsons JG, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Examination of arsenic(III) and (V) uptake by desert plant species mesquite (Prosopis spp.) using X-ray absorption spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 2007;379:249-55.

Caussy D, Gochfeld M, Gurzau E. Neagu C, Ruedel H. Lessons from case studies of metals: investigation exposure, bioavailability, and risk. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe;56:45-51.

Luong JHT, Majid E, Male KB. Analytical tools for monitoring arsenic in the environment. Open Anal Chem J 2007; 1;7-14

Marchiol L, Assolari S, Sacco P, Zerbi G. Phytoextraction of heavy metals by canola (Brassica napus) and radish (Raphanussativus) grown on multicontaminated soil. Environ Pollut 2004;132:21-7.

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2016, December 06). Lead poisoning. Retrieved June 12, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lead-poisoning/home/ovc-20275050

Peralta-Videa, J. R., Lopez, M. L., Narayan, M., Saupe, G., & Gardea-Torresdey, J. (2009). The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants: implications for the food chain. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 41(8), 1665-1677.

World Health Organization. (2016). Arsenic(Fact sheet number 372). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs372/en/

World Health Organization. (2016). Lead(Fact sheet number 379). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/