all entrance examinations for admission to msc and phd

Environm

ent ScienceEnviro

nment Science

Question Bank

9 789386 478276

ISBN: 978-93-86478-27-6

Environment ScienceEnvironment ScienceQuestion Bank

provides concise yet comprehensive coverage of a true concept and application-based questions to develop an in-depth understanding of the subject. The book, containing more than 6000 questions accompanied with answers, covers different aspects of environmental science, and provides necessary guidance to the students preparing for different academic and competitive examinations. Though the objective type questions judge the students on the basis of their ability to memorize, the majority of the question in this book have been designed to assess the candidate’s understanding of the subject. These questions–answers will gives the candidate a feel of the model questions and will help them to quickly grasp the subject comprehensively and systematically.

Objective-type questions with answers.A new enriched section on data interpretation.Last 12 years’ examination papers of UGC–NET duly incorporated.Model papers for different competitive examinations.

Salient features of the book••••

RS Sengar

Amit Kumar

PhD is currently Professor and Head, Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. He has 24 years’ teaching, research and extension experience to his credit. He has been teaching at GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand, for over ten years. He has supervised 8 PhD students and published more than 98 research papers in India and foreign journals of repute; presented more than 115 abstracts|papers at different conferences/symposia/workshops organized at national and international forums. He has also published 11 books for scientific community and farmers. He is member of the editorial boards and review committees of a few journals. He has been the principal and coinvestigator of 10 projects financed by various government departments and has a wide exposure to handling international projects. He has made significant contribution in the fields of plant physiology, biotechnology and crop production and management systems, besides providing leadership in shaping up national level research institutions and agricultural universities.

PhD is currently Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut. He obtained his MPhil in biotechnology from Vinayaka Missions University, Tamil Nadu, and PhD in agriculture biotechnology from Sardar Vallabhbhai University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut.

He has coauthored with Dr Sengar a book Objective Biotechnology, written 3 international and 2 national book chapters, published more than 22 research papers/review papers, and presented more than 30 abstracts at different national and international conferences. He has qualified ICAR’s All India Examination, ICAR-SRF (PGS) and also qualified NET. His areas of interest are plant tissue culture and molecular biology.

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Amit Kumar

EnvironmentScienceEnvironmentScienceQuestion BankA Handbook for Competitive Examinations covering•• • • •

Environment Science Life Sciences Agricultural Sciences Public Administration Management Education Public Service

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Useful for candidates appearing inUndergraduate and postgraduate examinations of all Indian Universities

All entrance examinations for admission to MSc and PhD programmes UGC-CSIR NET, JRF, SET examinations

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EnvironmentScienceEnvironmentScienceQuestion BankPrevious Year’s Papers and Practice Sets

RS Sengar PhD

Professor and HeadDepartment of Agriculture Biotechnology

College of AgricultureSardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology

Meerut, UPIndia

Amit Kumar MSc, MPhil, PhD

Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Biotechnology

Faculty of ScienceSwami Vivekanand Subharti University

Meerut, UPIndia

A Handbook forCompetitiveExaminations

Disclaimer

Science and technology are constantly changingfields. New research and experience broaden thescope of information and knowledge. The authorshave tried their best in giving information availableto them while preparing the material for this book.Although, all efforts have been made to ensureoptimum accuracy of the material, yet it is quitepossible some errors might have been leftuncorrected. The publisher, the printer and theauthors will not be held responsible for anyinadvertent errors or inaccuracies.

ISBN: 978-93-86478-27-6

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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without

permission, in writing, from the authors and the publisher.

Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for

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EnvironmentScienceEnvironmentScienceQuestion Bank

Foreword

The science of environment studies is a multi-disciplinary science as it comprisesvarious branches of studies like chemistry, physics, life science, agriculture, public

health, engineering, etc. Global warming, deforestation, overpopulation, ozone depletion,acid rain are some of the crucial environmental problems that the world is facing atpresent. The world is becoming more crowded, more consuming, more connectedand growing populations and higher standards of living are increasing pressure onthe environment. The number of environment issues have grown both in size andcomplexity, threatening the survival of life on earth. Applying knowledge gained through

environmental science is the only way to address these problems so that the environment can be preserved.Professionals in the field of environmental science have varied and abundant career opportunities with theeverincreasing environmental problems. Environmental science assesses the impact of human activity onthe global environment and develops scientific, risk-based solutions to help secure sustainable natural andmanaged systems.

I am pleased to learn that the book Environment Science Question Bank written by Dr RS Sengar,Professor and Head, Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University ofAgriculture and Technology, and Dr Amit Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology,Faculty of Science, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, is being published. Thebook contains questions important for competitive examinations and aptly covers all relevant topics of thesubject. This book shall help in boosting the confidence of the young students in preparing for thecompetitive examinations. I hope this book goes a long way in benefitting students in facing the futurechallenges of finding a place for themselves in the world of scientific exploration and research.

I congratulate the authors for this wonderful effort and hope it benefits students, teachers and scientistsworking in the field of environmental science.

NS Rathore

Preface

The word ‘environment’ embraces the conditions under which any living and non-living thing exists, livesand develops. There are three major conditions influencing the growth and development of an individual

and community. These are physical, social and cultural conditions, and the surroundings, which provideintrinsic social value. The environment of humans includes the abiotic, i.e. atmospheric, land, water; biotic,i.e. human beings flora and fauna, microorganisms and finally social factors which make up the quality of thelife. Environmental resources are part of the nature that mankind considers to be useful an valuable forsustaining the life processes.

This is a comprehensive MCQs book, prepared by a consortium of authors, which caters to the needs ofstudents appearing for the ‘environmental science’ paper. Adequate subject matter has been provided tofacilitate attempt of OBJECTIVE TYPE questions. More than 10,000 questions of all varieties, viz. basics ofenvironmental science and ecological concepts, concepts of biodiversity, air, water, noise, radioactive and soilpollution, climate change, natural resource in India, etc. have been included. We have also incorporatedmany questions from previous years’ examinations of UGC-NET. We have tried our best with a wide arrayof questions covering minutest details of the subject in simpler form. Environment Science : Question Bank is anexclusive fundamental search based collection of multiple choice questions prepared for students mainly tohelp them revise, consolidate and improve their knowledge and skills.

This book has been prepared keeping in mind the latest pattern and syllabus of NET prescribed by ASRB/ICAR for environmental science. This book will also cover the syllabus of UGC, CSIR-NET/SRF and otherentrance examinations of JNU, AMU, BHU and all other competitive examinations of ICAR. The book is highlysuitable for the candidates appearing in PCS, agriculture officers, undergraduate and postgraduate, etc.examinations.

NET (National Eligibility Test) determines eligibility for lectureship and for award of Junior ResearchFellowship (JRF) for Indian nationals in order to ensure minimum standards for the entrants in the teachingprofession and research. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) conducts the UGC-CSIRNET. In the course of preparation of this book we have followed the pattern and syllabus of the examinationfor the maximum benefit of the aspirants, difficulty level of the questions has also been kept in mind.

The book has been formulated as per the latest syllabus and the data have been interpreted through the bestpossible manner to suit and help all types of aspirants. Each unit entails MCQs along with Model Test Papersand Previous Years’ Solved UGC papers. It will be very helpful to the aspirants realizing their dreams.

We are confident that the book will prove to achieve a grand success in competitive examinations.We are thankful to CBS Publishers & Distributors for giving us this opportunity to make such a book

which will help the students to get 100 % success. We would like to thank Mr Satish Kumar Jain, Mr YN Arjunaand Ms Ritu Chawla for giving us their full support during this project. Any suggestion for the enhancement of thequality for this book is most welcome.

RS SengarAmit Kumar

NET | What | Why | When

The National Educational Testing Bureau of University Grants Commission (UGC) conducts NationalEligibility Test (NET) to determine eligibility for lecturership and for award of junior research fellowship

(JRF) for Indian nationals to ensure minimum standards for the entrants in the teaching profession andresearch. This test is conducted in humanities (including languages), social sciences, forensic science,environmental sciences, computer science and applications and electronic science.

The test for junior research fellowship is being conducted since 1984. The Government of India, throughnotification dated 22nd July 1988, entrusted the task of conducting the eligibility test for lecturership to UGC.Consequently, UGC conducted the first National Eligibility Test, common to both eligibility forlecturership and junior research fellowship in two parts, that is, in December 1989 and March 1990.

NET Schedule

UGC conducts NET twice a year, in the months of June and December. The notifications announcing the Juneand December examinations are published in the months of March and September, respectively, in EmploymentNews, the weekly journal of nation-wide circulation.

Net Results Declaration Schedule

The result of June UGC-NET is declared generally in the month of October. Similarly, December UGC-NETresult is usually declared in the month of April. The UGC-NET results published in Employment News are alsoavailable on the UGC website.

Foreword v

Preface vii

Syllabus xi

UNIT 1 Chapters1. Ecosystem 3–60

2. Biodiversity and its Conservation 61–96

3. Environmental or Ecological Factors 97–121

4. Air Pollution 122–138

5. Water Pollution 139–164

6. Soil Pollution 165–198

7. Radioactive, Noise and Ocean Pollution 199–216

8. Climate Change and Global Warming 217–243

9. Environmental Chemistry 244–256

10. Environmental Law’s 257–264

11. Solid Waste Management 265–274

12. Conventional and Nonconventional Sources of Energy 275–290

13. Hazardous Environmental Processes 291–300

14. Environmental Biotechnology 301–322

15. Intellectual Property Right 323–342

UNIT 2 Practice Model Paper for Environmental Science

Model Test Paper 1 345–352










Contents

x Environment Science Question Bank





UNIT 3 UGC NET Environmental Science Solved Examination PapersUGC NET Environmental Sciences Paper June 2005 447–450

UGC NET Environmental Sciences Paper December 2005 451–454

UGC NET Environmental Sciences Paper June 2006 455–458












UGC NET Environmental Sciences Paper II June 2012 509–512

UGC NET Environmental Sciences Paper III June 2012 513–519

UGC NET Environmental Sciences Paper II December 2012 520–524

UGC NET Environmental Sciences Paper III December 2012 525–531















Important Term for Enhance your Knowledge 619–627

Syllabus for Environmental Sciences in UGC NET xi

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION

Definition, principles and scope of environmental science

Earth, man and environment, ecosystems, pathways in ecosystemPhysic-chemical and biological factors in the environmentGeographical classification and zonesStructure and composition of atmospheres, hydrosphere, lithosphere, mass and energy transfer across the variationinterfaces, material balance, first and second law of thermodynamics, heat transfer processes. Scale of meteorology,pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind.Atmospheric stability, inversions and mixing heights, windrosesNatural resources, conservation and sustainable development

UNIT 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Fundamentals of environmental chemistry: Stochiometry, Gibbs’ free energy, chemical potential, chemical equilibria,acid-base reaction, solubility products, solubility of gases in water, the carbonates system, unsaturated and saturatedhydrocarbons, radionuclides.

Chemical composition of air: Classification of elements, chemical speciation. Particles, ions and radicles in theatmosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic particulate matter. Thermochemical andphotochemical reaction in the atmosphere. Oxygen and ozone chemistry. Chemistry of air pollutants, photochemicalsmog.

Water chemistry: Chemistry of water, concept of DO, BOD, COD, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration and redoxpotential.

Soil chemistry: Inorganic and organic components of soil, Nitrogen pathways and NPK in soils, toxic chemicals in theEnvironment-air, water: Pesticides in water. Biochemical aspects of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, carbon monoxide,O3 and PAN pesticides, insecticides, MIC, carcinogens in the air.

Principles of analytical methods: Titrimetry, Gravimetry, Colourimetry, Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, GasChromatography, Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry, GLC, HLC, Electrophoresis, X-rays fluorescence, X-raydiffraction, flame photometry.

UNIT 3 ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTDefinition, principles and scope of ecology, human ecology and human settlement, evolutions, origin of life and speciation.

Ecosystems: Structure and functions, abiotic and biotic components, energy flows, food chains, food web, ecologicalpyramids, types and diversity.

Ecological succession, population, community ecology and parasitism, prey-predator relationship common flora andfauna in India-Aquatic: Phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrophytes; terrestrial Forest’ Endangered and threatened species.

Biodiversity and its conservation: Definition, ‘Hotspots’ of biodiversity, strategies for biodiversity conservation,National parks and sanctuaries, Gene pool.

Microflora of atmosphere: Air sampling techniques; identification of aeroallergens: air borne disease and allergies.

Environmental biotechnology: Fermentation technology, vermiculture technology, biofertilizer technology.

Syllabus for Environmental Sciences inUGC NET

xii Environment Science Question Bank

UNIT 4 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCES

Environmental Geosciences-Fundamental ConceptThe earth systems and biosphere: Conservation of matter in various geospheres-Lithosphere hydrospheres,atmosphere and biosphere. Energy budget of the earth. Earth’s thermal environment and seasons. Ecosystemsflow of energy and matter. Coexistence in communities-food webs. Earth’s major ecosystem—terrestrial andaquatic. General relationship between landscape, biomes and climate. Climates of India, Indian Monsoon, EI Nino,droughts, tropical cyclones and western Disturbances.

Earth’s processes and geological hazards: Earth’s processes: concept of residence, time and rates of natural cycles,catastrophic geological hazards. Study of floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanism and avalanche. Predictin andperception of the hazards and adjustments to hazardous activities.Mineral resources and environment: Resources and reserves, minerals and population. Oceans as new area forexploration of mineral resources, ocean ore and recycling of resources. Environmental impact of exploitation, processingand smelting of minerals.Water resources and environment: Global water balance. Ice sheets and fluctuations of sea levels origin and compositionof sea water. Hydrological cycle. Factors influencing the surfaces water.

Types of water:

• Resources of oceans.• Ocean pollution by toxic wastes.• Human use of surface and groundwaters.• Groundwater pollution.• Land use planning.• The land use plan.• Soil surveys in relation to land use planning.• Methods of site selection and evaluation.

Environmental geochemistry: Concept of major, trace and REE. Classification of trace elements mobility of traceelements, Geochemical cycles, biogeochemicals factors in environmental health. Human use, trace elements and health.Possible effects of imbalance of some trace elements. Diseases induced by human use of land.

Principles of remote sensing and its application in environmental sciences, application of GIS in environmentalmanagements.

UNIT 5 SOURCES OF ENERGY

Sun as source of energy: Solar radiation and its spectral characteristics; fossil fuels—classification composition,physic-chemical characteristics and energy content of coal, petroleum and natural gas principles of generation ofhydroelectric power, tidal ocean thermal energy conversion, wind, geothermal energy, solar coliectors, photovoltaics,solar ponds; nuclear energy-fission and fusion; magnetohydrodynamic power, bioenergy-energy from biomass andbiogas, anaerobic digestion, energy use pattern in different parts of the world.

Environmental implication of energy use: CO2 emissions, global warming: air and thermal pollution; radioactive wasteand radioactivity from nuclear reactors; impacts of large-scale exploitation of solar, wind, hydro and ocean energy.

UNIT 6 SOURCES OF POLLUTION

Air: Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. Primary and secondary pollutant. Transport and diffusion ofpollutants. Gas laws governing the behaviour of pollutants in the atmosphere. Methods of monitoring and control of airpollution SO2, NOx, Co, SPM. Efects of pollutants on human beings, plants, animals, materials and on climate, Acid rain.Air quality standards.

Water: Types, sources and consequences of water pollution. Physic-chemical and bacteriological sampling and analysisof water quality standards, sewage and waste water treatment and recycling. Water quality standard.

Soil: Physic-chemical and bacteriological sampling as analysis of soil quality. Soil pollution control. Industrial wasteeffluents and heavy metals, their interactions with soil components. Soil microorganisms and their function. Degradationof different insecticides, fungicides and weedicides in soil. Different kind of synthetic fertilizers and their interactionswith different components of soil.

Syllabus for Environmental Sciences in UGC NET xiii

Noise: Sources of noise pollution, measurement of noise and indices, effect of meterological parameters on noisepropagation. Noise exposure levels and standards, noise control and abatement measure. Impact of noise on humanhealth.

Marine: Source of marine pollution and control, criteria employed for disposal of pollutants in radioactive andthermal pollution.

UNIT 7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

Introduction to environmental impact analysisEnvironmental impact statement and environmental management planEIA guidelines 1994, notification of Government of IndiaImpact assessment methodologiesGeneralized approach to impact analysisProcedure for reviewing environmental impact analysis and statementGuidelines for environmental auditIntroduction to environmental planningBase ling information and predictionRestoration and rehabilitation technologyLanduse policy for IndiaUrban planning for IndiaRural planning and landuse patternConcept and strategies of sustainable developmentCost benefit analysisEnvironmental priorities in India and sustainable development

UNIT 8 SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENTS

Sources and generation of solid wastes, their characterization, chemical composition and classification. Differentmethods of disposal and management of solid wastes. Recycling of wastes material. Waste minimization technologies.

Hazardous wastes management and handling rules, 1989, Resource management, disaster management and riskanalysis.

Environment protectin-issues and problems, International and national efforts for environment protection, provisionof constitution of India regarding environment (Article 48A and 58A).

Environmental policy resolution, Legislation, Public policy strategies in pollution control, wildlife protection Act, 1972amended 1991, Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Indian Forests Act (Revised) 1982, Air (Prevention and control ofpollution) Act, 1981 as amended by Amendment Act, 1987 and Rule 1982, Motor Vehicle Act, 1988, the water (preventionand control of pollution Act, 1974 as amended up to 1988 and Rules 1975. The environment (Protection) Act, 1986 andRule 1986 scheme of labelling of environmentally friendly products, public liability Insurance Act, 1991 and Rule 1991.

UNIT 9 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESBasic elements and tools of statistical analysis; probability, ampling, measurement and distribution of attributes;Distribution-normal, t and x, position and binomial, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, moments, matrices,simultaneous linear equations; tests of hypothesis and significance.

Introduction to environmental system analysis; approaches to development of models; linear simple and multipleregression models, validation and forecasting. Models of population growth and interactions- Lotka-Volterra model,Leslie’s matrix model, point source stream pollution model, box model, Gaussian plume model.

UNIT 10 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND AWARENESS

Environmental Education and AwarenessEnvironmental ethics and global imperatives

xiv Environment Science Question Bank

Global environmental problems-ozone depletion, global warming and climatic changeCurrent environmental issues in India; context: Narmada Dam, Tehri Dam, Almetti Dam, soil erosion, formation andreclamation pf Usar, alkaline and saline soilWaste lands and their reclamationDesertification and its controlVehicular pollution and urban air qualityDepletion of natural resourceBiodiversity conservation and Agenda 21Waste disposal, recycling and power generation, fly ash utilizationWater crises-conservation of waterEnvironmental hazardsEutrophication and restoration of Indian LakesRain water harvestingWet land conservationEpidemiological issues (e.g. Goitre, Fluorosis, Arsenic).

all entrance examinations for admission to msc and phd

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