all india prelims test series 2019 · mahabharata and ramayana, local folklore and abstract themes....

1 AIPTS 2019 (GS - 9) (E) Answer Key Byju’s Classes: 9873643487

ALL INDIA PRELIMS TEST SERIES – 2019

GENERAL STUDIES - 9

Answer Key

Ans:1)(b) Explanation: Champaner - Pavagadh

Archaeological Park

The park is located in the Panchmahal district of Gujarat.

It was inscribed as the World Heritage Site in 2004.

The city of Champaner was founded during the time of the Rajput king Vanraj Chavda of

the Chavda dynasty in the 8th century.

The archaeological park comprises Hindu and Jain temples and several mosques, along with

citadels, a palace, military structures and

stunning water installations.

Most of the temples date back to 14-15th centuries, with the oldest from 10th century

which is the Shaivite Lakulisa temple.

The park may derive its name from: 1. Pavagadh hill that is made of reddish-yellow

coloured stones, one of the oldest rock

formations found in the country.

2. Pigmentation of the igneous rocks of the

Pavagadh Hill is often compared to the

‘champaka’ flower or that resemble the flames of fire from which it derives the name

Champaner for the town.

The most interesting feature of the city is its water installation system which is why it is

also called as the ‘city of thousand wells’.

Ans:2)(d) Explanation: Khongjom battle day

Manipur observes ‘Khongjom Day’ in commemoration of the Anglo-Manipur War of

1891 every year on 23rd April.

The 1891 armed conflict was the last battle fought between the Kingdom of Manipur and

the British Empire.

Manipur lost the war and this marked the beginning of British rule in the then princely state.

The Manipur government has been observing April 23 as ‘Khongjom Day’ every year.

The battle was fought in Kheba Hill of Khongjom in Thoubal district.

Ans:3)(d)

Explanation: Kangara fort

The Kangara fort is located on a steep hill about 20 km from Dharamsala in Himachal

Pradesh.

It occupies a narrow strip of land between the the Banganga and Majhi river.

The kot (fort) was earlier called Nagarkot or fort of the city or Kot Kangra.

It was built by the royal Rajput family of Kangra State (the Katoch dynasty).

The highest point in the fort is occupied by the palace courtyard.

Below the palace courtyard there is a large courtyard containing the stone carved

temples of Laxmi Narayan, Ambika Devi and

the Jain Temple.

Ans:4)(a)

Explanation: Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi

At a time when the British ruled India, Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi became India’s

first woman doctor.

Joshi was born in Kalyan (in present-day Maharashtra) on March 31, 1865.

At the age of nine, she was married to Gopalrao Joshi, who renamed her as Anandi.

Her husband supported education for women and he encouraged Joshi to pursue

education.

Anandibai Joshi from India, Kei Okami from Japan, and Tabat M.Islambooly from

Ottomon/Syria were students in Woman's

Medical College of Pennsylvania.

All three were the first woman from their respective countries to obtain a degree in Western medicine.

Ans:5)(a)

Explanation:

Channapatna toys are a particular form of wooden toys and dolls.

The toys are manufactured in the small town of Channapatna in the Ramnagar district of Karnataka.

In Kannada, the place is known as Gombegala nagara which means “town of

toys”.

The work involved lacquering the wood of the Wrightia tinctoria tree or Aale mara (ivory-

wood).

It was given Geographical Indication Tag. Ans:6)(d)

Explanation: Tholu Bommalata

It is Andhra Pradesh's shadow theatre which has a rich and strong tradition.

The puppets are large in size and have jointed waist, shoulders, elbows and knees.

They are coloured on both sides and throw colour shadows on the screen.


The music is dominantly influenced by the classical music of the region.

The theme of the puppet plays are drawn from the Ramayana, Mahabharata and

Puranas.

The skin of wild animals including the antelope and the spotted deer was used to

make puppet.

Now the skin of Goats is used to make the puppets, as the hunting of deer is banned.

Ans:7)(b)

Explanation: Yangli festival

Tiwa tribe’s people celebrate Yangli festival.

It is celebrated in Assam’s Karbi Anglong.

Yangli is an important festival for the Tiwas because of its relation to agriculture, a main

source to their economy.

During Yangli the Tiwas pray for a bountiful harvest as well as protection for their crops

against pests and other harmful natural calamities.

They celebrate Yangli every three years.

Sowing of paddy starts immediately after this festival.

Ans:8)(d)

Explanation: Gyetongba

A trove of more than 600 pages of rare Tibetan manuscripts with Buddha’s teachings written in gold letters has been restored at a

100-year-old monastery in Alubari in West

Bengal’s Darjeeling district.

Restoration of the gold-inlaid manuscripts in two volumes at the Mak Dhog Monastery

started recently.

The manuscripts contain the ancient Tibetan text called Gyetongba, which contains teachings of Buddhism.

The manuscripts are in the Tibetan script Sambhota, named after its inventor.

The restoration work is being done by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural

Heritage (INTACH).

One volume of the manuscript contained 322 pages, the other had 296 pages and each

volume contains 8,000 verses.

The manuscript was brought to darjeeling from Helambu in Nepal in the early 18th

century.

The monastery was built in 1914 to foster peace and eventually the manuscripts were

kept here.

Ans:9)(d)

Explanation: Jonbeel Mela

The Jonbeel Mela, held from 18-20 January 2018, usually takes place a few days after

Magh Bihu, the harvest festival, in Dayang

Belguri in Morigaon district in Assam.

A cluster of tribes celebrate this centuries-old ‘mela’ that still functions on the barter system.

The Jonbeel lake that lends its name to the fair (jon is moon and beel is lake) also

witnesses community-fishing during the fair.

Jonbeel Mela is organized by the Tiwa community, with participants from the Tiwa,

Karbi, Khasi and Jaintia communities, from

the interiors of the state’s Morigaon and Karbi Anglong districts, as well as some border

villages of Meghalaya.

No one knows exactly when the fair started but some of the medieval buronjis (historical

chronicles maintained by Ahoms) refer to it as

a venue for diplomacy.

Ans:10)(a)

Explanation: Baduli Kurung

Baduli Kurung is a bat cave in the Bamuni hill, 17 km south of Nagaon town in central

Assam.

It is home to a number of colonies of both fruit- and insect-eating bats.

The people believe that the bats watch over the hills that provide them firewood and a

life-saving spring (much of the groundwater

in the area is contaminated with fluoride),

which flows out of the cave.

From 2001, locals began hosting the three-day Badulithaan Mela, starting 24 hours after

Sivaratri.

Ans:11)(d)

Explanation: Ashtapadiyattam

Vice-President re-launched the ancient dance drama 'Ashtapadiyattam' based on 'Gita

Govindam' believed to be penned by 12th

century poet Jayadeva, at a function in Kerala.

It is called Ashtapadis (Ashta- 8) as the Gita Govinda has couplets grouped into eights.

So the name Ashtapadi + attam (Dance), a dance –drama based on Ashtapadi

Jayadeva’s Gita Govindam classic encompasses a unique mix of classical

literature, classical music and classical

dance.

Gita Govindam’s unusually wide appeal comes from the story of Sri Krishna and his

love for Radha.

The performance of the Gita Govinda at Puri Jagannath by the Mahatis and later by the

Goutipas was has been seen as the origin of

Oddissi dance forms.

In 1985, the dance-drama celebrating the

mythological Radha-Krishna love sought to make a comeback when chenda maestro

Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Poduval

presented Ashtapadiyattam on a few

platforms. Now, an art outfit has no doubt


that the Radha-Krishna love story merits stage portrayal in Kerala.

Ans:12)(d)

Explanation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

India's most celebrated social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy, remembered best as the "father of the Indian Renaissance" was born

on May 22, 1772.

He was born in Radhanagar village in Murshidabad district of West Bengal.

He was a staunch supporter of monotheism.

He also shunned the orthodox Hindu rituals and idol worship right from the childhood.

In his first book "Tuhfat al-muwahhidin” he advocated for reason in religion and opposed

ritualism.

He opposed "Sati", the regressive practice that

forced a widow to immolate herself on husband's pyre.

In 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the "Brahmo Samaj", which is said to be one of

the first Indian socio-religious reform

movements.

Ans:13)(a)

Explanation: Central Institute of Indian

Languages

The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) at Mysore is a subordinate office of the

Ministry of Human Resource Development.

It was set up in 1969 to help in evolving and implementing the language policy of Government of India.

It was also to coordinate the development of Indian Languages by conducting research in

the areas of language analysis, language

pedagogy, language technology and language

use in the society.

CIIL gives away the Bhasha Bharati Samman Award every year for Authors of works or books written in any Indian language in the

Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.

For promotion of its objectives, CIIL organizes a number of programs, some of which are:

1. Development of Indian Languages

2. Regional Language Centers (RLCs)

3. Grant in Aid Scheme 4. National Testing Service

Ans:14)(a)

Explanation: Pelican Festival

Kolleru hosted Pelican Festival at the Atapaka bird sanctuary earlier this year.

The Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in the country.

More than 5,000 spot-billed pelicans, also known as grey-headed pelicans, visited the

lake.

The birds roost, breed and fly with their young ones during the winter season in the region.

Kolleru is the nesting place for many migratory birds.

It is located between the delta of Godavari and Krishna River.

Similarly a three-day annual Flamingo Festival was held at Pulicat Lake and

Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh.

Ans:15)(b)

Explanation: Bodhisena

The oldest documented Indian resident in Japan, and arguably the most influential,

was Bodhisena.

He was a monk from Madurai, Tamil Nadu.

His outsized impact on Japanese culture persists even some 1,300 years after he

docked on the archipelago’s shores.

Bodhisena came to believe that Manjushri (the bodhisattva of wisdom) lived on the

Chinese mountain of Wutai, and therefore

travelled there to pay obeisance.

He was also called Bodaisenna.

The Indian monk taught Sanskrit and helped establish the Kegon school of Buddhism, a

variant of the Chinese Huayan school.

Buttetsu, a disciple of Bodhisena from Champa taught a style of dance that featured themes taken from Indian mythology.

These dances became known as Rinyugaku and were absorbed into the local artistic

oeuvre.

Ans:16)(d)

Explanation: Sheikh Chilli

Sheikh Chilli was a Sufi saint whose tomb is in Thanesar, Haryana.

He was Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh’s spiritual advisor.

Thanesar was a well-known centre of the Sufi Chishti silsila.

The tomb is situated in the Old Trunk Road.

In the middle of the complex there is a shallow tank.

Galleries are found around the tank and they were used as madarasa which is a place to

study.

Ans:17)(d)

Explanation: Chhau Dance

Recently the distinctive Chhau mask of Purulia, West Bengal was given the

Geographic Indication tag.

The traditional rural craft of making masks is an integral component of the semi-martial art dance form of Chhau.

Chhau dance is a tradition from eastern India that enacts episodes from epics including the


Mahabharata and Ramayana, local folklore and abstract themes.

Its three distinct styles hail from the regions of Seraikella (Jharrkhand), Purulia (West

Bengal) and Mayurbhanj (Odisha), the first

two using masks.

Chhau dance is intimately connected to regional festivals, notably the spring festival Chaitra Parva.

The dance is performed at night in an open space to traditional and folk melodies, played

on the reed pipes ''mohuri'' and ''shehnai.''

In 2010 the Chhau dance was inscribed in the UNESCO's Representative List of the

Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Ans:18)(d)

Explanation:

The Bamiyan valley is enclosed by the Hindu Kush Mountains, which is located in

Afghanistan.

The valley lies on the ancient Silk Route and hence, witnessed several developments.

It was an important hub for trade and served as the site for early Hindu-Buddhist settlements from which it takes its name.

Several Buddhist monasteries, caves and Buddha statues can be found across the

valley.

The Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley comprise

eight separate sites spread across the valley

and its tributaries.

Of these, the Bamiyan cliffs where once two giant Buddhas stood are the most famous.

The valley is a UNESCO world heritage site.

Ans:19)(c)

Explanation:

Warli is a tribal art form that was mostly created by the Adivasis of the Western Ghats.

The Warli tribe, which does these paintings, is one of India’s largest tribes located on the outskirts of Mumbai.

These artists used to use the clay walls of their huts as a canvas for their paintings.

These paintings use a set of geometric shapes – circle, triangle and square.

This comes from the tribe’s observation of nature as circle represents the sun and the

moon, while the triangle represents the

mountains and pointed trees.

The square on the other hand is a human invention, indicating a sacred piece of land or

enclosure.

The Warli artists use only a white paste made out of rice paste and water.

Artists use a bamboo stick which is chewed at the end to give it a paintbrush like texture.

In ritual Warli paintings, walls are painted only to celebrate special occasions like harvest or weddings

Ans:20)(d)

Explanation:

Rani Rashmoni was the founder of the Dakshineswar Kali Temple, Kolkata, and remained closely associated with Sri

Ramakrishna Paramhansa after she

appointed him as the priest of the temple.

The Rani and her clashes with the British in India became household tales in her time. By

blocking the shipping trade on a part of

Ganges she compelled the British to abolish the tax imposed on fishing in the river, which

threatened the livelihood of poor fishermen.

A member of a wealthy zamindar family. After her husband's death she took charge of the

zamindari and finances.

Rani Rashmoni, being very pious from childhood, continued to lead an extremely

religious and austere life.

She is well known for her religious and numerous charitable works and other

contributions to society.

Ans:21)(b)

Explanation:

Ambubachi Mela is a four-day fair to mark the annual menstruation of the goddess at Kamakhya temple in Nilachal Hills in

Guwahati, Assam.

Kamakhya temple is one of 51 shaktipeeths or seat of Shakti followers.

Shakti peeth is originated based on the story of the death of goddess Sati.

God Shiva who held her dead body, then started his dance of destruction, causing

Sati's body to disintegrate and fall into pieces.

The sites where these portions of Sati goddess fell, are the Shakti peeth.

Kamakhya temple’s sanctum sanctorum houses the yoni - female genital symbolised

by a rock.

Ambubachi Mela is also considered as an occasion to promote awareness on menstrual

hygiene.

This ritualistic fair is one of the reasons why the taboo associated with menstruation is less in Assam compared with other parts of

India.

Four Major Shakthi Peeths in India - Jagannath Temple, Puri; Kamakhya Temple

near Guwahati; Dakshina Kalika in Kolkata;

Tara Tarini near Brahmapur, Odisha.

Ans:22)(c)

Explanation: Kalamkari or vrathapani from

Andhra Pradesh demonstrates the variety of

natural materials used to create a work of art.


Kalamkari means “pen work” in Persian and refers to both printed and painted cloth. In

the seventeenth century Persian influences

led to artists experimenting with the depiction

of trees, fruits, flowers and ornamental birds.

The painting is made exclusively with a pen, the kalam made out of a bamboo sliver

wound at one section with wool and then

dyed with natural colours. Black ink is used

to make outlines, and jaggery, rusted iron

filings and water are used for making colours

to fill in details.

Ans:23)(c)

Explanation: Chitrakathi: 'Chithra' is

painting and 'Katha' is story. The tradition of

telling the mythical and historical stories was alive on the Maharashtra/Karnataka border

and in parts of Andhra Pradesh.

Pattachitra is one of the oldest forms of

artwork found in Orissa, Patachitra (also

spelled as Pattachitra) art is fascinating,

depicts Hindu mythological tales and wonders.

Kavads of Rajasthan is a traditional visual

story telling device. It is a portable wooden

temple/shrine that has visual narratives on

its multiple panels that are hinged together. These panels open and close like doors

simulating the several thresholds of a temple.

The visuals are those of Gods, goddesses,

saints, local heroes and the patrons.

Ans:24)(a) Explanation: It is similar to Bharatnatyam in

the use of Mudras and postures to express

emotions. The Tribhanga posture, i.e. the

three-bended form of the body is innate to

Odissi dance form. Odissi dance form is unique in its representation of gracefulness,

sensuality and beauty. The dancers create

intricate geometrical shapes and patterns

with here body. Hence, it is known as ‘mobile

sculputre’. ‘Atavakul or Atavus’ is the

collection of fourty basic dance movements, is a feature of Mohiniattam dance and not

Odissi dance.

Ans:25)(d)

Explanation: Jallikattu: Jallikattu is a rural bull-taming sport played in Tamil Nadu on

Mattu Pongal day (mid-January)

Kambala: Kambala is an annual buffalo race

held between November and March by the

farming community in Karnataka's Dakshina

Kannada and Udupi districts Maramadi: At the annual Maramadi festival

during the post-harvest season in the villages

of Kerala in southern India, a peculiar bull

race takes place

Bailgada Sharyat: Bullock-cart racing has been a popular tradition in some parts of

Maharashtra known as ‘Bailgada Sharyat’ or ‘Shankarpat’ in various parts of the state.

Ans:26)(b)

Explanation: A steatite seal discovered at

Mohenjo-daro depicts a human figure or a deity seating cross-legged. The figure, referred

to as Pashupati wears a three-horned

headgear and is surrounded by animals. An

elephant and a tiger are there on the right

side of the figure while a rhinoceros and a

buffalo are seen on the left side. Two antelopes are shown below the seat of the

figure.

Ans:27)(c)

Explanation: The Harappans used a large variety of materials, from precious metals and

gemstones to bones and even baked clay, to

make ornaments.

Beads made from cornelian, amethyst,

quartz, steatite, copper were quite popular

and were produced on a large scale, as is evident from the factories discovered in

Chanhudaro and Lothal.

Ans:28)(c)

Explanation: The correct matched pairs are: Set A Set B

1. Piprahwa Stupa a) Uttar Pradesh

2. Sarnath Pillar b) Uttar Pradesh

3. Sanchi Stupa c) Madhya Pradesh

4. Nagarjuni Caves d) Bihar

Ans:29)(b)

Explanation: Pottery making has been in

practice since Harappan Age.

Pottery of the Mauryan period is generally

referred to as Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) or painted grey ware. They were

characterised by the black paint and highly

lustrous finish and were generally used as

luxury items. They have often been referred to

as the highest level of pottery.

Ans:30)(d)

Explanation: Some of the features of Nagara

style are:

The temples generally followed the Panchayatan style of temple making.

Presence of assembly halls or mandaps in front of the principal shrine.

There were no water tanks or reservoirs present in the temple premises.

The temples were generally built on upraised platforms.

The porticos had a pillared approach.

The Shikharas were generally of three types: o Latina or Rekha-prasad

o Phamsana

o Valabhi


The vertical end of the shikhara ended in a horizontal fluted disc, known as the Amalak. On top of that, a spherical shape was placed

known as the kalash.

Ans:31)(d)

Explanation: Some of the features of Indo-Islamic architecture are given as follows:

The use of arch and domes gained prominence during this period. It was known

as ‘arcuade’ style of architecture and replaced

the traditional Trabeat style of architecture.

The Islamic rulers introduced the use of minars around the mosques and the

mausoleums.

Arabesque method was also used for decoration. Arabesque meant the use of

geometrical vegetal ornamentation and was

characterised by a continuous stem which

split regularly, producing a series of

counterpoised, leafy, secondary stems.

The buildings had intricate jaali works, which signifies the importance of light in Islamic religion.

The Islamic rulers introduced the Charbagh style of gardening, in which a square block

was divided into four adjacent identical

gardens.

The architectures of these times also used the pietra-dura technique for the inlay of

precious stones and gems into the stone walls.

Ans:32)(a)

Explanation: Vesara School is also known as

the Karnataka school of architecture, it flourished under the later Chalukya rulers in

the mid-seventh century A.D. It combined

features of both Nagara school and Dravidian

school and resulted in a hybridised style.

Some of its features are:

Emphasis on vimana and mandapa

Open ambulatory passageway

The pillars, doorways and the ceilings were decorated with intricate carvings. Example: Dodda Basappa temple at Dambal,

Ladkhan temple at Aihole, temples at

Badami, etc.

Meenakshi temple in Madurai belongs to

Nayaka School of architecture.

Brihadeswara Temple in Tanjore belongs to Dravidian Style.

Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneshwar belongs to

Nagara School (Odisha Style)

Ans:33)(d) Explanation: The works on the walls of a

solid structure are referred to as Murals.

These have existed in India since ancient

times and can be dated between 2nd century

BC and 10th century AD. The evidence of

such paintings can be found in at several locations in India. The beauty and the

exquisiteness of mural paintings are seen in

places like Ajanta, Armamalai Cave, Ravan

Chhaya Cave shelter, Bagh, Sittanavasal and

Kailasanatha temple in Ellora. The paintings follow a theme, the most

common being Hindu, Buddhist and Jain.

Such paintings were also made to adorn any

mundane premise. An example of such a

work can be seen in the ancient theatre room

in Jogimara Cave.

Ans:34)(b)

Explanation: Madhubani paintings are

traditionally done by the women of villages

around Madhubani town, it is also called Mithila paintings.

The paintings have a common theme and the

ususally drawn from religious motifs of the

Hindus, including Krishna, Rama, Durga,

Lakshmi and Shiva. The figures in the

painting are symbolic, for example, fish depicts good luck and fertility.

The paintings are made depicting auspicious

occasions like birth, marriage and festivals.

Flowers, trees, animals, etc. are used to fill

any gaps in the painting. Since the art has remained confined to a

specific geographical area, it has been given

GI (geographical indication) status.

Ans:35)(d)

Explanation: The two distinct schools of Indian classical music evolved:

Hindustani music : practiced in the northern parts of India.

Carnatic music : practiced in the southern parts of India.

The Hindustani branch of music focuses

more on the musical structure and the

possibilities of improvisation in it. The Hindustani branch adopted a scale of Shudha

Swara Saptaka or the ‘Octave of Natural

notes’.

There are ten main styles of singing in

Hindustani music like the ‘Dhrupad’, ‘Dhamar’, ‘Hori’, ‘Khayal’, ‘Tappa’,

‘Chaturang’, ‘Ragasagar’, ‘Tarana’, ‘Sargam’

and ‘Thumri’.

Ans:36)(a)

Explanation: Some of the features of Mohiniattam are :

Mohiniattam combines the grace and elegance of Bharatnatyam with the vigour of

Kathakali.

Mohiniattam generally narrates the story of the feminine dance of Vishnu.


The Lasya aspect of dance is dominant in a Mohiniattam recital. Hence, it is mainly performed by female dancers.

The tribhanga posture, i.e. the three-bended

form of the body is innate to Odissi dance

form.

Ans:37)(c)

Explanation: UNESCO’s List of Intangible

Cultural Heritage of India

Cultural Heritage Year of

Inclusion

Kumbh Mela 2017

Nowrouz 2016

Yoga

Traditional brass and

copper craft of utensil making among the

Thatheras of Jandiala

Guru, Punjab, India

2014

Sankirtana, (singing,

drumming and dancing)

ritual of Manipur

2013

Buddhist chanting of

Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in the trans-

Himalayan Ladakh region,

Jammu and Kashmir,

(India)

2012

Chhau dance 2010

Kalbelia folk songs and

dances of Rajasthan

Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala

Ramman, religious festival

and ritual theatre of the

Garhwal Himalayas, India

2009

Kutiyattam, Sanskrit

theatre

2008

Ramlila, the traditional

performance of the Ramayana

Tradition of Vedic chanting

Ans:38)(a)

Explanation: Just as the Nile created Egypt

and supported its people, so also the Indus

created Sindh and fed its people. The Indus

people sowed seeds in the flood plains in November, when the flood water receded, and

reaped their harvests of wheat and barley in

April before the advent of the next flood.

The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a

Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what

today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan

and northwest India, lasting from 3300 BCE

to 1300 BCE, and in mature form between

2600 BCE and 1900 BCE.

Ans:39)(b) Explanation: In the sphere of decoration, the

Turks eschewed (avoided) representation of

human and animal figures in the buildings.

Instead, they used geometrical and floral

designs, combining them with panels of inscriptions containing verses from the

Quran. Thus, the Arabic script itself became

a work of art. The combination of these

decorative devices was called Arabesque.

They also freely borrowed Hindu motifs such

as the bell motif, swastika, lotus, etc. Thus, like the Indians, the Turks were intensely

fond of decoration.

Ans:40)(a)

Explanation: Mystics, who are called Sufis, had risen in Islam at a very early stage.

Some of the early Sufis, such as the woman

mystic Rabia eighth century AD and Mansur

bin Hallaj tenth century AD, laid great

emphasis on love as the bond between God

and the individual soul. But their pantheistic approach led them into conflict with the

orthodox elements who had Mansur executed

for heresy. Despite this setback, mystic ideas

continued to spread among the Muslim

masses. Sufis were organised in 12 orders or Silsilahs.

The silsilahs were generally led by a

prominent mystic who lived in a khankah or

hospice along with his disciples. The link

between the teacher or pir and his disciples

or murids was a vital part of the Sufi system. Every pir nominated a sucessor or wali to

carry on his work.

The monastic organisation of the Sufis, and

some of their practices such as penance,

fasting and holding the breath are sometimes traced to the Buddhist and Hindu yogic

influence.

Ans:41)(d)

Explanation: The Mughals built magnificent

forts, palaces, gates, public buildings, mosques, baolis (water tank or well), etc.

They also laid out many formal gardens with

running water.

Babur was very fond of gardens and laid out

a few in the neighbourhood of Agra and Lahore.

Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who had the

time and means to undertake construction on

a large scale. He built a series of forts, the

most famous of which is the fort at Agra.

Built in red sandstone, this massive fort had many magnificent gates. The climax of fort

building was reached at Delhi where Shah

Jahan built his famous Red Fort.

In 1572, Akbar commenced a palace-cum-fort

complex at Fatehpur Sikri, 36 kilometres from Agra, which he completed in eight years.


Built atop a hill, along with a large artificial lake, it included many buildings in the style

of Gujarat and Bengal. These included deep

eaves, balconies, and fanciful kiosks. In the

Panch Mahal built for taking the air, all the

types of pillars used in various temples were employed to support flat roofs.

Ans:42)(d)

Explanation: The history of the later Vedic

period is based mainly on the Vedic texts

which were compiled after the age of the Rig Veda. The collections of the Vedic hymns or

mantras were known as the Samhitas. The

Rig Veda Samhita is the oldest Vedic text, on

the basis of which we have described the

early Vedic age. The Atharva Veda contains chants and spells

to ward off evils and diseases. Its contents

throw light on the beliefs and practices of the

non-Aryans. The Vedic Samhitas were

followed by the composition of a series of

texts known as the Brahmanas. These are full of ritualistic formulae and explain the social

and religious aspects of rituals. All these later

Vedic texts were compiled in the upper

Gangetic basin in circa 1000-600 B.C.

Ans:43)(c)

Explanation: Jainism taught five doctrines

(1) do not commit violence, (2) do not speak a

liea, (3) do not steal, (4) do not acquire

property and (5) observe continennce

(brahmacharya). It is said that only the fifth doctrine was added by Mahavira, the other

four being taken over by him from previous

teachers.

Ans:44)(c) Explanation: Ashokan Edicts: We can

reconstruct the history of Asoka on the basis

of his inscriptions. He is the first Indian king

to speak directly to the people through his

inscriptions. They were engraved on rocks, on

polished stone pillars mounted by capitals and in the caves. They are found not only in

the Indian subcontinent but also in Kandhar

in Afghanistan. These inscriptions are in the

form of 44 royal orders, and each royal order

has several copies. The inscriptions were composed in Prakrit language, and written in

the Brahmi script throughout the greater part

of the empire. But in the north-western part

they appear in Kharosthi script, and in

Kandhar in Afghanistan they were written

even in Aramaic, in Greek script and Greek language. These inscriptions were generally

placed on ancient highways. They throw light

on the career of Asoka, his external and

domestic policies, and the extent of his

empire.

Ans:45)(c) Explanation: The material culture of the

Deccan under the Satavahanas was a fusion

of local elements and northern ingredients.

The megalith builders of the Deccan were

fairly acquainted with the use of iron and agriculture. Although before circa 200 B.C,

we find some hoes made of iron, the number

of such tools increased substantially in the

first two or three centuries of the Christian

era. There has not been much change in the

form of hoes from megalithic to the Satavahana phase.

The people of the Deccan knew the art of

paddy cultivation. They also produced cotton.

Ans:46)(a) Gupta rulers issued silver coins known as the

“rupaka”. These coins have been found in

most of the northern parts of the country and

maximum number in Bharatpur of

Rajasthan.

Ans:47)(c)

Explanation: The Vijayanagar kingdom was

founded by Harihara and Bukka who

belonged to a family of five brothers.

According to a legend, they had been the feudatories of the Kakatiyas of Warangal and

later became ministers in the kingdom of

Kampili in modern Karnataka.

Ans:48)(d)

Explanation: The Dancing Girl is the world’s oldest bronze sculpture. Found in Mohenjo-

daro, this four inch figure depicts a naked girl

wearing only ornaments, which include

bangles in the left arm, and amulet and

bracelet on the right arm. She stands in a ‘tribhanga’ dancing posture with the right

hand on her hip.

Ans:49)(c)

Explanation: Nagarjunkonda: This town is

located in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh and was earlier known as

‘Vijaypura’. It was a very well known and

important Buddhist pilgrimage centre during

the ancient period. It is also geographically

set on prime land near the Krishna River. The current name of Nagarjunakonda is derived

from ‘Nagarjuna’ who was a very famous

Buddhist monk.

Ans:50)(a)

Explanation: Kalaripayattu : One of the oldest martial arts in India, Kalaripayattu,

although practiced in most parts of southern

India, originated in the state of Kerala in the

4th century A.D. This art form includes mock

duels (armed and unarmed combat) and physical exercises.


Silambam : Silambam, a kind of staff fencing, is a modern and scientific martial art

of Tamil Nadu. The kings that ruled in Tamil

Nadu, including Pandya, Chola and Chera,

had promoted it during their reign.

Thang-ta : Created by the Meitei people of Manipur, Thanga-ta is an armed martial art

that finds its mention in the most lethal

combat forms.

Thoda : Originating in the state of Himachal

Pradesh, Thoda is a mixture of martial arts,

sport and culture. It takes place during Baisakhi (13th and 14th April) every year. A

number of community prayers are done so as

to invoke the blessings of Goddesses Mashoo

and Durga, the pincipal deities.

Ans:51)(a)

Explanation:

Mahayana Hinayana

They believed in an

Eternal Buddha who

will live forever and is

like a God who is

unending.

They considered

Buddha to be mortal

and his teachings

were ethical values

that defined the way humans should live.

They followed the

Boddhisattva concept

of salvation of all

conscious individual.

Followed the

Theravada doctrine,

which emphasised

the salvation of an

individual.

Ans:52)(d)

Explanation: The first century CE onwards,

Gandhara (now in Pakistan), Mathura in

northern India and Vengi in Andhra

Pradeshemerged as important centres of art production. Buddha in the symbolic form got

a human form in Mathura and Gandhara.

The sculptural tradition in Gandhara had the

confluence of Bactria, Parthia and the local

Gandhara tradition. The local sculptural

tradition at Mathura became so strong that the tradition spread to other parts of northern

India. The best example in this regard is the

stupa sculptures found at Sanghol in the

Punjab. The Buddha image at Mathura is

modelled on the lines of earlier Yaksha images whereas in Gandhara it has

Hellenistic features.

Ans:53)(c)

Explanation: The Ajanta Caves are 30

(approximately) rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century

BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district

of Maharashtra state of India.

The Ajanta Caves constitute ancient

monasteries and worship-halls of different

Buddhist traditions carved into a 250-feet wall of rock. The caves also present paintings

depicting the past lives and rebirths of the Buddha, pictorial tales from Aryasura's

Jatakamala, and rock-cut sculptures of

Buddhist deities.

Ajanta has twenty nine caves. It has four

chaitya caves datable to earlier phase, i.e. second and first century BCE and the later

phase i.e. the fifth century. It has large

chaitya-viharas and is decorated with

sculptures and paintings. Ajanta is the only

surviving example of the paintings of the first

century BCE and the fifth century CE.

Ans:54)(d)

Explanation: The eightfold path, although

referred to as steps on a path, is not meant

as a sequential learning process, but as eight aspects of life, all of which are to be

integrated in everyday life. Thus the

environment is created to move closer to the

Buddhist path.

The eightfold path is at the heart of the

middle way, which turns from extremes, and encourages us to seek the simple approach.

The eightfold path is Right Understanding,

Right Intent, Right Speech, Right Action,

Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right

Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.

Ans:55)(d)

Explanation: Dharmachakra Mudra:

Bhumisparsa Mudra:

Varada Mudra:


Ans:56)(a)

Explanation: The United States and Israel

have formally quit the UNESCO recently. It

followed alleged allegations that UNESCO

criticized Israel's policies of East Jerusalem's occupation and the grant of full-time

membership to Palestine in defiance of the

American and Israeli pressure.

Ans:57)(c) Explanation: Lakhon khol is a sister dance

drama mask theatre from of Thailand’s khon

mask theatre. It was recently listed by

UNESCO, as an intangible cultural heritage,

along with Thailand’s Khon. It had begun in

the early Angkor era. Java is the home of

several mask theatre and dance traditions, which are commonly referred to as wayang topeng

Ans:58)(d)

Explanation: There are five Hill Rails in India

1. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) 2. Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR)

3. Kalka Shimla Railway (KSR)

4. Matheran Light Railway(MLR)

5. Kangra Valley Railway (KVR)

Of these five, 1st three are part of the UNESCO world Heritage list.

Ans:59)(d)

Explanation: Makaravilakku festival is the

most important event in the two-month-long

annual festival season. Makara jyothi is a star that appears in the sky on Makara

Samkramam on the first day of the

Malayalam month of Makaram. Makara

vilakku is a light lit at Ponnambalamedu, a

plateau across the Sabarimala shrine. This ritual is done after the Sirius star appears in

the sky. This ritual had been done by Malaya

araya tribals in the past. When the

Travancore Devaswom Board took over the

administration of the Sabarimala temple in

the early 1950s, the tribal community lost that right.

Ans:60)(c) Explanation: Bhogali Bihu or Magh Bihu is

celebrated during the month of January in

Assam. It marks the end of the harvest

season. It also coincides with the celebrations

of Pongal and Makar Sankranti in many states. Magh Bihu is the second largest Bihu

festival of Assam after Bohag Bihu. In a year

Assamese celebrate three different kinds of

Bihu festival that is:

1. Bohag Bihu in the middle of April month

2. Maagh Bihu in the middle of January month 3. Kaati Bihu in the middle of October month

Ans:61)(c)

Explanation: Kumbh Mela, in Hinduism, is a

religious pilgrimage that is celebrated four times over a course of 12 years. The Mela site

keeps rotating between one of the four

pilgrimages on four sacred rivers as listed

below:

1. Haridwar on the Ganges in Uttarakhand

2. Ujjain on the Shipra in Madhya Pradesh 3. Nashik on the Godavari in Maharashtra

4. Prayagraj (Allahabad) at the confluence of the

Ganges, the Yamuna, and the mythical

Sarasvati in Uttar Pradesh.

Ans:62)(b)

Explanation: Mudiyettu is a ritualistic

dance drama from Kerala. It is a community

ritual in which the entire village participates.

It is based on the mythological tale of a battle

between the goddess Kali and the demon Darika. It is performed in the Bhadrakali

temples of Central Kerala. Mudiyettu found a

place in the UNESCO’s intangible heritage list

in 2010. Mudiyettu serves as an important

cultural site for transmission of traditional values, ethics, moral codes and aesthetic

norms of the community to the next

generation, thereby ensuring its continuity

and relevance in present times.

Ans:63)(d) Explanation: Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA)

the National Academy of Music, Dance and

Drama will launch the second phase of the

Web Campaign ‘SANJHI –MUJH MEIN

KALAKAR’. It is an initiative to document and promote the Intangible Cultural Heritage

(ICH) and diverse cultural traditions of the

country by direct public-participation. This is

a unique talent search where the participant

will showcase their talent in the fields of

music, dance, drama, puppetry, folk and tribal arts, culinary skills, painting, sculpture

etc.

Ans:64)(b)

Explanation: Budithi Brass Craft are the products made out of alloy like brass at


Budithi, a village in Srikakulam district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was

registered as one of the geographical

indication handicraft from Andhra Pradesh.

The art form expresses itself as traditional

cooking utensils and also in forms that suit contemporary needs - like flower pots and

planters. Usually made of brass, the objects

have patterns that are geometric, with

straight lines and curves forming simple and

striking presentations. Etikoppaka toys or

Etikoppaka Bommalu are famous for its toys made of wood.

Ans:65)(c)

Explanation: Rio will be the first city to

receive the title of World Capital of Architecture for 2020 under a programmer

launched together by UNESCO and the

International Union of Architects (UIA) in

November 2018. Rio as one of the oldest cities

in Brazil has a mix of modern and colonial

architecture, with world-renowned sites.

Ans:66)(c)

Explanation: Chowmahalla Palace in

Hyderabad is restored to its grandeur by

painstaking conservation work. The place is named chowmahalla, which means four

palaces (not Four-story). The palace is located

in the old city in Hyderabad near the

Charminar. The magnificent Chowmahalla

Palace was the seat of the Asaf Jahi dynasty.

This is the palace where the Nizams entertained their official guests and royal

visitors.

Ans:67)(b)

Explanation: Folk and classical dances presented by Tableaux Artists who

participated in Republic Day Parade are:

Tamil Nadu presented the Karakkatam folk

dance,

Taakala Folk Dance was performed by artists

from Maharashtra. Jammu Kashmir performed the Fusim Dance

Gujarat performed Misra Raas,

Hudka Chhudka from Uttarakhand and

Bhangra from Punjab.

Ans:68)(c)

Explanation: Folk and classical dances

presented by Tableaux Artists who

participated in Republic Day Parade from

North Eastern states of Arunachal Pradesh,

Assam, Sikkim and Tripura are Monpa, Satoiya Nitya, Tamang Seto and Mamita folk

dances respectively.

Ans:69)(d)

Explanation: The Pithora painting form is traditionally performed on walls inside the

homes of the Rathvas tribal community of Gujarat. Pithora painting is a part of an

elaborate ritual performed to complete vows

to gain the boon of the chief god of the

Rathvas, Baba Pithora. In times of difficulty,

Rathva with the help of chief priest, home owner and Lakhara (individual who paints

Pithora) performs the painting rituals. The

completion of the painting would signify the

end of the ritual and fulfillment of the vow,

and is followed by a village dinner.

Ans:70)(a)

Explanation: Kurumbas are the tribe who

live in the mid-ranges of the Nilgiris. The

Kurumba art is traditionally practiced by only

either by the male members of the temple caretakers, or priest to the Kurumba village.

The women of the family contribute to the

decorations at home. Often it is painted on

the outer wall of the temple and the house.

Eluthu paarai is an ancient 3000-year-old

rock-painting site of Kurumbas in the Kothagiri region of the Nilgiris.

Ans:71)(b)

Explanation: Four museums were

inaugurated on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s Jayanti. All 4 museums have been

named as Kranti Mandir among which three

associated to freedom struggle:

1. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian

National Army

2. Yaad-e-Jallian Museum ( Jallianwala Bagh and World War 1)

3. Museum on 1857- India’s First War of

Independence and

Drishyakala Museum: This museum

showcases the best of Indian art and culture via four historical exhibitions that span over

three centuries and 450 works of art,

including those by artists Raja Ravi Varma,

Amrita Sher-Gil, Rabindranath Tagore,

Abaniindranath Tagore and Jamini Roy. It is

also the part of Kranti Mandir. 'Samantha Express' is a special tourist train

covering prominent places associated with

chief architect of the Indian Constitution Dr

B.R. Ambedkar and Gautam Buddha.

Ans:72)(b)

Explanation: Banabhatta besides

Harshacharita, wrote Kadambari.

Mahendravaraman-I composed the Sanskrit

play Mattavilasaprahasanam. Perundevanar

was patronized by Nandivarman-II and he translated the Mahabharata as

Bharathavenba in Tamil. The Jain literature

flourished under the patronage of the

Rashtrakutas. Amogavarsha-I’s, teacher

Jinasena composed Parsvabhudaya.


Ans:73)(d) Explanation: The Ghatika at Pallava’s capital

Kanchi attracted students from all parts of

India and abroad. The Nayanmars and

Alwars composed religious hymns in Tamil.

The Devaram composed by Nayanmars and the Nalayradivyaprabandam composed by

Alwars represent the religious literature of the

Pallava period.

Ans:74)(c)

Ans:75)(b)

Explanation:

Qutub Minar- Built during the time of Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210). It was

completed by Iltutmish. Built in memory of

Sufi Saint Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.

Tughlaqabad Fort- Built by Mohammed Bin Tughlaq (1320-25). He captured power from

the last king of Khilji dynasty.

Bada Gumbad in Lodhi Garden in Delhi was constructed in 1490 CE, during the reign of

the Lodhi dynasty. Its construction is

attributed to Sikandar Lodhi.

Fathepur Sikri - Built by Akbar between 1571 to 1585.

Ans:76)(a)

Explanation: Tamil epic, the

Silappadikaram, was composed by a poet

named Ilango, around 1800 years ago. It is

the story of a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar and fell in love with a

courtesan named Madhavi, neglecting his

wife Kannagi. Puhar located, in modern day

Cauvery river basin.

Ans:77)(b)

Ans:78)(c)

Explanation: After consolidating their

position in India, the Delhi Sultans

introduced reforms in the land revenue administration. The lands were classified into

three categories:

1. Iqta land – lands assigned to officials as iqtas

instead of payment for their services.

2. khalisa land – land under the direct control of the Sultan and the revenues collected were

spent for the maintenance of royal court and

royal household.

3. Inam land – land assigned or granted to

religious leaders or religious institutions.

Ans:79)(a)

Explanation: Many foreign travelers visited

the Vijayanagar Empire and their accounts

are also valuable. The Moroccan traveler, Ibn

Battuta, Italian traveler Nicolo de Conti, Persian traveler Abdur Razzak and the

Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes were among them.

Francois Bernier was a French physician and

traveller. He was a personal physician to

Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh and was later

attached to the court of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for about 12 years of his stay in

India.

Ans:80)(c)

Explanation: Balban adopted the policy of

‘Blood and Iron’. This was done to deal with some of the Rajput zamindars who had defied

the government and set up forts in the area.

It was during Firuz Tughlaq that jizyah

became a separate tax. Earlier, it was a part

of land revenue. Alauddin Khalji was the first Sultan to pay his soldiers in cash. Earlier, the

Turkish soldiers were assigned a number of

villages in the doab for the payment of their

salaries. But Alauddin Khalji abolished these

holdings.

Ans:81(d)

Explanation: Dhatugarbita, Paribodhaka and

Uddeshika are the types of Stupas:

Dhatugarbita – Stupas containing relics of

Buddha Paribodhaka – Stupas built on articles used

by monks

Uddeshika – Built as a token of gratitude on

fulfilment of a desire

Ans:82)(d) Explanation: Man Sagar Lake is an artificial

lake, situated in Jaipur, the capital of the

state of Rajasthan in India. It is named after

Raja Man Singh, the then ruler of Amer, who constructed it in c. 1610 by damming the

Dharbawati river. The Jal Mahal is situated

in the middle of the lake.

There is the Nahargarh Fort (Nahargarh

meaning home of tigers) in the hills that

provides a commanding view of the Man

Sagar Lake and the Jal Mahal palace, in addition to a beautiful view of the city of

Jaipur. The lake was created by constructing

a dam across the Darbhawati River, between

Khilagarh hills and the hilly areas of

Nahargarh, in the 16th century.

Ans:83)(d)

Explanation: Economy in the Rig Vedic

period was sustained by a combination of

Pastoralism and agriculture. There are

references, in the Rig Veda, to leveling of field, seed processing, and storage of grains in

large jars.

War booty was also a major source of wealth.

Economic exchanges were conducted by gift

giving, particularly to kings (bali) and priests (dana), and barter using cattle as a unit of


currency. While gold is mentioned in some hymns, there is no indication of the use of

coins.

Panis in some hymns refers to merchants, in

others to stingy people who hid their wealth

and did not perform Vedic sacrifices. Some scholars suggest that Panis were Semitic

traders, but the evidence for this is slim.

Professions of warriors, priests, cattle–

rearers, farmers, hunters, barbers, vintners

and crafts of chariot–making, cart–making,

carpentry, metal working, tanning, making of bows, sewing, weaving, making mats of grass

and reed are mentioned in the hymns of Rig

Veda. Some of these might have needed full–

time specialists.

Metallurgy is not mentioned in the Rig Veda, but the word ayas and instruments made

from it such as razors, bangles, axes are

mentioned.

Ans:84)(a)

Explanation: The Shunga dynasty introduced the idea of torans as beautifully

decorated gateways to the stupas. The torans

were intricately carved with figures and

patterns and were evidence of Hellenistic

influence. Bharhut stupa is in Madhya Pradesh and the toran at Sanchi stupa is in

Madhya Pradesh.

Ans:85)(a)

Explanation: Heavy influence of Greek. It is

also known as Indo-Greek art. Early Gandhara school used bluish-grey sandstone

while the later period saw the use of mud and

stucco. Mainly Buddhist imagery, influenced

by the Greco-Roman pantheon.

Ans:86)(d)

Ans:87)(d)

Explanation: ASI is directly under the aegis

of the Union Ministry of Culture and it is the

foremost institution for archaeological research conducted across India. Its focus is

on the preservation of physical and tangible

heritage that is accumulated in the ancient

monuments and archaeological sites. The ASI

also has several diplomas and degrees for studying archaeology from the Institute of

Archaeology in New Delhi.

Ans:88)(c)

Explanation: Prakrit is a term which is

loosely attached to any language from the standard one, i.e. Sanskrit. Pali is usuall

used to indicate the archaic or old form of

Prakrit and it combines several existing

dialects. These languages gained prominence

when religious literature of the Buddhists and Jains were composed in this language.

Ans:89)(d) Explanation: Jains believe that through

three-jewels : right belief, right knowledge

and right conduct, one can get rid of bad

karma and also pull themselves out of cycle

of rebirth and achieve salvation. Anekantavada is a doctrine of Jainism. It

emphasizes that the ultimate truth and

reality is complex, and has multiple-aspects.

Hence, there exits non-absolutism that

means no single, specific statement can

describe the nature of existence and the absolute truth.

Ans:90)(c)

Explanation: The Kharosthi script is an

ancient script used in ancient Gandhara. It is a sister script of Brahmi and was deciphered

by James Princep again. Kharosthi is mostly

written right to left but some inscriptions also

show the left to right direction of Kharosthi.

Ans:91)(b) Explanation: The chola king Rajendra I was

the son of RajaRaja Chola. After his armies

crossed the Ganga and defeated two local

kings he assumed the title

‘Gangaikondachola’.

Ans:92)(b)

Explanation: Shivaji was helped by the

Ashtapradhan (eight ministers) which was

unlike a council of ministers for there was no

collective responsibility. Each minister was directly responsible to him.

Chauth was one-fourth of the land revenue

paid to the Marathas so as not be subjected

to Maratha raids. Sardeshmukhi was an

additional levy of 10% on those lands of Maharashtra over which the Marathas

claimed hereditary rights, but which formed

part of the Mughal Empire.

Ans:93)(d)

Explanation: At ‘Vaishali’, Alara Kalama (Sankhya philosopher) taught the techniques

of meditation and the teaching of Upanishads

to Gautam Buddha.

At ‘Rajgriha’, Udraka Ramputra taught him to

achieve the highest level of meditation. At last, at the age of 35, Gautam Bhudha

attained nirvana at ‘Bodh gaya ‘in Bihar.

Ans:94)(d)

Explanation: Babur wrote his memoirs,

Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turki language. It provides a vivid account of India. He frankly confesses

his own failures without suppressing any

facts.

Sher Shah introduced new silver coins called

“Dam” and they were in circulation till 1835.


His revenue reforms increased the revenue of the state.

Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in

his administration. Under this system every

officer was assigned a rank (mansab). The

lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles. Princes of royal blood received

even higher ranks.

Ans:95)(d)

Explanation: The first Buddhist Council was

held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of

Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the

purity of the teachings of the Buddha. The

second Buddhist Council was convened at

Vaisali around 383 B.C, under the patronage of King Kalasoka and the presidency of

Sabakami. The third Buddhist Council was

held at Pataliputra under the patronage of

Asoka. Moggaliputta Tissa presided over it.

The final version of Tripitakas was completed

in this council. The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under

the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Asvagosha

participated in this council. The new school of

Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came

into existence during this council. The

Buddhism preached by the Buddha and propagated by Asoka was known as

Hinayana.

Ans:96)(b)

Explanation: Balban introduced Sijdah (prostration) and Paibos (kissing the feet of

the sultan in the court) as the normal form of

salutation for the Sultan. He introduced the

festival of Nauroz. These customs left the

nobility and visitors utterly humbled, terro-

stricken and dumb. He also maintained a dazzling durbar on the Persian model which

became famous throughout Central Asia for

its splendor and magnificence.

Ans:97)(d) Explanation: Bhand Pather is a folk theatre

of Jammu and Kashmir.

Ans:98)(b)

Explanation: Ropar is in the state of Punjab.

Ans:99)(c)

Explanation: Golkonda was under Qutub

Shahi Dynasty

Ans:100)(c)

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