allergens lab#1. definition of allergens: - the histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose,...
TRANSCRIPT
-The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction.
mechanism of allergic reaction:
Why Do People Get Allergies?
Several factors must be present for allergic sensitivity to be developed: The specific genes acquired from parents 1)
2)The exposure to one or more allergens to which you have a genetically programmed response
The degree and length of exposure 3)
These allergens can get into our body in several ways:
1)Inhaled into the nose and the lungs:
2)Ingested by mouth:
3)Injected :
4)Absorbed through the skin:
Rashes caused by an allergic reaction to plant
direct contact with the plant in direct contact with the plant
Touching something that touched the plant
contact with airborne plant particle
inhlationContact with the skin
Pollen grain
plants can cause allergyby different ways, one of them by producing
pollen grains :
- Most respiratory-related allergies are caused by pollens - pollen grain consist of a wall of two membranes,
* outer )thick) called EXINE* iner ) delicate cellulosic) called INTINE
Male plants are the most problematic
Female plants ,
uses these balls to illustrate the difference between more problematic pollens and less irritating ones .
1-Squill:
• Name: Squill
• Origin Dried sliced scales of the bulb
of Urgina maritima
• Family: Lilaceae
• Color; white to light yellowish
• Odour: charactristic
• Taste: mucilagenous bitter taste.
• cause of allergy: Raphides crystal of
ca-oxalate
Microscopical examination of plant pd. that may cause allergic reaction due to ca-oxalate:
1-Squill:
• Microscopical examination:
a) raphide crystals of Ca Oxalate (bundle,free,broken)
b) Epidermal cell
Cont.
Key element
1-Squill:
• Constituens:-
- crystalline glycosides scillaren A
- an amorphous mixture scillaren B
- USES: heart tonic, in small doses as expectorant
but in large doses as emetic
Cont.
Cardiac glycoside
1) Pyrethrum (insect flower):
• Name: pyrethrum
• Origin: dried flower head of Chrysanthemum Cinerariefolium
• Family: Asteracae
• Colour: yellowish green
• Odour: faint aromatic
• Taste: bitter
• Uses: insecticidal, so we can use as natural insecticide agent
Microscopical examination of plant pd. that may cause allergic reaction due to pollen grains :
1- pyrethrum
• Microscopical examinations:
a - T-shaped hair
b- spiny pollen grain
d- papillose apex of style & stigma
Cont.
Key elements
• Active constituents:
1-2% of esters called pyrethrins which are:
a) Pyrethrin (I,II)
b) Cinerin (I,II)
c) Jasmolin (I,II)
Cont.1- pyrethrum
2) Chamomile:
• Name: german chamomile
• Origin: dried flower head of Matricaria chamomila
• Family: Asteraceae
• Colour: green yellow
• Odour: aromatic apple like
• Taste: slightly bitter
• Uses: in burns, carminative, stomachic & antiphogistine
(due to chamazulene)
Example of pd. Plants that have pollen grains
Cont.
2) Chamomile:
• Microscopical examinations:
a-Inner epidermis of the corolla
b- Outer epiderm of Corolla
c-part of the filament of an anther
d- Papillose stigma & part of style containing cluster crystals of calcium oxalate
e- spiny pollen grain
g-covering trichomes
Cont.
Key elements
2) Chamomile:
• Active constituents:
a) V.O.(azulene & Chamazulene)
b) yellow Flavonoid (apigenin )
Cont.
3) Lavander :
• Name: lavander
• Origin: dried flowers of lavandula officinalis
• Family: labiatae
• Colour: greyish to dark blue
• Odour: fragrant aromatic
• Taste: aromatic
• Uses: oil is perfuming agent &flavour the pharmaceutical cosmatic preparations.
Example of pd. Plants that have pollen grains
Cont.
3) lavander:
• Microscopical examinations:
a- glandular hair very short unicellular stalk multicellular head (labiaceous hair)
b- non-glandular candelabra branched hair (tree like)
c- non-glandular covering hair
d-pollen grains with 6 germ pores
Cont.
3) lavander:
• Active constituents:
a) V.O (contain esters like linalyl acetate & alcohol like linalol)
Cont.
1) Clove:
• Name: Clove
• Origin: dried flower buds of Eugenia Caryophyllus
• Family: Myrtaceae
• Colour: reddish brown
• Odour: aromatic
• Taste: pungent spicy
• Uses: Spice, carminative, antispasmodic, toothache remedy & preparation of vanillin from eugenol
Cont. Microscopical examination of plant pd.that may causeAllergic reaction due to oil gland secretion:
1) Clove:
• Microscopical examinations:
a- Oil gland with Parenchymal cells
b-fibrous layer of the anther
d- epiderms of filaments of the anther e- Triangular pollen grain (Trico plate)
f- lignified fibres (thick &fusiform) & associate parenchymal cell
Cont.
1) Clove:
• Active constituents:
Eugenol (V.O)
• Chemical test :
Clove + FeCl3 deep blue color in all element except fibres
Cont.
Prevention method for plantsallergens
Use caution with unknown plants.
Wear gloves when gardening or performing other activities with plants.
Wear gloves when handling unknown
plants
Prevention method for plantsallergens
Cont.
Do not burn potentially poisonous plants or plant parts. Some poisonous plants may cause severe allergic reactions if the plants are burned and the particles are breathed into the airways.
If you're allergic to pollen, keep windows closed when pollen season's at its peak, change your clothing after being outdoors .
Treatment method for plantsallergens
Following exposure, wash skin thoroughly with soap and warm water as soon as possible.
Keep cool by applying cold compresses to the skin or taking cool showers. Body heat and sweating can aggravate itching.
Treatment method for plantsallergens
Use of some over-the-counter medications )such as calamine lotion or antihistamines) can help reduce symptoms.
Antihistamines. Medications that block the effects of histamines )chemicals released during an allergic reaction that produce symptoms such as running nose and sneezing).
Cont.
Treatment method for plantsallergens
Antibiotics. May be prescribed for severe rashes that have become infected.
Corticosteroids. Anti-inflammatory medications similar to the hormones produced by the body that help reduce swelling, redness and itching. For plant rashes, creams or ointments are applied to the affected area)s). Very severe rashes may require injected or oral corticosteroids.
Cont.
Lab no.(2)
Analysis Method of Honey
)part 1)
King Saud UniversityPharmacy Collage Pharmacognosy Depaartment
Honey is a saccharine liquid produced by honey bees & purified by melting at low temperature and straining
Honey
Analysis Method of Honey
1. Color: light brown to nearly black2. Storage: at low temp (the sugar may
crystallize). 3. Odour: characteristic & aromatic.4.Taste: sweet & characteristic5. The Refractive index: To indicate the
conc. of H20(moisture) in the honey
using refractometer.
Physical Properties:
Analysis Method of Honey
1 .Dextrose (glucose) 25 - 40%2. Lavulose (fructose) 30 — 45%3. Sucrose 0-8%4. 5. 6. 7.
Composition of normal honey:
Antibacterial properties of honey are the result:
Analysis Method of Honey
I. Qualtitive identification of constituents.
II. Detection of adultration.
III. Quantitive estimation of different
constituents.
Analysis Methods of Honey
Analysis Method of Honey
1. Test for sucrose:honey sol. + cobalt nitrate + exss dil.
NaOH violet colour blue color
2.Test for fructose:honey sol. + specks of resorcinol solid +Conc.HCL bright red color
I. Qualitative tests of honey (identification):
10-15 min
Boiling W.B
Analysis Method of Honey
3.Test for glucose.honey sol. + lead subacetate +
conc.NH4OH white ppt orange in white
ppt.
I.Qualitative tests of honey:
Analysis Method of Honey
Forms of adulteration of honey:-
II. Detection of adulterants:
Analysis Method of Honey
Test for sucrose:honey sol. + cobalt nitrate + exss dil.
NaOHViolet blue color.
Test for liquid glucose:Liquid glucose: Is product obtained by
incomplete hydrolysis of starch.honey sol. + drops dil.I2 sol Reddish
brown
II. Detection of adulterants:
Analysis Method of Honey
Test for invert sugar (furfural):-As a result of equimolecular quantities of glucose
& fructose, obtained from sucrose hydrolysis
by acid. Part of fructose decomposed
(furfural) In a porcelain dish 5g of honey + 2.5 ml anilineHCL reagent bright red color if sample
was adultrated
II. Detection of adulterants:
Lab no.(3)
Analysis Method of Honey
) part 2)
King Saud UniversityPharmacy Collage Pharmacognosy Depaartment
Analysis Method of Honey
III. Quantitative Estimation of Honey:
Determination of sugar:
1- before hydrolysis (glu + fru) and
2-after hydrolysis
(sucrose).
Analysis Method of Honey
III. Quantitative Estimation of Honey:
1)Determination of Sucrose:Sucrose has no reducing properties.lt is
estimated by copper reduction method after hydrolysis.
Cu+3 + reducing sugar (hydrolysis of Sucrose)
)Blue ppt.)
Cu20 )red ppt.) + oxidized sugarCu+3 )Blue ppt.)
Heat
Alkali. medium
air
Oxd.
Analysis Method of Honey
Procedure:- Pipette 100 ml of honey sol(1.7w\v%) in 250 ml
volumetric flask +10 ml N/1 HCL.
- Heat on boiling WB for 15 min. till hydrolysis
is complete & cool.
- Neutralize with NaBicarbonate solid till no
effervescence.
- Complete volume with H20.
- Transfer the sol. to the burette & determine
total reducing sugars (glucose+fructose) as
follows:
Analysis Method of HoneyProcedure:- Transfer 5ml Fehling A + 5ml Fehling B
(using pippette) to a 250 ml conical
flask.
- Dilute with 50m1 H20 & heat on small
flame.
- Titrate with honey sol., while boiling on
a
small flame (to remove O2 from air) .
- Allow to boil after each addition & the
ppt to
settle.
- Continue addition of honey sol. till the
blue
color of sol. Disappear completly (record
the reading).
Cont.
Analysis Method of Honey
Procedure:- Add 2 drops of methylene blue indicator
&
add drops of sugar sol. till the color of
indicator disappear & full red ppt is
formed.
- Repeat the experiment adding the total
sugar
sol. at once(-1ml).
- Add 2 drops of M.B indicator & complete
as
above.
Cont.
Analysis Method of Honey
Procedure:- Repeat the experiment till 2 readings are
not different by O.2ml(-or+)
NB. End point blue complet red
solution.
Cont.
Analysis Method of Honey
Calculation:% Reducing sugars after hydrolysis =
0.05 x 25O x lOO x lOO
(c.c—0.2) lOO l.7
(10ml fehling solution oxidize 0.05gm of glucose)
Cont.
Analysis Method of Honey
III. Quantitative Estimation of Honey:
2)Determination of Reducing Sugars:Transfer 5m1 Fehling A + 5m1 Fehling B to a
conical flask.
- Dilute with 50m1 H20 & boil.
- Transfer honey sol. To a burette & titrate
while boiling as before.
Analysis Method of Honey
Calculation:% Reducing sugars before hydrolysis =
0.05 x lOO x100
(c.c—0.2) 1.7