alternative fuels and vehicles electric vehicles carlos sousa ageneal, local energy management...

ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES

www.transportlearning.net

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Carlos Sousa

AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency

of Almada



SUMMARY

1. Vehicles and fuels

2. Battery electric vehicles - characteristics

3. Batteries



SOME ELECTRIC VEHICLES…



VEHICLES AND FUELS

PetrolBiofuels

Hydrogen

Natural Gas, LPG

Internal Combustion Engine

Electric Motor

Batteries

Fuel Cells

Hybrid

Diesel



ELECTRIC VEHICLES

An electric vehicle is a vehicle that is moved by electricity. The electricity can be:

• Produced outside the vehicle and stored in batteries – Battery Electric Vehicle

• Produced aboard the vehicle – E.g.: Fuel Cell Vehicle



BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES

• First EVs were produced in the 1830s

• Appeared before the ICE engine



BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES

• Silent

• Does not need a gearbox

• Relaxed and pleasant driving

• Recover energy when they brake

• Maximum torque from low speeds



ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BATERY EV

• High energy efficiency

• Recovery of energy during braking

• Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) in the place of circulation

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MechanicalTransmission 95 %Electronic

Power Converter 95%

ElectricMotor

90%

Battery 65%

Battery Charger 95%



BATTERIES

• Battery types are the main difference between battery EVs, but also their main limitation!!

• Batteries influence the range of Battery EVs. Driving style is another very important factor – Ecodriving is essential!!



THE IDEAL BATTERY…

• High specific energy [kWh/kg] (i.e. Light with a high amount of stored energy)

• High energy density [kWh/m3] (i.e. Small with a high amount of stored energy)

• High specific power [W/kg ] (i.e. With a high power output for its mass)

• Long cycle-life (i.e. be discharged and recharged many times without significant deterioration in its performance)

• Quick re-charge time



THE IDEAL BATTERY…

• Deep cycle (i.e. could be regularly discharged to near-empty without loss of function)

• Operate over a wide temperature range

• Safe

• Recyclable

• Cheap



SOME BATERIES

Pb/ac Ni/Cd NiHM Li-Ion Li/p Na/NiCl2 Objectives USABC

Specific Energy Wh/kg) 35-40 55 70-90 125 155 80 200

Specific Power (W/kg) 80 120 200 260 315 145 400

Energy Density (Wh/m3) 0 90 90 200 165 130 300

Cycle Life (number of charging cycles)

300 1000 600 +600 +600 600 1000

Charging Time (h) 6-8 6-8 6 4-6 4-6 4-6 3-6

Autonomy (km) 75 100 200 200 250 200 250

Cost (€ / kWh) 100 400 550 - - - <90



CHARGING POSSIBILITIES

• Directly to the vehicle



CHARGING POSSIBILITIES

• Outside the vehicle



Aquabus 1 050Switzerland

EgrettaFrance

Gustave DoréFrance

Ferry Vaporetto E1Italy

Lagon 40France

Passeur “Type La Rochelle”France

Gondola Lariana

Italy

E-Boat 15.5Canada



SUMMARY

• Battery Electric Vehicles are silent and emissions free where they circulate (zero tailpipe emissions)

• Well suited for urban use, in well defined routes (deliveries, public transport, car pooling schemes, etc.)

• Can be economically viable in the context of their specific use (batery lease schemes, etc.)

• Can be low carbon, depending on how electricity is generated

• Can have an interesting energy efficiency

• Reduced offer of vehicles – not many options available



Thank you for your attention!

alternative fuels and vehicles electric vehicles carlos sousa ageneal, local energy management...

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