alternative fuels2

7/29/2019 Alternative Fuels2

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ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE

APPLICATIONS

Dr. Mukesh Saxena

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUMDEHRADUN


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APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

ALTERNATIVE FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

EMERGING SCENARIO

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BACKGROUND

Need for Air quality improvement and Oil Conservation

promoted use of AFVs

AFVs increasing worldwide

Implementation of Supreme Court Directive ensured NGVsin Delhi alone

In India NGVs from gasoline engines and from diesel engines

are already in use

LPG Vehicles

Ethanol blended gasoline fuel vehicles

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ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS?

NATURAL GAS

LPG

ETHANOL

METHANOL DIMETHYL ETHER (DME)

BIODIESEL

FUEL CELL

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WHY ARE ALTERNATIVE FUELS IMPORTANT?

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Energy Independence Domestic Resources

Emissions Generally reducedvehicular emissions

Fleet Operating Costs Some offer potential to

lower cost depending onresources


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RESOURCES FOR PRODUCTION

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Fuels Resources

Natural Gas Fossil fuel

LPG/Propane Natural gas, refinery by-product

Methanol NG, Coal, Wood, garbage in land fills

Ethanol Sugar cane, corn, mollases fermentation

DME NG, Coal, Syn gas

Bio-diesel Non-edible oil

Hydrogen Electrolysis, HC fuels, Bio-massElectricity Coal,natural gas, petroleum fuels, Hydro,

wind, nuclear, battery, fuel cell


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IC ENGINES FUELS: RESOURCE AND

PRODUCTION

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APPLICATIONS

ALTERNATIVE FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

EMERGING SCENARIO

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Fuel Properties iip


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CNG/LPG

GENERAL PERFORMANCE

EXCELLENT KNOCK RESISTANCE (HIGHERPOWER AND EFFICIENCY).

CNG: 80-90% METHANE

LPG : 40-90% PROPANE

LOW OZONE FORMING POTENTIAL.

LOW EMISSION OF AIR-TOXIC.

LOW COLD-START EMISSION.

ZERO EVAPORATIVE EMISSION.

REDUCED CATALYST DAMAGE

REDUCED CO2 EMISSIONS

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Typical Mechanical CNG/LPG Bi-fuel

Conversion

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Typical Electronic CNG/LPG Conversioniip


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Numbers in

g/mile

Gasoline CNG LPG

NMHC 0.36 0.20 0.21

CO 8.25 0.03 2.55

NOX 1.50 1.15 0.67

CNG/LPG VEHICLE EMISSIONS

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CNG/LPG VEHICLE EMISSIONS

(ECE R49 test cycle results)

Emission

G/kWh

Diesel

Euro II

Diesel

Euro III

CNG

Lean burn

LPG

Lean burn

NOx 7 5 1.0 1.5

HC 1.1 0.66 0.2 0.25

CO 4 2.1 0.1 0.1

PM 0.15 0.10 < 0.05 < 0.05

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METHANOL/ETHANOL

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

COMPATIBILITY WITH EXISTING VEHICLE.AS GASOHOL IN GASOLINE VEHICLES.

FROM 0-100 % IN FLEXIBLE FUEL VEHICLES.

FOR NEAT ALCOHOL (90%) ENGINE NEEDSMODIFICATIONS LIKE

INCREASED STROKE/DECREASED BORE

INCREASED COMPRESSION RATIO

HEATED INTAKE AIR

25% INCREASE IN MAX. TORQUE AND 28%

INCREASE IN MAX. POWER WITH M100. ETHANOL/GASOLINE BLEND BOOSTS OCTANE

NUMBER

REDUCED EXHAUST EMISSIONS

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ETHANOL EMISSIONS

Emission g/mile ConventionalGasoline

Ethanol(E85)

NMHC 0.15 0.04CO 1.87 1.08

NOX 0.20 0.16EvaporativeLosses g/test

0.59 17.81

Formaldehyde < 0.01 0.01Acetaldehyde < 0.001 0.03Buta 1,3-diene 0.001 0.001Benzene 0.018 0.002

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ETHANOL EMISSIONS

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Emission

G/mile

Diesel Ethanol

CO 4.92 13.33

NOx 7.16 4.9

PM 1.23 0.35

THC 0.33 13.33

Formaldehyde 0.04 0.15

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BIODIESEL

PERFORMANCE & EMISSIONS

FUEL: 20% RSME 80% DIESEL BLEND.

ENGINE POWER ADJUSTED FOR SAME POWER

OUTPUT.

LOWER HC & CO AND HIGHER NOX EMISSIONS

Numbers in

g/kWh

Diesel 2000

std.

RSME

HC 1.1 0.8

CO 4.5 4.3

NOX 8.0 10.4

PM 0.36 0.3

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THC Emission

B100

B65

B35

B20

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

ChangeinTHCEm

ission(%)

CO Emission

B20

B35

B65

B100-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10-5

0

ChangeinCO

Emission(%

)

Emissions with different proportions of Bio-diesel

E i i i h diff i f Bi di l


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NOx Emission

B20 B35

B65

B100

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

IncreaseinNOxemission

(%)

PM Emission

B100

B65

B35

B20

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

ChangeinPME

mission(%)

Emissions with different proportions of Bio-diesel


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Emerging Technical Issues for Bio-diesels

Power loss

Deterioration in fuel economy

Increase in NOx emission

Degradation of lube oil due to fuel dilution

Deposit formation on engine critical components

Failure of injection pump, and coke formation in injectors

Incompatibility of biodiesel with certain elastomers

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DME

PERFORMANCE & EMISSIONS

LOW PRESSURE HERMETICALLY SEALED COMMON RAILFUEL INJECTION SYSTEM.

BETTER POWER OUT PUT.

FUEL CONSUMPTION OVER LOAD IS COMPARABLE TO

DIESEL ULTRA LOW GASEOUS EMISSIONS.

Numbers in

g/kWh

Diesel India

2000 std.

DME

HC 1.1 0.20

CO 4.5 2.17

NOX 8.0 3.85

PM 0.36 0.05 est.

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Di-methyl Ether Fuel Systemiip

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FUEL EFFICIENCY AND ENGINE

EMISSIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS

0204060

80100120

Diesel,EuroII

engine

Meth

anol

engine,elect.

Control+oxicat

LPG

DME

CNG

%

FC, kWh-fuel/kWh-engine CO2

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ENGINE EMISSIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Diesel,E

uroII

engine

Methanol

engine,elect.

Control+oxicat

LPG,

uncontrolled

combu

stion

LPG,lean

burn

LPG

,

stoich.(TWC)

DME

,

mechanic

alFIE

DME,

elect.controlled

FIE CNG,

uncontrolled

combu

stion

CNG,lean

burn

CNG,

stoich.(TWC)

%

PM NO x

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TANK AND FUEL WEIGHT OF

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

020

406080

100120140

Diesel

Meth

anol

LPG

DME

C

NG(steel)

CNG(co

mposi

te)

Liquids, 1 bar Liquified gas, 5 bar Gaseous, 200 bar

max.tank fill.80%

Weigh

t(tank+fuel)

ofrefilled

300littank,%

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DRIVING RANGE WITH ALTERNATIVE FUELS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Diesel Methanol LPG DME CNG

Bus Engine, FC = 35 lit Diesel/100 kmEngine

Efficiencies = ECE R49 results

DrivingRangewith

refilled300

littank,%

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GREENHOUSE GASES AND RELATIVE

WARMING EFFECTS

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Gas % warmingcontribution

Relative WarmingFactor

Carbon dioxide CO2 50 1

Methane CH4 18 10-80

Nitrous oxide N2O 8 200-400

Ozone O3 4 smallCFCs 20 10,000

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

(BY SORCE)Base Technology

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Gasoline

CNG

LPG

Methanol/NG

Methanol/coal

Ethanol (1)

g/mi CO2 equiv.

(1) CO2 from ethanol fermentation and combustion recycled to corn

crop.

Methane

Losses

Production &

Processing

Transport &

Distribution

Vehicle

Emissions

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

(BY SORCE)iip

Advance Technology

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Gasoline

CNG

LPG

Methanol/NG

Methanol/coal

Ethanol (1)

g/mi CO2 equiv.

(1) CO2 from ethanol fermentation and combustion recycled to corn crop.

Methane

Losses

Production &

Processing

Transport &

Distribution

Vehicle

Emissions

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EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

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GlobalWarmingpotential

Propane(LPG)

NaturalGas

(CNG)

ReformulatedGasoline(RFG)

Methanol(M85)

Ethanol(E85)

Light DutyVehicles(relative togasoline)

-20 to-25%

-10 to-15%

Similar Similar +21%

Heavy DutyVehicles(relative toDiesel)

-2% +5% N/A +20% +49%

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WHAT IS A FUEL CELL ?iip

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TYPES OF FUEL CELLS

Phosphoric Acid

Proton Exchange Membrane

Molten Carbonate

Solid Oxide

Alkaline

Direct Methanol Fuel CellsRegenerative Fuel Cells

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Schematic of PEM Fuel Cell


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Schematic of FCV(Honda FCX)

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FEATURES OF FUEL CELL

Fuel Cell System includesFuel Reformer & utilizeHydrogen from any Hydrocarbon Fuel:Natural

Gas,Alcohols,Gasoline,Diesel,Gas from landfills..

Fuel Cell utilize Hydrogen as a fuel resulting into Zero

Emission Vehicles

Fuel cell produce lower Greenhouse Gases consideringall emissions:resource,processing & use

Fuel cell provide better Energy Security

Fuel Cell have wide range of Applications

Fuel Cell could create new markets

More Research needed to bring down the costs such that

viable commercial fuel cell vehicles are available

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ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR AUTOMOTIVEiip


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APPLICATIONS

EMERGING SCENARIO

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EMERGING SCENARIO: FUELS

Gasoline and diesel fuels will remain major source of energyand would continue to be used in future

CNG holds the maximum promise

Ethanol/Methanol has the availability problem while methanolis highly toxic. There potential to reduce global warming grim.

Oxygenates to be used in gasoline will generally be in theclass of ethers e.g. MTBE, TAME, ETBE etc.

Use of alcohol-gasoline blend in catalytic converter equippedvehicles

Use ofbiodiesels in the form ofmethylesters ofnonedible oils

may find limited application and their use as a high cetaneblending component for diesel may be considered

Application of DME as Fuel for Diesel Vehicles

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EMERGING SCENARIO: VEHICLES

Two Wheelers & Cars on alcohol-gasoline blends (M3

and E5)

Cars, Taxis & Three Wheelers on CNG/ LPG

Buses, Trucks and LCVs on CNG/LPG

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EMERGING SCENARIO: POLICY/STRATEGY

Policy on Alternate Fuels application

Strategy for introduction of different Alternate

Fuels based on local availability

Development of Alternative Energy sources andtheir infrastructure

Commission demonstration projects in

metropolitan and major cities

Commission Surveys for Pollution Loading

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Thank You

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