alternative power

ALTERNATIVE POWER

Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering 2002 Student Conference

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta

March 15 - 17, 2002

Doug Heaton P. Eng.Project Development Manager

EPCOR Utilities Inc.

Alberta’s restructuring experience:

Fundamental principles behind restructuring are sound

Prices will stabilize with more generation coming on stream

Despite California, no one has stopped deregulating. In fact Ontario will move ahead in 2nd Quarter, 2002

ALTERNATIVE POWER

CSChE 2002 Student Conference

Generationgenerates electricity

Distribution &

Transmission (wires) transmits electricity to provincial grid system; distributes electricity to

consumer; manages and reads meters

Deregulated Regulated Deregulated

Retailsells electricity, customer

service, billing and administration: takes

electricity from source to end user

ALTERNATIVE POWER

CSChE 2002 Student Conference

ALTERNATIVE POWER CSChE 2002 Student Conference

2000 Energy Source Profile for North America

A diverse fuel mix is desirable to ensure:

Security of energy supply

Power price stability

System reliability


Energy Sources for Alternative Power Generation

Wind Solar Coalbed methane Small hydro (run-of river water) Biomass Biogas (agricultural) Landfill gas


Today’s High Profile

Alternative Generation Systems

Microturbines

Fuel cells


WIND



Vision Quest, Castle River, AB

Vestas 660 MW, 50 Metre Tall

Comparison of Wind Power Capacity in Various Countries

Germany: 6,113 MW

Denmark: 2,297 MW

USA: 5,250 MW

Spain: 2,402 MW

Canada: 198 MW



Peigan Nation - EPCOR, Brocket, AB

NEG Micon 900 kW, 72 Metres Tall

Weather Dancer 1

Capital cost $1.8 million

Output 900 KW

Tower height 72 metres

Blade radius 26 metres

Concrete base 25 square metres x 8.2 metres deep

(500 tonnes of concrete)



The amount of power available in the wind is determined by the equation:

w = 1/2 r A v3

where w is power, r is air density, A is the rotor area, and v is the wind speed.

Wind power is a measure of the energy available in the wind. It is a function of the cube (third power) of the wind speed.

If the wind speed is doubled, power in the wind increases by a factor of eight (23). This relationship means that small differences in wind speed lead to large differences in power.

SOLAR



Passive Solar Heating


Active Solar Heating


Active Solar Generating


EPCOR Centre, Edmonton 13 kW DC

COALBED METHANE



Coalbed Methane

SMALL HYDROSMALL HYDRO

ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES Alberta Federation of REA’s

ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES Alberta Federation of REA’s

EPCOR’s Taylor Hydroelectric Project

12.75 MW Run-of-River, Magrath, Alberta

BIOMASS



Gasifier Project

Burlington Electric's McNeil Station in Burlington, VT


23 MW Fluidized Bed Biomass Generating Station

Whitecourt, Alberta


Biogas


Integrated Manure Utilization System


Ribe Biogas Plant, Denmark



Cattle manure

Hog manure Digestor tanks



Plant Data Primary tanks: 2, each of 680 m³ Dosing tank: 1 of 150 m³ Reactors: 3, each of 1,750 m³ Storage tanks (central): 2, each of 680 m³ Gas storage: 1,000 m³ Storage tanks (local: 22)

Operating Data Biomass feed: 400 m³/d Biogas production, gross: 77 MWh/d (100%) Process heat, consumption: 12 MWh/d(15,5%) – Process power, consumption: 2 MWh/d (2,5%) Surplus energy, net: 63 MWh/d


Processed Manure


Landfill Gas


Clover Bar Landfill, Edmonton


EPCOR’s Clover Bar Landfill Gas Plant


Mountaingate Landfill Gas Plant, California


1 MW Jenbacher LFG Reciprocating Engine

Marina Landfill, California

Microturbines


MICROTURBINESMICROTURBINES

• Power to Utility Grid, Heat & Power for On-site UsePower to Utility Grid, Heat & Power for On-site Use

• Offset High Retail Electric RatesOffset High Retail Electric Rates

• Meet Strict Air Emission RegulationsMeet Strict Air Emission Regulations

• Poor Quality Landfill Gas (Poor Quality Landfill Gas (>> 35% CH 35% CH44))

• Small Quantity Landfill Gas (Small Quantity Landfill Gas (>> 489 Nm 489 Nm33/day, 12 scfm)/day, 12 scfm)

• Innovative / Renewable Technology FundingInnovative / Renewable Technology Funding


Fuel Heating Value:Fuel Heating Value: >> 13.4 MJ/m 13.4 MJ/m33 ( ( >> 350 Btu/scf HHV) 350 Btu/scf HHV)

Heat Rate for 30 kW(e):Heat Rate for 30 kW(e): 127.8 kW(t)127.8 kW(t) (436,000 Btu/hr)(436,000 Btu/hr)

Efficiency:Efficiency: 23.5%23.5%

Water Vapor Content:Water Vapor Content: Dew Pt + 10 Dew Pt + 10 OOCC

Hydrogen Sulfide Content: < 70,000 ppmHydrogen Sulfide Content: < 70,000 ppmvv

Particulate Content:Particulate Content: < 20 ppm< 20 ppm

Pressure:Pressure: 55 to 80 psig55 to 80 psig

ALTERNATIVE POWER

MICROTURBINES

90%

85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25%

20% 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Micro-Turbine with CHP

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

Medium Diesel Engines

Small Diesel Engines

Large Diesel Engines

Simple-Cycle Gas Turbine

Larger Natural Gas Reciprocating Engines

Micro Turbines

Small Natural Gas Reciprocating Engines

Coal-fired Plant


MICROTURBINES

NOx Emissions (g/kWh)

20 US Utility Average 3.24

Ontario Power Generation Forecast 1.55

Peaking Gas Turbine 1.8

Capstone 30 kW 0.06


MICROTURBINES


Honeywell Parallon 75 kW Microturbine

Turbine and compressor $68,200

Mechanical $3,200

Electrical $13,400

Civil $4,700

Metering $1,900

Engineering $7,900

TOTAL $99,300


Shipment of 40 Honeywell Parallon 75

Microturbines to Calgary from Albuquerque


MICROTURBINES

Secure Power’s 5 unit Elliott Energy T-80kW


Lopez Canyon Landfill, California:

50 x 30 kW Capstone Microturbines

FUEL CELLS



• Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

• Proton Exchange Membrane or Solid Polymer Fuel Cell

• Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

• Alkaline Fuel Cell

• Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell

• Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

• Regenerative Fuel Cell

• Zinc Air Fuel Cell


Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

Molten alkali carbonates used as electrolyte at 650oC.

Porous nickel - ceramic anode.

Porous nickel oxide cathode.

Porous lithium aluminate electrolyte matrix.

Fuel Cell Energy: 2 MW Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Santa Clara, California



Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are solid and operate at low temperatures 80oC.

Suitable for transportation applications.

Technology promoted by Ballard (Vancouver).

DaimlerChrysler Jeep Commander Fuel Cell Hybrid


Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Tubular)

Operate at 1000oC.

Developed by Siemens - Westinghouse over the past decade.

Shaped like lengths of 36” x 1” pipe.


Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Bundle


Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell


Fuel Cell Efficiency


Global Thermoelectric

Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell


Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Planar)

Operate at 600oC - 700oC.

Developed by Global Thermoelectric (Calgary)

Flat sheets.


Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Planar)

Ceramic cells with stainless steel interconnects.

High cell efficiency of 60% and capable of 85% with combined cycle operation.

Does not need external hydrogen infrastructure (reformer). Can operate on natural gas, propane and carbon monoxide.


Siemens - WestinghouseTubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell


Ballard 250 kW PEM Fuel Cell

Plug Power: 7 kW PEM Residential Fuel Cell



Expectation for Mature Product SOFC PEM

Fuel : Natural Gas HydrogenTemperature : 950 oC 60-80 oCElectrical Efficiency : 60% 40%Capital Cost Investment $(Can)/kWh : 1500* 1500*Power Generation Cost cents/kWh : 10 14Power/Heat : 2.2/1 1/1

* Year 2010

SOFC for decentralized power applications has 30% lower life cycle cost when compared to PEM

f REA’s

Brief Description & Model Flow Chart Cell Colour Coding http://retscreen.gc.ca

RETScreen Features (click to access info) Internet Options Online Manual RETScreen Website Product Data Training Information Weather Data Registration Cost Data Contact CEDRL Currency Options

Model Worksheets (click to access sheets) Contributors Energy Model 85+ Technology Experts Equipment Data Collaborating Organisations Cost Analysis Greenhouse Gas Analysis Financial Summary Blank Worksheets (3)

RETScreen® International is a standardised and integrated renewable energy project analysis software. This tool provides a common platform for both decision-supportand capacity-building purposes. RETScreen can be used worldwide to evaluate the energy pr

Wind Energy Project Model

RETScreen is available

Version 2000 - Release 2 © Minister of Natural Resources Canada 1997-2000. NRCan/CEDRL

TO START (click here)

http://retscreen.gc.ca

Levelized Generation Costs, $/KWh

D-size battery 360 dollars

Solar 25 cents

Fuel cell 10 – 14 cents

Wind 6.8 – 8.5 cents

Biomass 6 – 7.5 cents

Natural gas 5 – 7 cents

Coal 5 – 6 cents

Small hydro 4 – 6 cents


AltEnergy 2002 Conference

Edmonton, Alberta

Biomass Environmental Fuel Cells

Information Technology Fusion Finance

Wind Energy Suppliers/Services Legal

Tidal Power Geothermal Solar Energy

Friday, April 26, 2002Plenary Session: 12:30 pm - 1:30 pmConference Hours: 8:00 am - 4:00 pmExhibits Open: 9:30 pm - 4:30 pm


For questions in the future:

Doug Heaton P. Eng.

Project Development Manager

EPCOR Utilities Inc.

E-mail: [email protected]



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