ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES IN STORED-PRODUCT IPM

AL TERNA TIVES TO PESTICIDES IN STORED-PRODUCT IPM

edited by

Bhadriraju Subramanyam

Kansas State University

David w. Hagstrum

United States Department of Agriculture

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicatioll Data Subramanyam, Bhadriraju.

Alternatives to pesticides in stored-product IPM / edited by Bhadriraju Subramanyam and David W. Hagstrurn.

p.cm. Inc1udes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4613-6956-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-4353-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4353-4

1. Food storage pests-Integrated control. 1. Hagstrurn, David W., 1944- II. Title.

SB937 .S83 2000 631.5'68-dc21

00-058731

Copyright el 2000 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York in 2000

Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 2000

An rights reserved. N o part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo­copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Printed an acid-free paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication Contributors About the editors Preface

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Monitoring and decision tools David W. Hagstrum and Bhadriraju Subramanyam

Sanitation and exclusion Michael A. Mullen and John R. Pederson

Aeration Carl Reed and Frank H. Arthur

Temperature Charles S. Burks, Judy A. Johnson, Dirk E. Maier, and Jerry W. Heaps

Modified atmospheres Cornel Adler, Hans-Gerd Corinth, and Christoph Reichmuth

Insect growth regulators Herbert Oberlander and Donald L. Silhacek

Varietal resistance James E. Throne, James E. Baker, Frank J. Messina, Karl J. Kramer, and John A. Howard

Vll

IX

Xlll

XV

1

29

51

73

105

147

165

Chapter 8 Pathogens 193 David Moore, Jeffrey C. Lord, and Susan M. Smith

Chapter 9 Parasites and predators 229 Matthias SchOller and Paul W. Flinn

Chapter 10 Pheromones 273 Thomas W. Phillips, Paul M. Cogan, and Henry Y Fadamiro

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Chapter 11 Botanicals 303 David K. Weaver and Bhadriraju Subramanyam

Chapter 12 Inert dusts 321 Bhadriraju Subramanyam and Rennie Roesli

Chapter 13 Radiation 381 Steven L. Halverson and Sam V Nabla

Chapter 14 Impact 401 Rudy Plarre and Franz Reichmuth

Chapter 15 Integration 419 David W Hagstrum and Bhadriraju Subramanyam

Index 429

DEDICATION

The editors dedicate this book to two entomologists whose contributions and insights greatly advanced stored-product protection in the 20th century and beyond.

Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. Kansas State University

(1899 - 1989)

Dr. Richard T. Cotton United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

(1883 - 1980)

CONTRIBUTORS

Cornel Adler, Ph.D. Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Stored Product Protection, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 19, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.

Frank H. Arthur, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.

James E. Baker, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.

Charles S. Burks, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2021 S. Peach Avenue, Fresno, California 93727, USA.

Paul M. Cogan, M.Sc. MAFF, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York Y041 1LZ, United Kingdom.

Hans-Gerd Corinth, Ph.D. Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Stored-Product Protection, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 19, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.

Henry Y. Fadamiro, Ph.D. Research Scientist, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Plant Pest Survey & Biological Control Program, 90 W. Plato Boulevard, St. Paul, Minnesota 55107, USA.

Paul W. Flinn, Ph.D. Research Biologist, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.

David W. Hagstrum, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.

Steven L. Halverson, M.S. (Deceased). Electrical Engineer and President, Micro­grain, Inc., 424 Wagner Dr., Clinton, Wisconson 53525, USA.

Jerry W. Heaps, B.C.E. & R.S., Corporate Manager, Dry Sanitation and Pest Control, The Pillsbury Co., 607 Winthrop, St Paul, Minnesota 55119, USA.

John A. Howard, Ph.D. President and Chief Executive Officer, ProdiGene, 101 Gateway Boulevard, Suite 100, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.

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Judy A. Johnson, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2021 S. Peach Avenue, Fresno, California 93727, USA.

Karl J. Kramer, Ph.D. Research Chemist, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.

Jeffrey C. Lord, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.

Dirk E. Maier, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Extension Agricultural Engineer, Department Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 1146 ABE Building, W. Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.

Frank J. Messina, Ph.D. Entomologist, Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA.

David Moore, Ph.D. Insect Pathologist, CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, United Kingdom.

Michael A. Mullen, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.

Sam V. Nablo, Ph.D. President, Electron Processing Systems, Inc., 6 Executive Park Drive, N. Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, USA.

Herbert Oberlander, Ph.D. Research Physiologist, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600-1700 S. W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA.

Thomas W. Phillips, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.

John R. Pedersen, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Shellenberger Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.

Rudy Plarre, Ph.D. BAM-Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.

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Carl Reed, Ph.D. Stored Grain Specialist, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Shellenberger Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.

Christoph Reichmuth, Ph.D. Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Stored Product Protection, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 19, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.

Franz Reichmuth, BUhler AG, Mill Development, 9240 Uzwil, Switzerland.

Rennie Roesli, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Associate, Stored Grain, Food, and Feed Product Entomology, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Shellenberger Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.

Matthias SchOller, Ph.D. Biologieche Bundesanschaft f. Land- u. Forstwirtschaft, Institute fur Vorratsschutz, Berlin, Germany

Donald L. Silhacek, Ph.D. Research Chemist, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600-1700 S. W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA.

Susan M. Smith, Ph.D. Insect Pathologist, 7, Williton Close, Northampton, NN3 3BG, United Kingdom.

Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Stored Grain, Food, and Feed Product Entomology, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Shellenberger Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.

James E. Throne, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.

David K. Weaver, Ph.D. Research Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, Montana State University, 333 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.

ABOUT THE EDITORS

Bhadriraju Subramanyam is an Associate Professor in the Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. The author of over 80 research, extension, and popular publications on stored-product insect biology, ecology, sampling, and management, he is a member of the Entomological Society of America, American Association of Cereal Chemists, and Association of Operative Millers. He is presently an active member of the Food Protection Committee of the Association of Operative Millers. Dr. Subramanyam received the B.S. degree (1981) in agriculture from Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, India, and the M.S. (1984) and Ph.D. (1988) degrees in entomology from the University of Minnesota, St. Paul.

David W. Hagstrum is a Research Entomologist at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas. A member of the Entomological Society of America, he is the author of over 120 research papers on insect ecology and pest management. Dr. Hagstrom received the B.A. degree (1965) in biology and chemistry from California Western University, San Diego, and the Ph.D. degree (1970) in entomology from the University of California, Riverside.

PREFACE

Insects associated with raw grain and processed food cause quantitative and qualitative losses. Insect infestations can occur just prior to harvest, during storage in a variety of structures such as cribs and metal or concrete bins, and in-transit in a variety of carriers. Stored-product insects often are found in warehouses, food­handling establishments, and retail grocery and pet stores. These insects can also breed in purchased food packages or food residues in a consumer's pantry, and may contaminate other food products stored in the pantry. Therefore, preventing economic losses caused by stored-product insects is important from the farmer's field to the consumer's table.

Several tools (pesticides and alternatives) are available for managing insects associated with raw grain and processed food. Effective use of pesticides and alternatives requires a thorough understanding of pest ecology, the application of pesticides only when pest populations exceed acceptable levels, and an evaluation of risks, costs, and benefits. Scientific research during the last half of the 20th century has resulted in a better understanding of the biology, behavior, and ecology of stored-product insect pests and their management. Stored-product protection towards the end of the 20th century has shifted from using only conventional pesticides to using a variety of pest management methods.

Stored-product protection in the 21st century will involve developing and implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs with a greater emphasis on using alternatives to conventional pesticides. Although conventional pesticides will continue to play an important role in stored-product IPM, their use may be more limited. Pest management programs, especially in developed countries, are changing to meet consumer's demand for food free of pesticide residues, address concerns about the safety of pesticides to humans, reduce the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment, delay pesticide resistance development in insects, and comply with tighter pesticide regulations. Many of the alternatives to conventional pesticides are more environmentally friendly and have low mammalian toxicity. However, unlike conventional pesticides, these alternative methods often do not provide effective or rapid suppression of pest populations, and may not be effective against all pest species. Furthermore, most alternative pest management methods often are more expensive than conventional pesticides, and have not been tested extensively under field conditions. Therefore, we felt that a book critically reviewing alternatives to conventional pesticides and defining their role in stored-product IPM was urgently needed.

The book has a total of 15 chapters. The 1st chapter argues that a pest manager's choice of an insect monitoring program and decision-making tools is as important as their choice of a method for suppressing pest populations. Several practical IPM and educational programs developed for specific commodities, food­handling establishments, and selected stored-product insect species are discussed in chapter 1. Thirteen of the 15 chapters deal with methods of modifying the storage environment, and biological and physical approaches to pest management. The 2nd chapter covers sanitation and methods of excluding insects, such as insect-resistant

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packaging. The 3rd and 4th chapters discuss the use of aeration and extreme temperatures, respectively, to suppress stored-product insect pest populations. These two techniques are currently being used worldwide. The 5th chapter discusses the use of high carbon dioxide or low oxygen atmospheres to suppress insect populations.

The next 5 chapters on biological approaches examine the use of insect growth regulators, varietal resistance, pathogens, parasites and predators, and pheromones. In the United States, two insect growth regulators (methoprene and hydroprene) and a pathogen (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) are commercially available for use against stored-product insects. Biotechnology companies are already developing varieties of seeds resistant to stored-product insects, and these varieties may be commercially available soon. Parasites and predators are found in most storage facilities, and conservation of these natural enemies should be considered in pest management programs. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency has approved several natural enemies of stored-product pests for use in storage ecosystems. If a market develops, many companies may be interested in producing natural enemies for commercial use. Pheromones are currently being used to lure insects into traps. Traps are used by the grain and food industry to monitor stored­product insect populations, and the trap catch data are being used to forecast pest phenology, locate insect infestations within a storage environment, and judge effectiveness of pest management methods.

The 3 chapters on physical approaches discuss the use of inert dusts, radiation, and impact machines such as entoletors for managing insect pests. Newer inert dusts currently approved for commercial use are more effective than the inert dusts previously available. Public acceptance and cost have limited the use of radiation to suppress insect pest populations, but there is a renewed interest in the use of microwaves and accelerated electrons for managing insects in raw grain. Entoletors are commonly used to remove insects from raw and processed commodities. The final chapter provides examples of effective combinations of pest management methods.

The organization of each chapter is essentially similar. Each chapter provides information on the background and history of an alternative pest management method, its present usage, and future research needs. The chapter authors have discussed the advantages and limitations of each alternative pest management method, and the specific situation under which each of these methods could be used. The authors have attempted to provide economic data for the pest management methods discussed. However, information on the economics of different pest management methods is scarce and subject to change. Each chapter is accompanied by an extensive list of references, which will be an invaluable source of additional information to the readers.

We hope the book will be a useful reference to a variety of audiences and readers. This book is intended for use by researchers, extension educators, upper level undergraduate and graduate students, consultants, pest control operators, industry sanitarians, regulators, and all of those involved in the management of stored-product insect pests.

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We would like to thank all contributing authors for their time and effort in writing the various chapters. We appreciate the assistance of Rennie Roesli, Anil Menon, Rita Richardson, Harini Devaraj, Mauricio Valencia, Laxminarayana Muktinutalapati, and Chandrapati Kameswari for cross-checking the references. We are grateful to Kluwer Academic Publishers for the opportunity to edit this book, and for their assistance in indexing the book chapters.

We are pleased to dedicate this book to two entomologists, Professor Donald A. Wilbur, Sr. and Dr. Richard T. Cotton, whose contributions to research and education in stored-product entomology have been a guiding light and an inspiration to us, and many stored-product entomologists around the world.

Bhadriraju Subramanyam David W Hagstrum