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F U T U R E M A R K E T S , I N C . T E C H N O L O G Y R E P O R T N o . 7 6

THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALUMINIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

© Future Markets, Inc. 2013

1 THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALUMINIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

Contents Contents ...................................................................................... 1

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................... 3

2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 9

3 NANOMATERIALS PRODUCTION: CURRENT AND PROJECTED 12

3.1 Applications of nanomaterials ........................................ 12

3.2 Production estimates 2012 ............................................. 18

3.3 Demand by material type and market ............................ 22

4 THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALUMINIUM OXIDE ....... 24

4.1 Properties ......................................................................... 24

4.2 Commercialization timeline ........................................... 24

4.3 Demand by market .......................................................... 26

4.4 Production volumes, tons ............................................... 27

4.5 Prices .............................................................................. 28

5 PRODUCERS ...................................................................... 29

5.1 Advanced Nano Products Co., Ltd. ................................. 29

5.2 Alcoa ............................................................................... 29

5.3 Alpha Nanomaterials ..................................................... 30

5.4 American Elements ....................................................... 30

5.5 Artash Composite ........................................................... 31

5.6 Baikowski Chimie ........................................................... 31

5.7 BYK-Chemie .................................................................... 31

5.8 Canano Technologies ..................................................... 32

5.9 Chengdu Alpha Nanotechology Corporation ................. 33

5.10 Eprui Nanoparticles & Microsphers Co. Ltd. .............. 33

5.11 Forever Chemical Ltd. ................................................... 33

5.12 Inframat ........................................................................ 33

5.13 Io-Litec Nanomaterials ................................................. 34

5.14 Kawaken Fine Chemical ............................................... 35



5.15 Meliorum Technologies, Inc. ........................................ 35

5.16 Metal Nanopowders Ltd. .............................................. 35

5.17 Nabond .......................................................................... 36

5.18 Nanjing High Technology Co., Ltd. .............................. 36

5.19 Nanoe ............................................................................ 37

5.20 NanoKorund Ltd. ......................................................... 37

5.21 Nanophase Technologies .............................................. 37

5.22 Nanoscape AG ............................................................. 38

5.23 Nanoshel ....................................................................... 39

5.24 Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc. ............ 39

5.25 Nanotechnology, Inc. .................................................. 40

5.26 NEI Corporation ......................................................... 40

5.27 Neoker S.L. ................................................................... 41

5.28 NTbase ......................................................................... 41

5.29 Novacentrix .................................................................. 42

5.30 Nyacol Nanotechnologies, Inc. .................................... 42

5.31 PNF ............................................................................... 42

5.32 Promethean Particles ................................................... 43

5.33 Reinste .......................................................................... 43

5.34 Shenzen Junye Nano Material ..................................... 43

5.35 Sigma Aldrich ............................................................... 43

5.36 SkySpring Nanomaterials ............................................ 44

5.37 Sukgyung AT Co., Ltd. .................................................. 44

5.38 Umicore NanoMaterials .............................................. 45

5.39 US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. ................................ 46

5.40 Xuan Cheng Jingrui New Material Co., Ltd. ............... 46

6 REFERENCES .................................................................... 47



1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Nanostructured materials have novel electronic, optical, magnetic, chemical catalytic and

mechanical properties from the high surface to volume ratio, and quantum size effect.

Nanomaterials are being applied across a raft of high-tech industries and technologies due to

their outstanding magnetic, optical, catalytic and electronic properties, which depend greatly on

their size, structure, and shape. Conservative market estimates for nanomaterials production in

2012 are 444,185 tons, rising to 1,087,559, a CAGR of 18.4%.

Nanomaterials are being widely incorporated into stain and water repellant surfaces and textiles,

high UV-resistant transparent sunscreens and cosmetic, automotive and sporting goods

composites, anti-corrosion oil and gas pipeline coatings, protective concrete and wood surfaces,

paints, cosmetics, consumer electronics, conductive coatings and pharmaceuticals.

New construction composites and cement, industrial and environmental catalysts, electronics and

optical devices are also driving increased production for nanomaterials. The medical and life

sciences sector is exploiting nanomaterials for drug delivery, contrast agents, tumor-specific

hyperthermia therapy, analytical assays, and real-time sensing. Additionally, certain

nanomaterials such as silver and zinc oxide have antimicrobial activity and are increasingly being

investigated against microbial pathogens with acquired resistance to traditional antibiotics.

New nanomaterials such as graphene and nanocellulose promise even more interesting properties

and applications and are the focus of renewed national initiatives in Canada, South Korea and the

United Kingdom. The European Commission is allocating 1 billion euros towards graphene

research, South Korea $350 and the UK has contributed over £50 million to establish two

graphene hubs.



Figure 1: Production volume of nanomaterials, 2010-2020, tons, conservative estimate

Source: Future Markets, Inc.

Figure 2: Production volume of nanomaterials, 2010-2020, tons, optimistic estimate


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Paints and coatings the leading market at present

Main markets for nanomaterials in 2012 were paints and coatings, medical and electronics, the

later two likely to represent the greatest area of growth for nanotechnology over the next decade

and where greatest innovation will be witnessed. Cosmetics and composites are also significant

markets. Paints and coatings cross-apply to numerous consumer markets from aerospace and

automotive to construction and hygiene. They offer a range of functionalities that are desirable in

a number of sectors such as anti-bacterialism, anti-corrosion, easy-clean, thermal barrier,

protective and UV-absorbent and combinations thereof. Sigma-Aldrich is currently the world’s

leading supplier of nanomaterials. BASF and Evonik Degussa are close competitors, especially in

cosmetics and personal care applications.

Figure 3: Demand for nanomaterials 2012, by applications, percentage

Catalysts/Energetic & Propellant Materials

8%

Composites (Inc. Plastics, Rubber and

Ceramics) 8%

Filtration 1%

Paints and Coatings 19%

Electronics and Optics 14%

Communications 1%

Lubricants 1%

Aerospace 1%

Energy (Including oil and gas)

5%

Military 2%

Automotive (Energetic materials/propellants)

2%

Cosmetics 6%

Academia/Research Centers

6%

Sensors 2%

Medical 14%

Environment 1%

Construction 1%

Food 1%

Fire retardants 1% Packaging

2%

Cosmetics and personal care

4%

Adhesives and sealants 2%

Printing inks 1%

Security 1%



China is not a large a nanotechnology player at present as publicized

China is becoming an international player in terms of publications and patents; however it has a

relatively unimpressive industrial base in nanotechnology. Very few of the nanotechnology patent

applications in China are from Chinese businesses, highlighting the dearth of commercialization

by companies in China. China has mainly been focused on infrastructure building in the last

decade and as a result the mechanisms for commercializing nanotechnology are not very well

established. China has done very little to date to foster nanotechnology start-ups, and the state-

run commercialization centers have yet to fully come to fruition.

More integration and interaction between the private sector and the research base is an essential

area for China’s nanotechnology development, which has thus far been driven by the public

sector. China’s domestic nanotechnology “market” is mainly composed of the nanomaterials

segment (approximately 80% of the marker, primarily concerned with metal oxide, nanometals

and other nanopowders production), with remaining applications in cosmetics, paints and

coatings. It has been estimated that there are between 800-1200 companies with nanotechnology

activities in China-mostly indigenous companies that tend to focus solely on the China market.

China has considerable production volumes for nanomaterials, however the lack of standards

hinders their application and sale out with China. Over 90% of research (particularly in

nanomaterials) is conducted in university research centers and in state-sponsored research

institutes. Public and private companies) contribute less than 10% to overall research. These

companies are mainly concentrated in Beijing and Shanghai, over 95% of which are small SMEs.

Russia has grown quickly in nanotechnology

Russia has been investing heavily in nanotechnology over the last five years, to the tune of $900

million, with a commercialization-focused strategy. More than 1,500 organizations, 150 higher

education institutions and 200 research institutions have been backed with state nanotechnology

funding to create a good infrastructure. RusNano, the corporation for funding nanotechnology in

Russia has been investing in 5 priority areas: nanomaterials, optics and electronics, energy

efficiency, medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the modification of surfaces.



Figure 4: Breakdown of nanomaterials production, by country, 2012, percentage


Regulation and safety initiatives have increased markedly in 2012

The novel and exciting properties that emerge within materials when developed at the nanoscale

(1-100nm) is driving the exploitation of engineered nanomaterials in diverse products. From their

incorporation within sunscreens to their use as drug delivery devices and for environmental

remediation human and environmental exposure to nanomaterials will inevitably increase.

Nanomaterials are expected to become part of our daily lives, and whilst their use is associated

with many financial and societal benefits, there is currently uncertainty surrounding the potential

risks they may exhibit. The introduction of novel properties into nanomaterials, that are often not

apparent in larger forms of the same material, leads to their desirability and exploitation.

However, it also prompts concern regarding the potential toxicity of nanomaterials as it is not

possible to predict nanomaterial toxicity based on knowledge of how their larger ‘bulk’

counterparts (i.e. the same constituent material but not on the nanoscale) behave.

An increase in the deliberate and unintentional exposure of humans and the environment to

nanomaterials makes it particularly pertinent to understand the consequences of exposure before

their more widespread use. A lack in confidence regarding the safe production and use of

nanomaterials due to perceived or real safety concerns could prevent nanotechnology reaching its

full potential. A greater understanding of nanomaterial risk will therefore allow for the

responsible, safe and sustainable development of nanotechnology.

In order to ensure the sustainable economic success of nanotechnology it is essential that the

potential dangers of nanomaterials for human health can be assessed in a transparent manner. As

Japan 4%

Taiwan 1%

Canada 3% China

12% Korea 6%

EU 20%

Other3 4%

USA 50%



a result government’s worldwide have been implementing new regulations, classifications and

standards for nanomaterials at an impressive rate in 2012 as they seek to assuage any possible

consumer backlash. Approaches have either adopted existing regulatory systems to address

potential risks from nanoscale materials; developing new risk assessments to identify and

quantify potential risks; production of guidance documents; and notification schemes (Australia,

Canada, France and Denmark).



2 METHODOLOGY

The following methodology was utilized:

1. Identification of companies producing nanomaterials and companies developing products

thereof. This was mainly be accrued from Future Markets, Inc. existing information

database and proprietary information on nanomaterials companies. This was also

supplemented with a search of the literature on companies producing relevant

nanomaterials. Secondary sources included journals and related books, trade literature,

marketing literature, technology roadmaps, other product/promotional literature, annual

reports, analyst reports, conference proceedings and other publications.

2. A series of interviews was conducted via email with relevant nanomaterials company

representatives.

3. Market estimates and industrial intelligence based on information accrued from

nanomaterials company representatives, Future Markets, Inc.’s in-house data and market

reports.

Technology scorecards

To provide a concise picture of the high-impact nanomaterials market, technology profiles were

created for each nanomaterials type. Technology scorecards provide “snapshot” ratings to better

judge the technology’s potential across multiple key metrics

Technology Scorecard 5 indicates a high score 3 indicates a middle score 1 indicates a low score

Addressable market size What is the relative market size through 2013?

5

Competitive landscape How difficult is it for new entrants? Incumbents?

4

IP landscape How dense is it? How likely is infringement?

3

Commercial potential Likelihood of impact by 2013?

2

Technology drawbacks Will market impact be limited until these are resolved?

1

Included in each profile is a technology scorecard, which captures expert opinion on each

technology through a few descriptive words, as well as a rating. These ratings – scaled from 1 to 5

– are represented 1, or the worst rating to 5, the best rating. Criteria are listed below.

• Addressable market size: Answers the question: “If the technology penetrated all

potential applications, what would the cumulative revenue be within the next five years?”



1 = < $10 million

2 = $11 million to $100 million

3 = $100 million to $500 million

4 = $500 million to $1 billion

5 = >$1 billion

• Competitive landscape: Evaluation of the question: “Are a lot of other companies, or

even technologies, addressing the same thing or not?”

Answers range from:

1 = Many other players or technologies offering very similar products and

entrenched incumbents that will be difficult to dislodge

to:

5 = No other solution to the same problem with nearly comparable performance

or benefits

• IP landscape: Addresses the question: “How likely is IP conflict in this technology area?”

Conclusions are drawn from both the density and the degree of overlap in a technology

domain.

1 = Domain has high density and high overlap

2 = Domain is high on one of the two

3 = Domain is medium on both

4 = Domain is low on either density or overlap

5 = Domain is low on both

• Commercial prospects: An analysis that answers the question: “Is this technology likely

to have a major market impact over existing technology by 2020?”

1 = The nanomaterial type will remain very much a low revenue, niche market

to

5 = The nanomaterial type already has a significant market share

• Technology drawbacks: An analysis of that answers the question: “Will the current

technology limitations hinder its market impact?”



1 = Current technology limitations are hindering it’s impact against competing

technologies

to

5 = There are no significant technology bottlenecks

All figures are in US dollars unless otherwise stated.



3 NANOMATERIALS PRODUCTION: CURRENT AND PROJECTED

3.1 Applications of nanomaterials

By definition, nanomaterials must have a diameter of less than 100 nm. Nanomaterials are

commonly used for the following applications:

• Coatings

• Ceramics

• Catalysts

• Conductive particles

• Polymers

• Protective application/self-cleaning

• Cosmetics

• Telecommunications, data storage and diagnostics due to strong magnetic properties

• Personal care products (e.g. UV attenuation)

• Thin Film Precursors

• Conductive Thin Films

• Printing Inks (adhesion promotion & coloring).

Table 1: Applications of nanomaterials Nanopowder Applications Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3)

• Coatings and paints • Polishing slurries. • Airbag propellants and energetic materials • Abrasive, blasting, lapping, and polishing applications, particularly in electronics and optics • Air purification • High-precision optics for lasers • Composite reinforcement • Dielectrics • Fuel cells • IR imaging • Supercapacitor • Transparent ceramics • Optoelectronics and military and defense applications such as IR missile domes and ceramic armored windows • Catalysts • Specialty optical fiber doped additives • Polymer composites as solid lubricants • Pipe material in gas discharge lamps. • Fuels for space and naval vehicles and propellants for the military • Cosmetic filler

Antimony tin oxide (ATO)

• Cooling additives for automotive interiors • Reduce resistivity or provide conductivity in electronics • Inkjet printing • Transparent conductive, antistatic, radiation-proof coatings.



Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3)

• Plastic components in healthcare applications where high transparency but opacity to X-rays is required.

Carbon Nanotubes • Conductive polymers & composites (automobiles and electronics) • Sensors and Instruments (microscope probe tips, gas leak detectors) • High-strength and low weight composites • Electromagnetic shielding • Sporting goods (tennis rackets) • Catalysts (petrochemical) • Conductive and sensory textiles & fibers • Transparent conducting CNT-based coatings for lower cost and flexible displays and solar cells • Replacement for lithium ion batteries • Membranes and filters • Semiconducting materials • Advanced ceramics • Fuel cells • Caulks and sealants • Touch screen displays with enhanced durability • Cathode ray tubes for bright, thin, and more efficient flat displays with long lifetimes, enabled by CNTs’ conductivity • Electronic circuits for lower power and higher speed enabling new device architectures • Anti-ballistic materials • Microwaves antennas • Medical implants • Drug delivery • Electronic textiles

Cerium Oxide (CeO2)

• Additive to polishing suspensions for glass grinding purposes • UV protective coatings • Planarization of silicon wafers and the polishing of photomask blanks, lithography optics, high energy laser lenses and rigid memory substrates • Cerium oxides improve catalytic reactions within catalytic converters on vehicles as well as in solid-oxide fuel cells. To achieve better performance they are frequently doped with rare earths such as yttrium. • Ceria nanoparticles are finding application in bio-medical implants • Nanoceria is used as a polishing slurry in chemical mechanical planarization, in the manufacturing of integrated circuits • Electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)

Cobalt (II) oxide (CoO)

• Magnetic media in electronics • Alloys • Catalysts • Ceramic pigments • CO Sensors

Copper (II) oxide (CuO)

• Anti-microbial, anti-biotic and anti-fungal agents when incorporated into coatings, plastics and textiles • Catalyst and catalyst carrier; as a heat transfer fluid • Glass, porcelain colorants, optical glass polishing agent • Rocket propellant burning rate catalyst. • Conductive pastes in electronics • Sintering additives • Lubricant additives

Fullerenes and POSS Fullerenes • Organic Photovoltaics • Polymer Electronics • Antioxidants & Biopharmaceuticals • Additives1 • Catalysts for hydrocarbon upgrading (of heavy oils, methane into higher HC, thermal stability of fuels etc.



POSS • Heat/abrasion resistant paints and coatings • Mechanical property modifiers • Crosslinking agents • Viscosity modifiers • Thermal modifiers • Fire retardants • Medical materials • Space resistant resins • Packaging/coatings • Resins and elastomers • Advanced plastics • Composite resins • Electronic materials • Optical Plastics • Ablative materials (nozzles, insulations etc.) • Claddings/electronics coatings • Precursors to glassy or ceramic matrices

Graphene • High speed transistors, spin devices, single electron transistors, semiconductor memory, QHRS (Quantum Hole Resistance Standard), RF, MEMS, silicon replacement • Composite materials • Incredible rigidity lends themselves to nanoscale pressure sensors • Wiring materials • Energy storage (fuel cells) • Transparent electrodes and laser materials • Chemical and biosensors. Hydrogen storage materials • Heat / energy storage, thermal management • Coatings

Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) and Iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4)

• Pigments for paints, varnish, ink, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, etc. • Magnetic media • Catalysts for petrochemical applications • Biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery; magnetic cell sorting, diagnosis of brain tumors and contrast agents in MRI-tomography or in cancer therapy • Burning catalysts for solid fuel rockets • Magnetic materials in ferrofluids • Fuel cells • Oxygen sensors • Optoelectronic devices • Developmental and prototype ceramic components • Cleaning up contaminants in groundwater, soil and sediments, heavy metals and in organics. • Magnetic labels in biosensing

Magnesium oxide (MgO)

• Catalysis • High-temperature dehydrating agent used for the production of silicon steel sheet, high-grade ceramic material, electronic industry material, adhesive and additive in the chemical raw material. • High-frequency magnetic-rod antenna, magnetic device filler, insulating material filler and various carriers used in radio industry. • Refractory fiber and refractory material, magnesite-chrome brick, filler for refractory coating, refractory and insulating instrument, electricity, cable, optical material, material for steel-smelting furnace and other high- temperature furnaces, heating material and ceramic base plate. • Electric insulating material for making crucible, smelter, insulated conduit (tubular component), electrode bar, electrode sheet. • Fuel additive, cleaner, antistatic agent and corrosion inhibitor. • Dielectric material in super capacitors



• Fire retardant materials in plastics Manganese (II) oxide (MnO) and Manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3)

• Magnetic data storage and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Electronic components • Electrocatalysts • Bleaching agent • Biosensors • Voltage sensitive material • Coatings • Plastics • Battery additives • Imaging contract agents

Nanoclays • Nanocomposite film packaging (Food, cosmetics, medical) with Improved oxygen barrier; grease and odor barrier; Increased Young's modulus. Products include PET plastic bottles • Polymer additives • Flame retardant appliances and electrical enclosures (wires and cables) • Base for paint, ink, greases • Emulsion stabilizer and rheology adulterant for drugs and cosmetics. • Rheology adulterant for cosmetics • Cleaning detergents • Anti-bacterial and mold resistance for paints • Anti-bacterial marine paint (does not require toxic anti-foul) • Wear / Chemical resistance for functional coatings. • UV resistance for external applications • Ceramics and Glazes: decreased thermal expansion in glazes (less likely to crack) • Used to slow the progress of water through soil or rocks • Used in drilling muds to give the water greater viscosity • Used as an absorbent to purify and decolor liquids • Filler in paper and rubber • Used as a synthetic base of compounds for catalysts and optical-storage materials. Nanoclay can be used as a catalyst by intercalating metallic ions into its layers, burning the material, forming the material into pillared clay, and creating many fine pores in it. • Industrial waste water as well as portable water treatment • Drug delivery vehicle for controlled release of therapeutic agents • Halloysite nanotubes, filled with a pesticide, for controlled release. Saves energy and labor costs through reduction in application frequency • Halloysite nanotubes in cosmetics and household products with extended and controlled release of fragrances

Nanofibers • Electrically conductive polymers • Composite materials • Scanning probe microscopy tips • Electrostatic painting • Field electron emission source • Carrier material for various catalysts in petrochemistry • Automotive (fuel loading systems, mirror housings, electrostatically spray painted automotive fenders, Class A finish for painting, interior parts, bumpers, long-lasting tires, adds electrical conductivity properties to fiberglass reinforced plastics) • Polymer reinforcement • Electronic packaging • Dust free handling trays for use in clean rooms • In vertically-aligned arrays, a platform for gene delivery • Aerospace (composite structures, thermal management, EMI/RFI shielding) • Environmental and chemical (waste treatment, purification)



• Silicon wafer production • Lithium polymer batteries • Fuel cells • Disk drive components • Crack mitigation for concrete • Interconnects CMOS technology

Nanosilver • Conductive coatings in displays • Electrical Interconnects • Electrodes • RFID Antennas • Security Printing • Conductive inks and adhesives • Catalysis • Anti-bacterial coatings • Medical implants

Nickel (II) oxide (NiO)

• Lithium nickel oxide cathodes for lithium ion batteries • Electrochromic coatings • Plastics • Textiles • High-performance electrode material • Catalysts • Magnetic fluid • Conductive paste • Sintering additives • Non-metallic conductive coatings • Magnetic recording materials • Combustion additives • Fuel Cell catalysts • Lubricant addictive

Quantum Dots • Solid state lighting and displays • Biopharmaceutics • Cancer therapy and diagnostics • Disease screening • Implants • Quantum computing • Flexible displays • Lasers • Anti-counterfeiting • Optical components • Organic dye-based solar cells

Silicon Oxide (SiO2) • Aerogels as light-weight materials and thermal insulators. • Filler in rubber and polymer compound materials • Additive to vehicle tires • Nanoelectronics fabrication as mask substrate, as agteoxide in MOSFETs or as insulation coating in ICs • Bioceramics (as coatings for implants) • Anti-corrosion and wear resistant coatings • Insulators with high dielectric properties

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

• Paints. In printing inks and paint it can greatly improve conglutination aging resistance and scrub resistance. • Protective coatings • Wastewater purification • Air filters • Odor elimination • Construction materials



• Cosmetics • Plastics • Solar cell additives

Yttrium oxide (Y2O3)

• Coatings of superconducting cables • Base material for high temperature superconductors • Microwave magnetic materials for military applications • Displays • Cathode ray tube phosphor coatings • Thin-film capacitors and special refractories

Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

• Transparent conductive thin-films in blue laser diodes, solar cells and liquid crystal displays • UV filters in cosmetic emollients used for sunscreen, skincare, and pharmaceutical formulations • UV-protection of e.g. lacquer films and polymer surfaces. • Antimicrobial and bacteriostatic agent used in deodorant, medical and sanitary materials, glass, ceramic and self-cleaning materials • Vulcanized active agent in rubber industry and catalytic additive in petrochemical industry. • Coating, painting, transparent rubber, emulsions and plastics. It increases the strength, compactness, adhesion and high cleanliness of the products; • Infrared absorbent. • Transparent coatings, polymers, caulks, adhesives and other resin systems. • Packaging films • UV-protective textiles

Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2)

• Ceramics with improved mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic and optical performance • Catalysts



3.2 Production estimates 2012

Nanomaterials prices differ significantly between producers. Most nanomaterials producers

supply a limited range of industries; therefore, the required material properties guide processing

costs and introduce a large range of possible prices for the same type of material. Most

nanomaterials producers do not issue pricelists. Since the price of nanomaterials first depends on

quantity and second on quality, consumers must first submit a price request detailing expected

purchase volume and powder properties. Lead in time for ton production is generally 3-4 months.

Table 2: Nanomaterials, price per KG, price per ton, estimated production total, 2012 Nanopowder Price per KG Price per ton for

high quality nanomaterials2

Estimated production 2012,

tons Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3)

• NaBond Technologies Co., Limited: $160 • Inframat: $185 • Strem Chemicals: $425 • Meliorum Technologies, Inc.: $945 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $2,360

$90,000 Conservative estimate: 20,689

Optimistic estimate: 41,580

Antimony tin oxide (ATO)

• Sigma-Aldrich: $1,988 $150,000 Conservative estimate: 101

Optimistic estimate: 183

Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3)

• Inframat: $179 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $388 • US Research Nanomaterials, Inc.: $398 • Sigma-Aldrich: $1,200

$92,000 Conservative estimate: 30


Carbon Nanotubes

• Cheaptubes: SWNT $100,000 MWNT $2,000



Cerium Oxide (CeO2)

• Inframat: $230 • US Research Nanomaterials, Inc.: $770 • NGimat: $1,000 • Sigma-Aldrich: $2,900



Copper(II) oxide (CuO)

• NaBond Technologies Co., Limited: $160 • Inframat: $179 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $572 • Meliorum Technologies, Inc.: $1,245



Cobalt(II) oxide • SkySpring $1,000,000 Conservative



(CoO) Nanomaterials, Inc.: $352 • NaBond Technologies Co., Limited: $480 • Strem Chemicals: $596 per 5g • Meliorum Technologies, Inc.: $1,000

estimate: 1 Optimistic estimate:

2.3

Fullerenes and POSS

• BuckyUSA: $20,000-$145,000. POSS $990 per gram • NeoTechProduct: $9,500 • SES Research: $22,000

$2,700,000 Conservative estimate: 30


Graphene • Durham Graphene Science: $500-$4000 • Graphene Devices Ltd.: $250-$5000 • Graphene Industries Ltd.: US$ 0.1 - 1.0 per square micron • Vorbeck Materials Corporation: $150-$500 • Quantum Materials Corp: $300

N/A Conservative estimate: 357


Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) and Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4)

• NaBond Technologies Co., Limited: $160 • Inframat: $1983 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $380 • US Research Nanomaterials, Inc.: $7594 • Meliorum Technologies, Inc.: $945 • Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials Inc.: $1,9805 • Nano-Oxides: $2,988

$90,000

Conservative estimate: 5.8


Magnesium oxide (MgO)

• Inframat: $199 • NGimat: $3,850 • Sigma-Aldrich: $9,700


Optimistic estimate: 20.3

Manganese(II) oxide (MnO)

• NaBond Technologies Co., Limited: $650 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $930

$1,000,000 Conservative estimate: 0.7


Manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3)

• SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $930 • Meliorum Technologies, Inc.: $1,000

$1,000,000 Conservative estimate: 1.6


Nanoclays • Laponite: $70. Average $24,000 Conservative



price $5-$55 per KG. estimate: 10,000 Optimistic estimate:

16, 594 Nanofibers Average price is $220 to

$350/kg $32,000 Conservative


169 Nanosilver • Advanced materials:

$2,500 $4,000,000 Conservative


410 Nickel(II) oxide (NiO)

• Alpha Nanomaterials: $249 • Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc.: $420 • NaBond Technologies Co., Limited: $490 • Meliorum Technologies, Inc.: $500 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $672

$500,000 Conservative estimate: 5.4


Quantum Dots Average price is $3,000 to $10,000 per gram.

$4,000,000 Conservative estimate: 135kg

Optimistic estimate: 300kg

Silicon Oxide (SiO2)

• SkySpring Nanomaterials: $700 • Sigma-Aldrich: $920

$60,000 Conservative estimate: 125, 638

Optimistic estimate: 930,000

Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

• Avanzare: $22 • NaBond Technologies Co., Limited: $80 • Nanoscale Corporation: $80 • Inframat: $149 • Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc.: $180 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $300 • Strem Chemicals: $425 • Meliorum Technologies, Inc.: $945


Optimistic estimate: 41, 966

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

• Avanzare: $226 • NaBond Technologies Co., Limited: $80 • Inframat: $180 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $200 • Nanoscale Corporation: $277 • Meliorum Technologies, Inc.: $945 • Nano-Oxides: $3,728


Optimistic estimate: 176, 988



• Strem Chemicals: $3,800

Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3)

• Inframat: $285 • US Research Nanomaterials, Inc.: $2,900 • US Research Nanomaterials: $393

$230,000 Conservative estimate: 12.5


Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2)

• Inframat: $183 • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.: $245 • Sigma-Aldrich: $3,000



Table 3: Production volumes for nanomaterials, 2012, tons, conservative and optimistic estimate

Nanopowder Conservative estimate,

tons Optimistic estimate, tons

Aluminium Oxide 20689

41580

Antimony tin oxide 101 183

Bismuth Oxide 30 43

Carbon Nanotubes 3300 3700

Cerium Oxide 20 33

Copper(II) oxide 24 44

Cobalt(II) oxide 0.8 1.8

Fullerenes and POSS 30 75

Iron(III) oxide and Iron(II,III) oxide

5.8 33

Magnesium oxide 10 20.3

Manganese(II) oxide 0.7 5

Manganese(III) oxide 1.6 2.6

Nanocellulose 150 175

Nanoclays 10000 16594

Nanofibers 88 169

NanoPCC 163296 304175

Nanosilver 358 410

Nickel(II) oxide 5.4 9.1

Quantum Dots 135 300



Silicon Oxide 125638 930000

Zinc Oxide 33400 41966

Titanium Dioxide 85000 176988

Yttrium Oxide 12.5 14.5

Zirconium Oxide 1824 3091

3.3 Demand by material type and market

Demand for nanomaterials has been driven by electronics, energy, plastics, paints and pigments

producers. Main clients for nanomaterials are:

• Specialty chemical distributors

• Existing powder manufacturers

• Petrochemical companies

• Coatings and paints companies

• Pigment producers

• Plastics and rubber producers

• Nanomaterials application developers

• Universities and government research bodies.

Main clients for nanomaterials providers include:

• Air Products, Inc.

• Bochemie Group

• Behr Paints

• Cabot

• DAW Caparol

• Degussa

• Hanwha Chemical

• Mitsui

• Nitto Denko

• OCI (oci.co.kr)

• Polyone Corporation

• PPG

• Saint-Gobain

• SH Energy & Chemical

• Sherwin Williams

• Tata Chemicals.



Figure 5: Demand for nanomaterials 2012, by applications, percentage


8%

Composites (Inc. Plastics, Rubber and

Ceramics) 8%

Filtration 1%

Paints and Coatings 19%

Electronics and Optics 14%

Communications 1%

Lubricants 1%

Aerospace 1%

Energy (Including oil and gas)

5%

Military 2%

Automotive (Energetic materials/propellants)

2%

Cosmetics 6%


6%

Sensors 2%

Medical 14%

Environment 1%

Construction 1%

Food 1%

Fire retardants 1% Packaging

2%

Cosmetics and personal care

4%

Adhesives and sealants 2%

Printing inks 1%

Security 1%



4 THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALUMINIUM OXIDE

Technology Scorecard

Addressable market size 5

Competitive landscape 3

IP landscape 3

Commercial prospects 4

Technology drawbacks 3

Total score (out of max. 25): 17

4.1 Properties

Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanopowders find application in numerous sectors as paints, polymers,

coatings, textiles, fuel cells, solar energy, airbag propellants and energetic materials. Current

applications include wear resistant additives and coatings for cutting and grinding tools; as pipe

material in gas discharge lamps; biomaterials for medical implants; catalyst supports; heat-

transfer fluids (suspensions); nanocomposites; sources for IC board or package; transparent

conductive coatings; and transparent optical coatings. In the coatings sector aluminium and

aluminium oxide nanopowder is used for corrosion, scratch and wear resistance and displays high

thermal barrier properties as well as being superhydrophobic; in composites it provides high

barrier, durability, fire retardancy, stiffness, thermal fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, creep

resistance and wear resistance. Tensile strength is increased by factors 2-4.

4.2 Commercialization timeline

Table 4: Commercialization timeline for aluminium nanopowders

Applications 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2020

Ultra-thin membranes for filtration

Catalyst carrier

Specialty optical fiber doped additives

Conductive coatings for electronics

Scratch resistant coatings

Metal and dielectric polishing applications



in CMP Sintering additives

Composite additives

Lubricants Ceramic additives

Heat, scratch, wear resistant coatings for cutting and grinding tools

Fuels for space and naval vehicles and propellants for the military

Munitions using nano-aluminium powder as energetic materials

Optical devices

Airbag propellants

Cosmetics additive/filler

Industrial pigments

Paint additives

Stage of commercialization (SoC) Key

Basic research Applied research Prototype Commercialized Mass market



4.3 Demand by market

Figure 6: Demand for aluminium nanopowders, by applications, percentage, 2012



15% Composites

8%

Filtration 9%

Paints and Coatings

22% Electronics and

Optics 9%

Communications 3%

Lubricants 2%

Aerospace 3%

Energy (Including oil

and gas) 6%

Military 4%

Automotive (Energetic materials/

propellants) 3% Cosmetics

8%


8%



4.4 Production volumes, tons

Figure 7: Demand for aluminium oxide nanopowders, 2010-2020, tons, conservative and optimistic estimates


Table 5: Demand for aluminium oxide nanopowders, 2010-2020, tons, conservative and optimistic estimates Year Conservative Optimistic 2010 18500 35000 2011 19518 37800 2012 20689 41580 2013 22240 45738 2014 23908 51455 2015 25821 57887 2016 27887 65123 2017 30675 73263 2018 33743 82421 2019 37117 92724 2020 40829 104315

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

TO

NS

/YE

AR

Conservative estimate Optimistic



4.5 Prices

Table 6: Aluminium oxide nanopowders prices Companies Price Inframat $12,000/ton Sigma-Aldrich $160m/100ml US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. $175/1kg Chinese producers $10-$1000/kg SkySpring Nanomaterials $300-$470/100g NanoAmor $800-$900/10kg Sun Innovations $1/gram



5 PRODUCERS

5.1 Advanced Nano Products Co., Ltd.

Company description

Advanced Nano Products Co. Ltd. (ANP) is a manufacturer of chemically processed nanocrystalline materials and their chemical precursors for coating and powder processing applications. They produce: • Nanocrystalline Powders and Their Dispersion (Sol): (ITO, ATO, TiO2, Ag, Ag/Pd) • Ceramic Targets for Sputtering and E-beam Evaporation. • Metal Allkoxides and Metal Beta-diketonate Compounds. • Ceramic Precursor Solutions for Coating and Powder Processing Applications.

Contact details

Advanced Nano Products Co., Ltd. 244, Euyong Industrial complex Kumho-Ri, Euyong-myeon Chungwon-Kun Chungcheongeuk-do, 363942 South Korea T: +82 43 2756962

Web address www.anapro.com

5.2 Alcoa

Company description

Alcoa is involved in the production and management of primary aluminium, fabricated aluminium and alumina combined. Alcoa employs approximately 63,000 people in 31 countries across the world. The company produces nanoscale alumina for applications mainly in the energy industry. Offshore oil and gas drilling systems, high-efficiency power transmission, next-generation lighting, energy-efficient buildings and transportation systems, and green packaging.

Contact details

Alcoa Corporate Center 201 Isabella Street Pittsburgh, PA 15212-5858 USA T: +1 4125534545

Web address www.alcoa.com



5.3 Alpha Nanomaterials

Company description

Alpha Nanomaterials was founded in 2003. The company is a supplier of nano-scaled powders, gels and solutions with Gold, Silver, and Platinum, as well as nano metal oxides such as Aluminium Oxide, Antimony doped Tin Oxide, Copper Oxide, Iron Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide. Alpha Nanomaterials supplies nanomaterials to Automotive, Electronic, Paint and Coating, Personal Care, Plastics, and Textile applications. Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide series nanomaterials have been widely applied in a number of fields such as cosmetics, ceramics, plastics, coatings, textiles, paper, medicine and commodities. Available nanopowders include: • Aluminium Oxide Nanopowder • Antimony Tin Oxide Nanopowder • Magnesium Oxide (MgO) • Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) • Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

Contact details

Alpha Nanomaterials, LLC 10701 Wilshire Blvd., #1506, Los Angeles CA 90024 USA T: +1 7145953536

Web address www.alphananomaterials.com

5.4 American Elements

Company description

American Elements is a manufacturer and supplier of rare earth and other advanced material products with distribution offices in Europe, Asia and South America. Z-MITE™ Zinc Oxide nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles, are used for applications as anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-biotic and anti-fungal agents when incorporated in coatings, fibers, polymers, first aid bandages, plastics, soap and textiles. It is also used for its UV absorbing properties to create transparent sunscreen. The company’s nanoscale cerium oxide nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, molybdenum nanoparticles, nickel nanoparticles and iridium nanoparticles have found use in catalysts for a whole host of chemical synthesis, chemical treatment and chemical cracking applications, including automotive catalytic converters. I-Mite nanoscale indium powder combines anti-static, transparency, and scratch resistant properties to create an ideal next generation material for electronic packaging, flat panel displays, clean room surfaces and many other applications. Additionally, I-Mite™ indium nanoparticles are electronically conductive. This property is currently being investigated for application in future photovoltaic (solar energy) cell designs and in medical and bioscience



imaging technologies.

Contact details

American Elements 1093 Broxton Ave Ste 2000 Los Angeles California 90024 USA T: +1 3102088676

Web address www.alphananomaterials.com

5.5 Artash Composite

Company description

The company produces copper-alumina nanocomposite materials for high conductivity and high temperature applications.

Contact details

First floor-No. 450-Mirdamad Ave Tehran Iran T: +98 21 88881134

Web address www.artashcomposite.com

5.6 Baikowski Chimie

Company description

Baikowski Chimie is a producer of ultrapure sub-micron alumina powders. They also manufacture alumina slurries, precision polishing, technical ceramics and additives. The company produces high purity alumina, white fused alumina and other nanopowders for application in transparent ceramics; high-precision optics for lasers, IR imaging and optoelectronics and military and defense applications such as IR missile domes and ceramic armored windows.

Contact details

Baikowski Chimie BP501 La Balme de Sillingy Cedex F-74339 France T: +33 450226912

Web address www.baikowskichimie.com

5.7 BYK-Chemie

Company description

BYK-Chemie supplies additives to the paint and plastics industry, where they are used, for example, in automotive paints, printing inks or wood and



architectural coatings. BYK offers nanoparticle dispersions of aluminium oxide, silica, zinc oxide, and ceria under the NANOBYK tradename. The particles are dispersed in a variety of solvents, providing easy handling and simple incorporation via post-addition into a wide range of coatings formulations. Because of the size of the nanoparticles, they do not scatter light and can be added to a coating formulation without affecting its optical properties such as gloss and transparency. Incorporation of nanoparticles also provides a mechanism for efficient dissipation of stress throughout the polymer matrix, preventing catastrophic failure.7 Silica- and alumina-based nanoparticles provide improved scratch and abrasion resistance, while ceria- and zinc oxide-based nanoparticle dispersions provide stabilization against UV radiation (UVA by zinc oxides and UVB by ceria).

Contact details

BYK-Chemie GmbH Abelstraße 45 46483 Wesel Germany T: +49 2816700

Web address www.byk.com

5.8 Canano Technologies

Company description

The company develops and commercializes applications for pure metal nanopowders. Their proprietary vacuum vaporation process produces a wide variety of low-agglomerated dry nanoparticles collected in an inert environment. • Ultra Fine Copper Powder: Nano copper’s properties include anti-microbial, anti-biotic and anti-fungal agents when incorporated into coatings, plastics and textiles and in copper diet supplements. • Ultra Fine Iron Powder: The use of nano iron in environmental applications are being studied for cleaning up contaminants in groundwater, soil and sediments, heavy metals and in organics. • Ultra Fine Indium Powder: Nano indium can be used as a coating in plastics or glass and in lacquers. It is highly transparent and feature’s electrical conductivity and antistatic properties. These properties are additionally complimented by the scratch resistance of the coatings. Antistatic transparent surfaces have gained increasing interest in recent years. Nano indium is also being tested in electrical, magnetic, solar, optical, biomedical and bioscience applications. • Ultra Fine Aluminium Powder: Aluminium nanopowder is treated to produce a thin protective layer of aluminium oxide, which prevents the powder from being pyrophoric. Nano aluminium may be used in paints, polymers, coatings, textiles, fuel cells, solar energy, airbag propellants and energetic materials. Tensile strength is increased by factors 2-4.

Contact details

Canano Technologies LLC 5296 SR 339s Fancy Farm, Kentucky 42039 USA T: +1 2707056764



Web address www.cananopowders.com

5.9 Chengdu Alpha Nanotechology Corporation

Company description

China-based producer of carbon nanotubes and aluminium nanopowder.

Contact details

503, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China

Web address www.nanotubes.cn/pro/Al_0272YJ.htm

5.10 Eprui Nanoparticles & Microsphers Co. Ltd.

Company description

Producer of Aluminium Nitride Nanopowder.

Contact details

PRUI Nanoparticles & Microspheres Co. Ltd Factory Address: No.188 Luhe Chemical Industry Zone Nanjing China T: 86-21-60346644

Web address www.nanoparticles-microspheres.com

5.11 Forever Chemical Ltd.

Company description

The company produces nAlumina® nanopowder.

Contact details

No. 267, Chung-Shan North Road, Ta-Yuan Shiang, Tao-Yuan Hsieng 33759 Taiwan R.O.C. T: +886.3.3855155

Web address www.forever-chem.com.tw

5.12 Inframat

Company description

Inframat, in collaboration with the University of Connecticut, has pioneered the Solution precursor plasma spray (“SPPS”) process, based on the



substitution of solution for powder feedstocks in thermal spray systems. The company has developed nanocomposite thermal barrier surface coatings with anti-fouling capabilities. Its principal application is for industrial and aircraft turbine engines where affordability is paramount. TBCs essentially act as “blankets.” These porous coatings are used to insulate hot section metallic components (turbine blades, turbine vanes, combustors) from the hot gas stream in all modern aircraft gas turbine engines and in industrial gas turbine engines used for power generation. TBCs enable a temperature reduction of as much as 160 °C at the metal surface, thereby improving the durability of the metal component and reducing engine fuel consumption. Current TBCs, predominantly made from yttria-stabilized zirconia (“YSZ”), are made by one of two processes: air plasma spray (APS) (or electron beam physical vapor deposition (“EB-PVD”). Wetted surfaces of naval vessels that were coated with this material approximately five years ago still show virtually no signs of biofouling. In addition, this nanocomposite material has superior bond strength, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and ductility compared to conventional coatings. Also, the material is very environmentally friendly, as it does not contain copper, lead or other heavy metals that are hazardous to the marine environment. At present, this material is in the process of developing and testing a paint version of the material. Since biofouling represents a substantial maintenance expense for hydro-kinetic systems, the company’s anti-fouling nanocomposite material could potentially provide an important value-added solution for these systems.

Contact details

Inframat Corporation 74 Batterson Park Road Farmington CT 06032 USA T: +1 860-678-7561

Web address www.advancedmaterials.us

5.13 Io-Litec Nanomaterials

Company description

Producer of Aluminium oxide nanopowder.

Contact details

IoLiTec Ionic Liquids Technologies GmbH Salzstrasse 184 D-74076 Heilbronn Deutschland T: +49-(0) 7131-89839-0

Web address www.nanomaterials.iolitec.de



5.14 Kawaken Fine Chemical

Company description

Japanese producer of nanoalumina.

Contact details

Horidome Chuo Bldg., 2-3-3 Nihombashi Horidome-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0012 Japan Phone: +81-3-3663-9521

Web address www.kawakenfc.co.jp

5.15 Meliorum Technologies, Inc.

Company description

Meliorum Technologies is a privately held company, which manufactures a broad range of nanomaterials and nanomaterial-based application precursors. Nano-Sized Silicon • Sub-30nm Silicon Material • Sub-5nm Silicon Material • Powder or suspension Metal Nanomaterials for Thermal Management, Anti-Microbial, Fuel Cells • Gold, Platinum, Silver • Copper, Iron, Alloys • Thermal Nanofluid Products Oxide Nanomaterials for Semiconductor & Optical Abrasives, UV Absorption, Catalysts, Cosmetics • Zinc Oxide • Cerium Oxide • Aluminium Oxide

Contact details

Meliorum Technologies, Inc. 620 Park Avenue #145 Rochester, NY 14607 USA T: +1 585 313 0616

Web address www.meliorum.com

5.16 Metal Nanopowders Ltd.

Company description

Metal Nanopowders is a spin-out from Birmingham University, and was established to commercialise a process invented by Dr Isaac Chang for making very fine metal powders with diameters less than 100 nanometers. The company producers nanoscale: • Aluminium



• Iron • Copper • Nickel • Magnesium • Titanium • Titanium Nitride

Contact details

Metal Nanopowders, Ltd. Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK

Web address www.metalnanopowders.com

5.17 Nabond

Company description

Manufacturer of a variety of advanced materials including nanoparticles, nanopowders, polycarbosilanes, oxamide and aerospace adhesives.

Contact details

NaBond Technologies Co., Ltd. Hi-tech Park, Nanshan district Shenzhen China 518000 T: +86-755-89801091

Web address www.nabond.com

5.18 Nanjing High Technology Co., Ltd.

Company description

The company’s products include nanoscale silicon oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide and aluminium oxide.

Contact details

Nanjing High Technology of Nano Material Co., Ltd. The No.19 East Road of mu-xu-yuan Nanjing China T: 025-84862343 84868501

Web address http://nanocomposix.com



5.19 Nanoe

Company description

The company produces ready-to-sinter alumina and zirconia. They have developed ready-to-press granulates, slurries, and other solutions.

Contact details

Nanoe Incubateur Ecole Centrale Paris Grande Voie des Vignes 92295 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex France T: +33 1 41 13 11 95

Web address www.nanoe.com

5.20 NanoKorund Ltd.

Company description

The company produces nanoscale aluminium powder.

Contact details

Nanokorund Ltd, 12/14 Yuzhnoye highway, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region Russia, 607188 T: +7 (83130) 6 33 93

Web address www.nanokorund.ru

5.21 Nanophase Technologies

Company description

Nanophase Technologies produces nanocrystalline metal oxide powders via Physical-Vapour Synthesis (PVS). The process involves vaporizing a metallic or metal-oxide composite precursor in a plasma, followed by rapid quenching to initiate condensation and formation of extremely small metal oxide crystallites. The size of the crystalline particles can be tightly controlled through variation in the condensation rate and the particle concentration in the downstream quench zone. The discrete metal oxide nanocrystalline particles form loose aggregates that allow them to be collected in a dry powder form. These loose aggregates can then be redispersed in solution to provide stable suspensions of the individual nanocrystalline particles. Because the PVS process uses metals or metal oxide composites as the only starting materials, any product contamination that may result from solvent or solvated precursors material is avoided. As a result, purity of the metal oxides nanoparticles, in both the bulk phase and on the surface, can be maintained at a very high level. In addition, the PVS process can be scaled up to provide a production rate on the order of tons/year. Examples of nanocrystalline oxides currently produced on a bulk scale include alumina, ceria, titania, zinc oxide, iron oxide, antimony/tin oxide, and indium/tin oxide. Numerous other pure oxides and mixed metal oxides are also accessible with the PVS process, and can be produced upon market demand.



Metal oxides prepared by the PVS process are comprised of crystalline, equiaxed, nonporous, discrete particles exhibiting mean diameters in the 10-50 nm range, with surface areas of 15-90 m2/g. The high surface area and small particle size provides a substantial surface/bulk atomic ratio, and results in a highly strained surface with numerous reactive sites. Though nanocrystalline metal oxide powders have found use in a variety of coating applications, in most cases the powders require surface treatment prior to their incorporation into a product. Several proprietary surface treatment processes have been developed for metal oxide nanoparticles, designed to provide one or more of the following properties. • Dispersability in liquids (aqueous, alcohol and hydrocarbons); • Prevention of particle agglomeration; • Compatibility with resin matrix; • Functionalization of oxide surface with reactive groups; • Refractive index matching; For coatings applications, the nanocrystalline metal oxides require dispersion into a liquid medium, such as a solvent, or blended directly into the resin system. As produced, the metal oxide powders disperse well in aqueous environments wherein hydrogen bonding is sufficiently strong to disrupt the loose agglomerates and provide stable dispersions of the primary crystalline particles. The affinity of nanocrystalline powders for aqueous environments is often sufficient to allow the powders to be used in many waterborne coating formulations. However, because the powders do not disperse well in non-aqueous media, several specialized surface treatments have been developed that reduces particle agglomerates and yield stable dispersions in hydrocarbon solvents. Such treatments also prevent reagglomeration and thus enable the oxides to be used in a variety of solvent borne coating applications. The surface treatment process is also designed to enable compatibility of the particles with the resin film matrix. In certain cases, the surface treatment process is used to incorporate functional groups on the oxide particles, allowing for direct interaction with the resin polymers. For certain systems, refractive index matching is necessary to yield transparent coatings, and surface treatment chemistry can be used to minimize the particle/matrix refractive index difference. Finally, as mentioned earlier, the nanocrystalline oxide surface is very reactive, and in some coating systems this necessitates a surface treatment process to passivate this reactivity so as not to interfere with the film curing process.

Contact details

Nanophase Technologies Corporation 1319 Marquette Drive Romeoville IL 60446 USA T: +1 6307716700

Web address www.nanophase.com

5.22 Nanoscape AG

Company description

NanoScape has developed synthesis routes to a range of novel, nanocrystalline, porous, aluminosilicate and silicate materials with defined 1-D or 3-D pore structures (NanoZeolites).



These materials exhibit particle sizes on a nanometer scale and are available with a range of pore sizes (from 3Å to 100Å), chemical compositions, Si:Al ratios and surface modifications.

Contact details

NanoScape AG Am Klopferspitz 19 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany T: +49-89-46133443-1

Web address www.nanoscape.de

5.23 Nanoshel

Company description

NANOSHEL™ produces more than 350 types of nanotechnology products, among which the main products are Carbon Nanotubes, Metal and Alloy Nanoparticles, and Oxides and Allied nanoparticles and nanoparticles of high quality and purity. All the products are manufactured using Arc Discharge, CVD and various other techniques.

Contact details

Nanoshel LLC 3422 Old Capitol Trail Suite 1305 Wilmington DE Delaware – 19808 USA T: +1 302 652-3464

Web address www.nanoshel.com

5.24 Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc.

Company description

Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc., was founded in 2001 and is involved in the research, processing, and marketing of nanostructured, ultrafine-structured and amorphous materials. The company sells Nanoparticles, Carbon Nanotubes, and Dispersions of Nanoparticles and Nanotubes. The Nanoparticles can be classified into Elements (Metals, Silicon, Diamond & Graphite), Oxides and Rare Earth Oxides, Carbides, Nitrides, and Borides whereas the Carbon Nanotubes can be classified into Single-, Double-, Multi-Walled, Long- and Short-Length, and Surface-Functionalized. Their carbon nanotubes are manufactured by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

Contact details

Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc. 16840 Clay Road, Suite #113 Houston TX 77084 USA T: +1 2818586571

Web address www.nanoamor.com



5.25 Nanotechnology, Inc.

Company description

Founded in 2002, the company produces a variety of metal oxide nanopowders. • Pulsed Wire Evaporation System to produce Nano Powder • Magnetic Pulsed Compaction System to compact Nano Powder • Metal/Ceramic Nano Powder: Al, Cu, Fe, Ag, Sn, W, Zn, Cu-Ni Alloy, CuO, ZnO, SnO2 • Nano Fiber: Al2O3, Fe2O3 • Nano Lubricant

Contact details

Nano Technology Inc. 290-19 Daehwa-Dong, Daedeok-Gu, Daejeon Korea, 306-801 T+82-42-862-0673

Web address www.nanocompound.com

5.26 NEI Corporation

Company description

Nanomyte™ BE-10 Lithium Titanate Due to the excellent cycle life, high rate capability, and improved safety of lithium titanate, battery manufacturers are using this material in many applications. NEI has developed both nano- and micron-scale lithium titanate. Nanomyte™ BE-40 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide is widely used in lithium-ion batteries due to its high capacity and good calendar life. The material is available as nanoparticles and micron-sized particles. Nanomyte™ PC-10 Additives for Thermoset Plastics Nanomyte™ PC-10 nanomaterials are specially designed additives for thermoset coatings (e.g., polyurethane, nitrocellulose and epoxy). Nanomyte™ PC-20 Additives for Thermoplastic Resins Nanomyte™ PC-20 nanomaterials are specially designed as additives for thermoplastic resins, such as PVC, PTFE, and others. Nanomyte™ TS-10 Tungsten Carbide/Cobalt, WC/12CoNanomyte™ TS-10 thermal spray feedstock powder is a patented combination of Micron and nano-sized tungsten carbide particles.

Contact details

NEI Corporation 400 Apgar Dr, Suite E



Somerset, NJ 08873 USA T: +1 (732) 868-3141

Web address www.neicorporation.com

5.27 Neoker S.L.

Company description

Alumina whiskers are small single crystals of alpha- Al203, with the following morphological features: • The typical diameter of each whisker ranges from several tenths of micron to 1-10 microns. • Lengths are also distributed from a minimum of 1-10 microns to a maximum of several millimetres. • They epitaxially grow in the c-axis direction of the hexagonal system, which provides them with improved mechanical performance at high temperatures. • Phase-composition: alpha-alumina (corundum or sapphire). • Purity: 99.8 %, although higher purities can be obtained upon request.

Contact details

Neoker S.L. Local 78-A1, Pol Ind Novo Milladoiro Rua Xesta, Milladoiro (Ames) Spain ES-15895 T: +34685476831 / +34685476828

Web address www.neoker.org

5.28 NTbase

Company description

The company produces the following materials in bulk quantities: • Nanosilver • Nano Copper • Copper Powder • Nano Aluminium • Nano Molybdenum • Nano Nickel • Nano Tin • Nano Iron • Nano Zinc

Contact details

NTbase Yubang-dong 770-2 Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do, 449-934 Republic of Korea T: +82 (31) 3223950



Web address www.ntbase.net

5.29 Novacentrix

Company description

The company is a producer of nanopowders of silica, alumina, zirconia, ceria, yttria and oxides of tin and zinc.

Contact details

Nyacol Nanotechnologies, Inc. Megunko Road P.O. Box 349 Ashland MA 01721 USA T: +1 (508) 881-2220

Web address www.novacentrix.com

5.30 Nyacol Nanotechnologies, Inc.

Company description

The company is a producer of nanopowders of silica, alumina, zirconia, ceria, yttria and oxides of tin and zinc. Specialize in colloidal dispersions of inorganic oxides and powders prepared from these dispersions. Use nano particle technology to create these inorganic metal oxides and organic based silica sols that are largely used as flame-retardants, abrasion resistance additives and as binders for catalysts, refractories and ceramic fibers.

Contact details

Nyacol Nanotechnologies, Inc. Megunko Road P.O. Box 349 Ashland MA 01721 USA T: +1 (508) 881-2220

Web address www.nyacol.com

5.31 PNF

Company description

Iranian-based producer of nanopowders including aluminium oxide nanopowders.

Contact details

No.248, Zafar st,1918633364 Tehran Iran Tel:00982126400305



Web address www.pnf-co.com

5.32 Promethean Particles

Company description

Promethean Particles design, develop and manufacture inorganic nanoparticle dispersions.

Contact details

Promethean Particles Ltd, 6 Faraday Building, Nottingham Science Park, University Boulevard, Nottingham, NG7 2QP, UK T: +44 (0) 115 967 8119

Web address www.prometheanparticles.co.uk

5.33 Reinste

Company description

Nanomaterials producer, including Aluminium oxide Nanoparticles and Al2O3 Nanopowder.

Contact details

40,National Park, LGF, Lajpat Nagar IV New Delhi -110024 India T: +91-120- 4781-217, 214

Web address www.reinste.com

5.34 Shenzen Junye Nano Material

Company description

Chinese-based nanopowders producer.

Contact details

Shenzhen Grand Industrial Zone, Shenzhen China T: 86 (755) 8462 2061.

Web address www.junyenano.com

5.35 Sigma Aldrich

Company Sigma-Aldrich is a leading Life Science and High Technology company. The



description company’s biochemical and organic chemical products and kits are used in scientific and genomic research, biotechnology, pharmaceutical development, the diagnosis of disease and as key components in pharmaceutical and other high technology manufacturing. The Company operates in 36 countries and has 8,000 employees.

Contact details

Sigma Aldrich 3050 Spruce Street St. Louis MO 63103 United States T: +1 3147715765

Web address www.sigmaaldrich.com

5.36 SkySpring Nanomaterials

Company description

The company manufactures nanoparticles of metal and non-metal elements, oxides micron powders, nanopowders and carbon nanotubes.

Contact details

SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc. 2935 Westhollow Dr., Houston TX 77082 USA T: 281-870-1700

Web address www.ssnano.com

5.37 Sukgyung AT Co., Ltd.

Company description

Sukgyung AT provides a wide variety of inorganic powders in nanoscale. These tailor-made nanoparticles are also available with different dispersion methods to be more suitable for your application. Nanopowders • Aluminium-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) • Conductive Silver (Ag) & Gold (Au) Ink • Spherical Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) • Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) • Conductive Silver Paste • Spherical Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) • Antimicrobial Silver (Ag) • Dysprosium Oxide (Dy2O3) • Transparent Inorganic Pigments • Antimony Tin Oxide (ATO) • Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO) • Ytterbium Fluoride (YbF3) • Barium Carbonate (BaCO3)



• Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3) • Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) • Barium & Strontium Glass • Magnesium Fluoride (MgF2) • Zinc Oxide (ZnO) • Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) • Magnesium Oxide (MgO) • Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) > • Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) • Praseodymium Oxide (Pr6O11)

Contact details

Sukgyung AT Co., Ltd. 404-1 Moknae-dong Danwon-ku, Ansan-city Gyeonggi-do Korea T: +82 31 493 0955

Web address www.sukgyung.com

5.38 Umicore NanoMaterials

Company description

Umicore designs, produces and sells nanoparticles (nano-oxides and a few nano-metals, i.e. Ag and Zn) including their dispersions. Products are sold under the brand name NanoGrain® (undoped titania, ceria, zirconia, alumina, ITO etc.), ZANO® (ZnO), NOZIP® (Zn) and Optisol® (a doped rutile for the cosmetics market). For packaging applications ZANO®, NanoGrain® CeO2 and to a lesser extent NanoGrain® TiO2 (rutile) or Optisol® will improve UV resistance of plastics packaging materials. In addition, NanoGrain® TiO2 (rutile) has a potential to increase gas and moisture barrier properties of packaging films (poly-ethylene, poly-propylene, poly-ethylene-terephthalate etc.) Materials such as NanoGrain® ITO or doped ZANO®, which are transparent electronic conductors, can make plastics anti-static or even conductive (when added in sufficiently high quantities). NanoGrain® Ag has anti-microbial properties (and will increase conductivity). NanoGrain® ITO can change the IR-absorbing properties of polymers.

Contact details

Umicore NanoMaterials Kasteelstraat 7 B-2250 Olen Belgium T: +32 14 24 50 18

Web address www.nanograin.umicore.com



5.39 US Research Nanomaterials, Inc.

Company description

US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. manufactures and supplies metal nanoparticles, alloy nanoparticles, oxide nanoparticles, rare earth oxide nanoparticles and Compound nanoparticles.

Contact details

US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. 3302 Twig Leaf Lane Houston, TX 77084, USA T: 832-460-3661/832-359-7887

Web address www.us-nano.com

5.40 Xuan Cheng Jingrui New Material Co., Ltd.

Company description

The company is a producer of nanoalumina.

Contact details

Qilin road Xuan zhou economic development zone, Xuan cheng city, Anhui province, China 242000 T: 86-563-2062153

Web address www.jingruinano.com



6 REFERENCES

1 http://www.liga.ens.fr/~deza/Sem-FullCCirmVirusSpFull/FFullereneConf.pdf

2 All materials would be approximately 30 nm in average diameter (as characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy), and 99.99% purity, metals basis, as characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

3 http://www.advancedmaterials.us/26FO3-08N3.htm

4 http://www.us-nano.com/inc/sdetail/594

5 http://www.nanoamor.com/inc/sdetail/21143

6 http://www.mtycic.com.mx/eventos/nano2009/Julio_Gomez.pdf

7 http://www.byk.com/additives/index.php?page=3251

aluminium oxide nanoparticles 2013 - nanotechmag.com€¦ · future markets, inc. technology report...

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