Maximization of ethanol yield and adsorption of heavy metal ions by fruit peels

Aman Mangalmurti Kara NewmanLeong Qi DongSoh Han Wei

ProblemsDepletion of non-renewable fossil

fuels due to excessive

consumption as a source of energy

Possible extinction of bananas due to various diseases leads to banana

waste

Heavy metal water contamination of water is rampant

in many countries.

Conversion of renewable sources,

e.g. organic wastes, to fuel

ensures continual energy supply

Problems

Heavy metal ions accumulate inside

organisms and cause adverse health effects

Biosorption in removal of heavy metal ions by fruit

peel wastes

Bananas are threatened by

various diseases

Goals

To prepare extracts of fruit peel for ethanol fermentation

To determine which fruit peel gives highest ethanol yield

To determine which fruit peel waste adsorbs heavy metal ions best

To determine a protocol which maximizes efficiency of fruit waste

Experimental OutlinePreparation of fruit peel extract, microbe, heavy metal solution

Adsorption of Ions

Extraction of sugars

Ethanol Fermentation

Extraction of sugars

Ethanol Fermentation

Residue for Adsorption of Ions

Variables

Independent

• Fruit peels used (AOS: banana, HCI: mango)

• Heavy metal ions• Order of Procedure

Dependent

• Initial concentration of reducing sugars in fruit peel extracts

• Ratio of ethanol yield to initial sugar concentration

• Final ethanol yield• Final concentration

of heavy metal ions

Constant

• Mass of fruit peel used for extraction of glucose

• Type of microorganism used

• Immobilisation of microorganism

• Fermentation conditions

• Initial concentration of heavy metal ions

• Duration of adsorption

• Mass of fruit peel particles used for adsorption

• Procedure

Apparatus & Materials

APPARATUS

Centrifuge Centrifuge tube Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer cuvettes Glass rod Dropper Sieve Blender Boiling water bath Shaking incubator Fractional distillatory Quincy Lab Model 30 GC hot-air

oven Rotary Mill Sieve: 0.25mm (60 Mesh)

MATERIALS

Zymomonas mobilis Glucose-yeast medium Sodium alginate medium Calcium chloride solution Sodium Chloride solution Fruit peel Deionised water Dinitrosalicylic acid Acidified potassium chromate

solution Lead (II), Copper (II), Zinc (II)

ion solutions Lead (II). Copper (II), Zinc (II)

reagent kits

Methods

ETHANOL FERMENTATION

Growth of Z. mobilis

Immobilisation of cells

Extraction of sugars from fruit peels

Determination of sugars in extracts

Ethanol fermentation by immobilized Z. mobilis cells

Determination of ethanol yield with the dichromate test

ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS

Adsorption of heavy metal ions

Determination of final ion concentration

Data analysis

•the % ethanol per g of cells

•µmol of ethanol per ml reducing sugar in fruit peels

The ethanol yield would be

evaluate by comparing

•The ratio of the final concentration of metal ion to the initial concentration

•The % of heavy metal ions adsorbed

The heavy metal ion adsorption efficiency would be

evaluated by comparing

Applications

Cost-effective method of producing ethanol

Reduces reliance on non-renewable

fossil fuels

Using by-product waste

Viable method in wastewater treatment

References Anhwange, T. J. Ugye, T.D. Nyiaatagher (2009). Chemical composition of

Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8, 437-442

Retrieved on 29 October 2011 from:http://ejeafche.uvigo.es/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,495

Björklund, G. Burke, J. Foster, S. Rast, W. Vallée, D. Van der Hoek, W. (2009,

February 16). Impacts of water use on water systems and the environment (United Nations World Water Development Report 3). Retrieved June 6, 2011, from

www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/19_WWDR3_ch_8.pdf US Environmental Protection Agency (2011) .Drinking Water Contaminants.

Retrieved June 6, 2011, From http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm Mark R. Wilkins , Wilbur W. Widmer, Karel Grohmann (2007). Simultaneous

saccharification and fermentation of citrus peel waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol. Process Biochemistry, 42, 1614–1619.

Retrieved on 29 October 2011 from:http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/16371/1/IND44068998.pdf

References

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