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AMCC’s YAHARA product family enables Highly Integra ted Solutions for Transmission of 10G Signals over Optical-based

Metro and Long Haul 10/40/100G Transport Networks

Mark Donovan (Senior PMM) AMCC Corp, 200 Minuteman Road, Andover, MA 01810

mdonovan@amcc.com / (978-247-8011)

Abstract: The Yahara product family’s rich suite of 10G OTN Framing, Mapping and FEC features, combined with 10G PHY integration and multiple small footprint package offerings, enables a variety of highly cost effective multiport 10G card solutions for Metro and Long Haul networks, including 10x10G to 100G muxponder applications.

1. Transport Network’s Inexorable March from SONET/SDH to OTN based Networks Carrier service providers continue their migration away from SONET/SDH based network infrastructures to lower cost Optical Transport Network (OTN) optical services. OTN optical services offer many of the same protection, and management features of SONET/SDH networks, but without the complexity and cost associated with them. OTN optical services are also better for transparent mapping and transport of native client traffic through Metro and Long Haul networks. This point is extremely important for client traffic where the preservation of clock and management information is necessary for sustaining end-to-end path link communications, without the degradation of performance. Another factor driving the migration from SONET/SDH to OTN networks is the carriers’ desire to extend Ethernet, specifically 10GbE, from the Local Area Network (LAN) into the Wide Area Network (WAN). By preserving the native client signal, particularly 10GbE, through the metro and long haul transport network, long haul transmission complexity and cost is reduced. The 10G Ethernet signal is ideally suited for transmission across metro and long haul Optical Transport Networks when mapped into an ODU-2 payload as defined by the ITU specification, Sup. 43, Section 7.3. Using this mapping mode, the 10G Ethernet signal fits entirely into an OTU-2 signal while maintaining the G.709 standard transmission rate of 10.709Gb/s. Add to these facts that the OTN framing structure also supports Forward Error Correction for extending error-free transmission links, and it is no wonder why carriers are migrating to 10G services over OTN networks. The OTN structure also scales nicely for 40G (OTU-3) and 100G (OTU-4) signals, thus allowing the multiplexing of Nx10G signals into 40G and 100G signals. With internet, voice and data traffic continuing to double every 12 to 18 months, the carriers’ call for 40G and 100G transport networks is becoming palpable. AMCC’s Yahara product line answers the carriers’ call for 40G and 100G services, by providing a rich suite of 10G client mapping and OTN framing features that enable the multiplexing and transmission of 10G services over 40G and 100G networks. 2. Higher Transmission Rates for Optical Networks is Most Cost Effective Solution for Growing Bandwidth

Demand When it comes to meeting the insatiable growth in metro and long haul traffic, carriers have three basic choices to pursue. They can light more fiber, add more wavelengths to existing fibers, or increase the transmission rates on existing fibers. All have positives and negatives. Lighting up fiber can involve installing additional fiber and/or installing new hardware, a very expensive proposition. Transmitting more wavelengths over a fiber may require narrower channel spacing which involves more sophisticated modulation schemes and upgrading transmission equipment. In addition, the existing fiber chromatic and polarization mode dispersion characteristics may set limitations to improved channel spacing performance. Finally, the increase in transmission rates involves more

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sophisticated modulation and forward error correction schemes to address existing fiber dispersion characteristics. In addition new analog to digital converter technology and optic modules need to be developed. All three options have their negatives, however the path of higher transmission rates offers the greatest advantages in terms of system performance and cost effective migration paths. By transitioning from 10G to 40/100G transmission rates with the integration of enhanced modulation schemes such as Dual Pole – Quadrature Phase Shifting Keying (DP-QPSK), carriers can preserve much of their existing fiber infrastructure, and base transport platforms and repeater equipment. By employing new modulation techniques like DP-QPSK carriers anticipate transmitting up to 80 channels of 100G bandwidth over a single fiber, at 50GHz Spacing. Companies today are already in production with 40G networks and some are in field trials with 100G. The ability to efficiently map and multiplex existing 10G traffic into these larger pipes is also underway. The International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) Study Group 15 is currently working towards adopting OTU-4 mapping/framing/clocking schemes, and the OIF is working on modulation techniques, such as DP-QPSK, to most efficiently enable the framing, mapping, multiplexing and transmission of 10G signals into 40G and 100G pipes. AMCC’s Yahara product is leading the way in providing 4x10g to 40G, and 10x10G to 100G mapping and multiplex (Muxponder) solutions. Among a rich suite of features and integration, the Yahara devices support a Generic Mapping Protocol (GMP) that enables “AnyRate” 10G client signals to be mapped into 10G ODTU-23/24 frames, as seen in Figure 2.0 below, and output them at a common clock rate to allow for easy multiplexing of 10x10G signals into a 100G OTU-4 frame. 3. Realization of 40/100G Metro and Long Haul Transmission Services with AMCC’s Yahara Product Line The YAHARA product family represents AMCC’s fifth generation of integrated LAN/WAN/OTN silicon solutions and is designed specifically for the highly integrated, low cost/low power requirements of Multi-Service Transport, Dense Wave Division Multiplexing and Metro/Core Switch Router applications. The YAHARA product family offers the most flexible and cost effective solutions to transport equipment providers and carriers. With three package offerings supporting 10G “AnyRate” protocols, the YAHARA product family enables the “best-fit” solution for a variety of blade applications including, 10G Client/Line Cards, 10G Transponders/Muxponder Cards, 10G Regenerator cards and even 40G/100G Muxponder applications. In addition, the Yahara devices’ serial 10G interfaces support programmable Pre-Emphasis and Electronic Dispersion Compensation (EDC) to enable both XFP and SFP+ optical module support. With integrated ITU G.709 FEC, and AMCC’s Enhanced FEC (ITU G.975.1.I4), the Yahara product family enables Metro and Long Haul transmission of 10GbE over OTN networks in low OSNR environments. In addition, the GFEC and AMCC’s Enhanced FEC also compensates for nonlinear inter-channel impairments, which allows for a narrow channel spacing of 25Ghz for DWDM systems. The YAHARA product family, with all of its integrated 10GbE/10GFC/8G FC/OC-192/STM-64 to OTU-2 mapping services, FracN clock synthesizing circuitry, Electronic Dispersion Compensation (EDC), GFEC/Enhanced FEC features, and 10G PHY integration, enables Telecom OEMs to reduce the cost, power and space of their current 10G LAN/WAN to OTU-2 solutions by up to 50% with the elimination of external phys and interface bridge devices. The Yahara product family also supports the Industrial Temperature Grade (-40oC to 85oC). See Figure 1.0 below.

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Figure 1.0 Yahara High Level Block Diagram

In addition to a rich feature, each Yahara device type offers specific advantages for certain optical transport networks. The YAHARA S10123, packaged in a 19x19 plastic ball grid array, is ideal for 10G OTU-2 Client/Line Tributary Metro Ethernet and Switch/Router applications and represents the next addition in AMCC’s MetrON product family. Its flexible System Interface supports XAUI/SFI4.P2/SFI-5s protocols and enables the direct connection to Network Processors, 10G Ethernet switches, 10G Framers and 10G MACs, and its 10G Line XFI Interface enables the direct connection to XFP and SFP+ optic modules. The YAHARA S10124, with its robust set of interfaces makes it extremely flexible and ideal for Multi-Service Transport and DWDM platforms. As with the S10123 it supports a System Interface (XAUI/SFI4/P2/SFI-5s) and a dedicated 10G XFI Line interface. In addition, it also supports a separate and dedicated 10G XFI Client interface as well as a 16-bit parallel SFI4.P1 interface that can be used either on the Client or Line side of the device. The S10124 is ideal for 10G OTU-2 Client/Line Tributary Cards, Transponder and Regenerator applications and is excellent for supporting 10G XFP/SFP+ and 10G MSA modules. In addition, the S10124’s rich set of interfaces allows for customer specific side door functions to be supported such as encryption, and other unique mapping and enhanced FEC modes. The S10124 is packaged in a 25x25 plastic ball grid array. The YAHARA S10126 device is ideally suited for the optical networking industries continued and inexorable migration to smaller form factor serial 10G optic modules and 10G serial backplanes. It is packaged in a 19x19 plastic ball grid array, and supports two serial 10G interfaces that are XFP/SFP+ module compliant, to enable a small footprint solution for 10G Transponder applications, serial 10G backplane applications, and 10x10G to 100G Muxponder applications. The 10G GMP mapping mode that enables 10G Client signals to be mapped into a generic ODU-2 frame (p-ODTU2k) at a common clock rate, and that can feed a 100G muxponder device, is ideally suited for the S10126 device with its two 10G XFI interfaces. See Figures 2.0 and 3.0 below. The S10126 provides an extremely clean, thermally efficient, and easily routable interface to both the Client side XFP/SFP+ optic module and to the100G encoder/decoder/framer device. The S10126’s GMP Mapping and XFI interfaces on the chip-to-chip interface allow for a direct connection to OTU-4 Framer implementations. In addition, with the 10G GMP mapping mode in Yahara, a common clock rate is produced that simplifies the complexity of the OTU-4 framer function.

XFI/SFI (Serial)(XFP,SFP+)

(Shared w/ System)

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SFI4.1 (16 bit)

(MSA)

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Figure 2.0 Yahara S10126 and use of p-ODTU2k in OTU3/4 Muxponder Applications

Figure 3.0 Yahara S10126 in a 10x10G to 100G Muxponder Board Level Application

p-ODTU24 simplifies PLL circuitry (OTU4 to ODU2 PLLs are not required)

Byte

inter

-

leave

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Future incarnations of Yahara with further levels of 10G port integration, and single silicon solutions for 100G (OTU-4) Framer/Mapper/ FEC functions will help to provide a downward slope for cost, power and space requirements, enabling 100G to become ubiquitous in the transport networks. 4. 10G Mapping, OTN FEC and Overhead Performance Monitoring Features make Yahara ideal for

Multiport 10G Transponder/Client Mapper Application s In addition to addressing 40G and 100G muxponder applications, the YAHARA product family also provides support for a number of multiport 10G Transponder and Client Mapper applications. 10G and 8G Client Mapping Protocol Support At the heart of the Yahara product family is a rich suite of 10G client mapping protocols that have seen production silicon in earlier AMCC 10G Framer/Mapper/PHY products, such as the Rubicon and Pemaquid devices. In addition, the Yahara product family also supports 8G FC client mappings. The 10G/8G client mapping protocols supported include:

� STM64/OC-192 and 10G CBR Mapping – CBR10G – G.709 Standard Sync/Async bit-transparent CBR10G mapping – 10.709G

� 10G Ethernet Mapping – Supports all 5 modes outlined in ITU G.Sup43

– LAN PHY Mode – 10GE (XAUI) into 10GE serial LAN – 10.3G – WAN PHY Mode – 10GE (XAUI) into WIS SONET/SDH serial – 9.95G – WIS/WAN over OTU2 – G.709 Standard Sync/Async bit-transparent CBR10G

mapping – 10.709G (ITU G.Sup43, section 6.1) – GFP-F into OTU2 – G.709 standard OTU2 rate 10.709G 10.709G (ITU G.Sup43,

section 6.2) – GFP-F into OTU2 with Preamble Transparency – AMCC Mapping Mode: Using

unused OTN OH to preserve preamble-bytes of Ethernet frame and transport Ordered-Sets (ITU G.Sup43, section 7.3; Will be elevated to G.709 as a standard mapping method)

– Bit Transparent Mode – Sync 10GE LAN bit-transparent mapping into over-clocked OTU2 – 11.095G, 11.049G (Compliant to ITU G.Sup43, section 7.1 & 7.2)

� 10G FC Mapping

– 10GFC PHY Mode – 10GFC (XAUI/SFI4.2) PCS/Serdes into 10.5G serial – Bit Transparent Mode – Sync 10G FC bit-transparent mapping into over-clocked OTU2

– 11.27G, 11.32G � 8G FC Mapping

– GFP-T into OTU2 – G.709 standard OTU2 rate 10.709G � Generic Mapping Procedure (GMP)

– Psedo-ODTU2k GMP mapper synchronizes different rate async ODU2’s, carrying a mix of 10G client data, to a common clock rate that can then be multiplexed up to a “standard”, higher capacity pipe such as an OTU-3 (40G) or OTU-4 (100G).

OTN Forward Error Correction Support In addition to the mapping features, the Yahara product family also supports both G.709 Forward Error correction and AMCC’s Enhanced FEC (ITU G.975.1.I4). The ITU standard allows for two kinds of FEC code used at the 7% channel expansion rate. The standard FEC code, or GFEC code for G.709 FEC code, provides 6.2db of coding gain at 10-15 BER. The other 7% overhead code is a strong FEC code as defined by the standard. AMCC's EFEC code (for Enhanced FEC) fits in this standard definition and provides 8.6 db of coding gain at 10-15 BER.

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A key benefit of OTN FEC is that it provides increased gain to an optical transmission line. This translates into fewer huts or sub-connections required between a source and destination address. MAN/WANs have Single Mode Fiber transmission spans which can range up to 640km and in some cases 1000km. In most of these spans electronic regeneration is not used. The spans are broken into multiple 70-80km links feeding into fiber huts which have Dispersion Compensated Fibers (DCF) to compensate / mitigate Chromatic Dispersion (CD), and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) to amplify the optical signal before re-transmission. For a 640km span this equates to 8 fiber huts or sub connections. Degradation of the signal will occur through each hut due to optical noise from the EDFA. With GFEC operation the channel can be run at 8e-5 and decoded to 10-15. With EFEC operation the channel could be run at 2.0e-3 and decoded to 10e-15. See Figure 4.0 below.

Figure 4.0 Channel BER rate vs. Decoded BER rate for GFEC / EFEC operation

Shown below in Figure 5.0 is an example of a graph showing OSNR vs. BER for 80km link. The data was taken

using a zero chirp modulator running at 10.709Gbit/s. The receiver side used an Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) with EDC circuitry. As shown in this graph, using GFEC would allow an OSNR link budget as low as 14dB. For Enhanced FEC (EFEC), the OSNR budget could go as low as 11dB. This is one of the key benefits of using OTN for transporting ethernet in a MAN/WAN. Without it, the OSNR link budget through multiple EFDA huts would need to stay above 23-24dB OSNR to achieve a 10e-12 BER. For fiber spans (>600km) which have PMD or additional optical noise, EFEC and EDC provide added margin in the link budget.

Figure 5.0 OSNR vs BER for 80km Link

80km (10.709Gbit/s)

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

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10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

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R

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0km

GFEC Breaks down at BER =8e-5

EFEC Breaks down at BER =2e-3

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Client and Line Overhead Performance Monitoring The Yahara product family also offers extensive overhead performance monitoring and drop and insertion features, which carriers deem critical in managing their networks. The Yahara Performance Monitoring and Drop/Insert features include:

– Complete G.709 Overhead processing and PM on both Line and Client side • Integrate full support for overhead and 6-level TCM termination • Dedicated interfaces for Overhead add and drop • Dedicated interfaces for GCC channels

– OC192/STM64 RS/MS monitoring and alarms on both line-to-client and client-to-line directions • Overhead add/drop interfaces on client side; No add/drop on the line side

– Integrate 10GE PCS and MAC in both line-to-client and client-to-line directions to provide L1 and L2 performance monitoring and fault management

– 8G and 10G FC PCS monitoring on both line-to-client and client-to-line directions

– GFP PM counters

Client and Line Overhead Performance Monitoring

The Yahara product line also supports OTN Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM). TCM is another important benefit in the transmission of Ethernet traffic in the MAN/WAN. OTN TCM enables carrier’s carrier services, where a Carrier A needs to continue to monitor a signal as it passes it through Carrier B’s network. SONET/SDH provides one layer of TCM, where as the OTN G.709 standard provides 6 layers.

SONET/SDH monitoring is broken down into Section, Line and Path monitoring. A problem arises with SONET/SDH when there is a “Carrier’s Carrier” situation as shown below in Figure 6.0 [1],

Figure 6.0 Example of two different Carriers / Operators

Here Operator A needs to have Operator B carry transport its signal. However, Operator A also needs a way of monitoring the signal as it passes through Operator B’s network. This is what a “Tandem connection” is. It is a layer between Line Monitoring and Path Monitoring. SONET/SDH was modified to allow a single Tandem connection. G.709 allows six levels. SONET/SDH could never work in a transparent fashion in the above network.

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TCM1 is used by the User to monitor the Quality of Service (QoS) that they see. TCM2 is used by the first operator to monitor their end-to-end QoS. TCM3 is used by the various domains for Intra domain monitoring. Then TCM4 is used for protection monitoring by Operator B.

There is no standard on which TCM is used by whom. The operators have to have an agreement, so that they

don’t conflict. 5. 10G Client Mapping Applications Besides mapping 10G client signals into p-ODTU2k signals for multiplexing into 40G or 100G signals, the Yahara product family, and in particular the S10123 and S10126 can also map client signals into ODU-2 and OC-129/STM-64 signals to feed OTN and SONET/SDH TDM switch fabrics as seen in Figure 7.0 below.

Figure 7.0 Yahara in a 10G Client Mapper Application 6.0 10G Transponder Application The Yahara product family, and in particular the S10124 device is ideal for 10G full duplex transponder and regenerator applications, where client data is mapped, and transported over a Line optical network. The Yahara S10124 device can transport 10G “Anyrate” clients over an OUT-2 network, or terminate OTU-2 GFEC based client signals and regenerate them with either GFEC or EFEC. The S10124 also enables both XFP and MSA optical module, support as can be seen in Figure 8.0 below.

Figure 8.0 Yahara (S10124) in a 10G Transponder/Regenerator Application

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7.0 10G Line Card for PCS/PHY, SERDES and FEC Framer Applications The Yahara product family, and in particular the S10123, is ideal for 10G Line cards requiring 10G PCS/PHY, SERDES and OTN/FEC Framer functions as seen in Figure 9.0 below.

Figure 9.0 Yahara (S10123) in a PCS/PHY, SERDES and/or FEC/OTN Framer Application 8.0 Yahara in Client or Line Protection Support Due to the flexible architecture and robust set of interfaces, the Yahara S10124 device can support 1+1 Line or Client protection applications as seen in Figure 10.0 below. I/O failure and alarms are monitored on both active and inactive channels, and OTN or client performance monitoring alarms are monitored on the active channel to enable intelligent protection switching.

Figure 10.0 1+1 Protection Application with a single Yahara device (S10124)

DWDM ODU-1 Switch Fabric / 10G Line Card Application

10G OTN/LAN/WAN Line Card Application

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9.0 Yahara’s Side Port Enables Customer Specific Applications The Yahara’s S10124 device, with two XFI interfaces, an SFI4.1 interface and an SFI4.2 interface enable customers to implement adjunct application/protocol specific functions, such as AES encryption, 10G Fibre Channel Transcoding, and even other strong-FEC implementations. By utilizing the S10124’s two 10G serial interfaces for Client/Backplane and Line interconnect to Optic modules and/or backplane switch fabrics, the SFI4.1 and SFI4.2 interfaces, along with an internal I/O cross-connect, enable side port, adjunct functions to work in concert with Yahara. See Figure 11.0 below.

Figure 11.0 Yahara (S10124) with external FPGA for Side Port Application Specific Functions The side port feature enables for example, cost effective solutions for GFEC and multi strong-FEC line card implementations. In Figure 12.0 we see a 10G Multi-FEC Transponder application, where the Line interface can support ITU G.709 FEC, AMCC’s eFEC (ITU G.975.1.I4), and an alternative strong-FEC (ITU G.975.1.I7). The S10124, can produce the G.709 or ITU G.975.1.I4 FEC/OTN signals and send them directly to the XFP Line module. Alternatively, the S10124 can send a “zeroed-out” FEC OTU-2 signal to the adjunct FPGA/ASIC device, via the SFI4.P1/SFI4.P2 Side Port, where the FPGA/ASIC can then overwrite the bytes with the UFEC encoding. The UFEC encoded signal can then be fed back into the S10124 device and directed out to the XFI line interface.

Figure 12.0 10G Multi-FEC Transponder Application 10.0 Yahara Product Family Provides Cost/Power/Space Advantages over Alternative Solutions The Yahara product family enables system OEMs to select the most appropriate device for their specific applications. As a result, the Yahara product family provides system OEMs with a cost/space/power advantage over other multiport, all-encompassing single chip solutions. For example, in Figure 13.0 we see the Yahara cost/power/space advantages over a traditional single port 10G OTU-2 enable Line Card. In this Carrier-Ethernet example we see a 10G Line card that is OTU-2/WAN/LAN enabled. As can be seen there is a large savings both in space and power. The space and power savings is 81% and 55%, respectively. The cost savings is similar in magnitude.

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Figure 13.0 Yahara (S10123) vs Traditional OTU-2 FEC/FRAMER with 10G Mapping Support

A significant factor in achieving the lower cost, power and space requirements with the Yahara product family is the integrated FRACn synthesizer. The FRACn synthesizer enables system OEMs to use a single low cost external oscillator for supporting 10G line rates from 9.954Gbps up to 11.32Gbps, while meeting SONET/SDH and OTN jitter requirements. See the Synchronous Ethernet application in Figure 14.0 below, that highlights the use of the FRACn synthesizer.

Figure 14.0 Yahara’s FRACn Synthesizer enables one low Cost Reference Clock to Support all

LAN/WAN/OTN Baud Rates With Carrier and Metro ethernet equipment, and even now Long Haul transport equipment, it is imperative to support Synchronous Ethernet. Synchronous Ethernet is necessary for enabling the support of legacy TDM services, such as T1/E1 voice traffic, as well as mobile cell services. Synchronous ethernet allows important Ethernet timing

10G LAN/WAN/OTN Line Card(Yahara Based)

YAHARAS10123

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XAUI

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Card

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TOTALSPower = 12.2 W (Max)

Silicon Area = 5.698 sqin

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PHY1.2W

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LAN PLLLAN PLL0.8W

2.5W

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Silicon Area = 2.7595 sqin

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Recovered RX Clocks - For Loop Timing Applications

RX Input Baud Rates: - GHz 11.095727 11.049107 10.3125 10.709225 10.6642285 9.95328 10.51875 11.31764 11.27000OTU-2e OTU-2e 10GE OTU-2 OTU-2 SONET/SDH 10GFC OTU-2f OTU-2f

RX_MCLK - MHz - PIN1/16 693.48 690.56 644.53 669.32 666.51 622.08 657.42 707.35 704.381/64 173.37 172.64 161.13 167.33 166.62 155.52 164.35 176.83 176.09

RX_DEMAP_CLK -MHz -PIN1.00 1.00 1.00 1.92 1.92 1.92 x x x

Duty Cycle for all above clocks - % 70-30 70-30 70-30 70-30 70-30 70-30 70-30 70-30 70-30

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information to be persevered as it traverses Metro and Long Haul networks. This timing information is critical for ensuring clean TDM voice services and preventing dropped calls. The ability to support loop timing (bits timing) is a fundamental requirement of Synchronous Ethernet. As mentioned above, the Yahara product family supports Synchronous Ethernet applications by providing a demapped clock signal from the Line receive OTN signal. This demapped clock signal represents the native 10Gb Ethernet clock signal that was transmitted over the Line or Client OTN interface. This clock signal can then be used to feed a common Timing card that can generate a TX Reference clock to feed both the Receive System Interface and the Line/Client Transmit Interface(s), effectively providing loop timing based on the received native 10Gb Ethernet signal. 11.0 Conclusion

By system OEMs developing Metro and Long Haul transport solutions utilizing the Yahara product family, they provide carriers and internet service providers with highly integrated and cost effective 10G, 40G and even 100G OTN/WAN/LAN system solutions. The Yahara product family’s flexible architecture and footprint offerings utilize AMCC’s production silicon tested 10G OTN, FEC, and Mapping intellectual property in a variety of ways to enable the most robust and effective 10G transmission solutions over optical based metro and long haul networks. With carrier service providers continued migration away from SONET/SDH based network infrastructures to lower cost Optical Transport Network (OTN) optical services, AMCC’s OTN/FEC/Mapping expertise and the Yahara product family are the right choices for system OEMs. 12.0 References [1] T. Walker; "OTN Tutorial", Presented to ITU Study Group 15, ITU 2002