ameri-can-adians: demography and identity of borderline canadians and americans jack jedwab and...
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Ameri-can-adians: Demography and Identity of Borderline Canadians and Americans
Jack Jedwab and Susan W. Hardwick
Project goals
Expand on the limited research accomplished to date on the spatial patterns and identities of Canadians in the U.S. and Americans in Canada.
Learn more about whether Canadians are “melting” into the U.S. melting pot or retaining their distinctive Canadian identities after migration to the U.S.
Analyze the level of attachment to Canada of Canadians who reside in the U.S.
Compare the (trans?) national identities of Canadians in the U.S. with Americans who permanently reside in Canada.
Defining “Canadian” and “American” In establishing the number of “Americans” in
Canada and “Canadians” in the United States census-takers most commonly use place of birth and ancestry (in the United States) and ethnic origin (in Canada).
Those identified by ethnicity and ancestry may be expressing a connection with Canada that may span several generations.
So it cannot be assumed that U.S. census respondents who claim a connection to Canada were born there.
Part I: Demographic analysis of
“Americans” in Canada
Born in the USA 2001 2006
Canada 237920 278140
Ontario 98190 117510
British Columbia 54410 62320
Alberta 27510 31805
Quebec 25255 30725
Nova Scotia 8065 8545
New Brunswick 7955 9 450
Manitoba 6905 7920
Saskatchewan 5865 5 905
Between 2001 and 2006 in Canada, there was nearly a 20% increase in the number of Canadians
born in the U.S.
Over 10 000 Canadians Born in the United States
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration
Immigrants Before 1991
1991 to 2000
1991 to 1995
1996 to 2000
2001 to 2006
Non-permanent residents
Canada 278140 250535 168840 42925 18770 24155 38770 27600
Ontario 117510 106410 68275 19830 8205 11625 18300 11105
British Columbia 62320 56560 39690 8695 3865 4830 8175 5760
Toronto 46575 41280 23695 9110 3515 5600 8475 5290
Alberta 31805 28320 18780 5170 2265 2905 4370 3480
Quebec 30725 26575 17940 4565 2100 2465 4065 4150
Vancouver 28575 24775 15215 4955 1975 2980 4610 3800
Montréal 20135 16670 10175 3350 1485 1870 3140 3465
Calgary 12535 11035 7035 2120 895 1220 1890 1500
U.S.-born in Canada between 2001-2006 almost as high as in previous 10 years (with half choosing to
reside in Ontario)
Canadians Born in the USA Canadians of American Ethnic origin
2006 All 1st generation
Canada 278 140 248 230 50 015
Ontario 117 510 86 060 22 310
British Columbia 62 320 53 645 11 455
Alberta 31 805 51 065 6 445
Toronto 46 575 29 530 9 400
Quebec 30 725 29 225 5 025
Vancouver 28 575 21 285 5 280
Calgary 12 535 17 165 2 695
Montréal 20 135 16 655 3 585
Edmonton 8 285 14 250 1 855
Saskatchewan 10 500 885
Ottawa 8 650 7 110 1 730
Manitoba 5 980 1 020
Victoria 6 615 5 855 1 325
More Canadians report U.S. as birthplace than report “American ethnic origin”
Total Ethnic origin (: American 2006
Total - Generation status 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation or more
Canada 248235 50015 81250 116970
Ontario 86060 22310 29065 34680
British Columbia 53640 11455 19440 22745
Alberta 51065 6445 16265 28360
Toronto 29530 9400 10070 10055
Quebec 29220 5025 8090 16105
Vancouver 21285 5280 7550 8455
Calgary 17165 2690 5480 8990
Montréal 16655 3585 4845 8225
Edmonton 14250 1855 4555 7845
Saskatchewan 10505 885 3130 6485
Ottawa - Gatineau 7105 1730 2245 3130
Manitoba 5975 1025 2015 2935
Victoria 5855 1320 2110 2420
Hamilton 5390 1265 1850 2275
New Brunswick 4790 1305 1300 2185
Nova Scotia 4645 1115 1185 2350
Nearly half of all “Ethnic Americans” in Canada are
third generation or more
Ethnic Origin: AmericanNBChinese 580South Asian 805Korean 145 Japanese 500
Total - Generation Status
1st Generation - subtotal above the age of 15 years
1st Generation
1.5 Generation
2nd Generation - subtotal above the age of 15 years
2nd Generation
2.5 Generation
3rd + Generation
Total Population
316405 38710 28010 10700 88070 29995 58075 116985
Visible minority 21930 5930 4410 1520 4440 2060 2380 2670
Black 14195 2975 2255 715 3365 1355 2005 2350
Filipino 1685 880 750 130 100 70 35 10
Latin American
2020 1215 910 310 145 125 20 15
Southeast Asian
225 100 20 80 45 35 0 10
Arab 115 30 20 10 20 20 0 0
Not a visible minority
286625 32370 23355 9020 82150 27580 54570 110715
Aboriginal self-reporting
7850 410 245 165 1485 355 1130 3600
Visible Minorities represent increasing percentage of recent “Americans” defined by ethnic origin
Born in the United States of America and Emigrated to Canada
Immigrants Before 1991 1991 to 1995
1996 to 2000
2001 to 2006
Total - Population by visible minority groups
250 540 168 840 18 770 24 155 38 770
Visible minority population
28 190 (11%) 8 150 (5%) 3 130 (16%) 5 950 (25%) 10 960 (28%)
Not a visible minority
222 350 160 695 15 645 18 200 27 810
South Asian 5 525 595 380 1 540 3 015
Black 7 745 3 145 835 1 215 2 555
Chinese 4 825 1 405 610 1 325 1 485
Latin American 3 455 1 355 530 380 1 195
Arab 1510 210 160 285 850
Visible Minorities represent increasing percentage of American-Born Canadians
200615 years of age and over
Canada Total Population U.S.-born in Canada American Ethnic Identification
Bachelor’s Degree or Better
18.5 36.5 25.0
Unemployment Rate 6.6 5.1 5.9
Management Occupations
9.5 12.5 11.0
Average employment income
51 221 63 898 58786
Median employment income
41 401 48 336 45 310
Prevalence of low income after tax in 2005 for economic family members
8.6 8.7% 6.9%
Canada’s U.S.-born more educated than American origin (and also are “less rooted” or “more rooted”
in groups with similar SES)
2006 Citizenship Acquisition of Americans Born in Canada
United States of America
Canada
Immigrants Before 1991
1991 to 1995
1996 to 2000
2001 to 2006
Total - Citizenship
250 535 168 845 18 770 24 155 38 770
Canadian citizens
140 710 109 170 10 690 13 785 7 060
Canadian citizens only
106 025 82 135 7 730 10 180 5 985
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country
34 685 27 035 2 965 3 605 1 080
Not Canadian citizens
109 825 59 670 8 075 10 370 31 705
Ethnic Diversity Survey 2002 American Ancestry
Belong to Canada1st generation - Born
outside Canada 2nd Generation 3rd Generation
or more
1 - not strong at all 8,0% 3,7% 4,4%
2 2,1% 6,7%
3 24,0% 11,6% 6,7%
4 30,0% 15,3% 8,9%
5 - very strong 34,0% 65,1% 68,9%
Ancestral American belonging to Canada grows with generation
Ethnic Diversity Survey 2002 American Ancestry
Belong to North America 1st generation - Born
outside Canada 2nd Generation 3rd Generation or
more
1 - not strong at all 4,0% 5,8% 6,7%
2 4,0% 6,3% 8,9%
3 10,0% 15,3% 22,2%
4 18,0% 18,0% 11,1%
5 - very strong 60,0% 51,3% 46,7%
American Ancestry Belonging to North American declines with Generation
Ancestry American 4 and 5 on a 5 point scale with 5 meaning strong
sense of belonging Ethnic Diversity Survey 2002
Belong to Canada Belong to North America
First Generation 64.0 78.0
Second Generation 80.4 69.3
Third Generation or more 77.8 57.8
First to third generation “Canadian” vs. “North American” identity
Part II: Demographic analysis of
“Canadians” in the U.S.
Contemporary Trends
Canadian Immigrants in the United States: 1970-2007
812421
842859
744830
820771
840197
680000
700000
720000
740000
760000
780000
800000
820000
840000
860000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
Year
Can
adia
n Im
mig
rant
s
Canadians who moved to the United States
000’s
1900-1909 123
1910-1919 708
1920-1929 949
1930-1939 163
1940-1949 161
1950-1959 353
1960-1969 433
1970-1979 179
1980-1989 156
1990-1999 195
2000-2009 212
Number of Canadians migrating to the U.S. higher in first decade of 21st C. than at any time since the
1960s
Number of persons born in Canada admitted to the United States as permanent residents
Persons obtaining legal permanent resident status by region and selected country of last residence
2009 16 140 22 508
2008 15 109 22 366
2007 15 495 20 324
2006 18 207 23 913
2005 21 878 29 930
2004 15 569 22 439
2003 11 350 16 447
2002 19 352 27 142
2001 21 752 29 991
2000 16 057 21 289
Total 170 909 212 436
Recession does not deter Canadian migration to the United States
United States Born in Canada French Canadian Ancestry
Canadian Ancestry
Total 834 478 2 167 536 721 154
Native Born ------------------ 2 073 004 496 668
Foreign Born 834 478 94 532 224 486
Entered 2000 or later 165 000 16 000 56 000
Entered 1990 to 1999
175 000 16 250 56 250
“Canadian ancestry” exceeds “Canadian-born” feelings of attachment to Canada (and is also stronger than attachment to the U.S. of American
migrants in Canada)
United States Born in Canada French Canadian Ancestry
Canadian Ancestry
Foreign Born 834 478 94 532 224 486
Naturalized US Citizen
373 057 45 975 81 009
Not a US Citizen 461 421 48 557 143 477
Higher percentage of Foreign Born who report French-Canadian Ancestry are naturalized than those who report Canadian Ancestry and Canadian-Born
2006 (25 years of age and over)
United States-Entire Population
Canadian Born Living in the United States
French Canadian Ancestry
Canadian Ancestry
Bachelor’s Degree/Graduate and Professional Degree
27.4 39.8 28.3 34.9
Management, Professional and Related Occupations
34.5 55.7 34.7 46.6
Median Household Income
52 175 64 209 60 849 62 148
Median Family Income
63 211 85 297 73 441 77 957
Per Capita Income 27 466 48 671 32 050 36 526
Mean Earnings for Full-Time, Year Round workers (Male)
62 163 102 202 68 328 84 366
Median Earnings for Full-Time, Year Round workers (Male)
45 425 72 841 52 934 60 202
Poverty Rates-All Families
9.6 5.0 5.0 5.5
Canadian-born in U.S. do better on most indicators of SES than “ancestrally Canadian”
Conclusions, reflections, future research directions…
- Defining and locating often invisible subgroups of Can- Am migrants (Canadian-born? U.S.-born? Canadian or American ancestry? Canadian-by-choice?). - Comparative immigrant residential geographies at the neighborhood level in Canada and the U.S.- Unraveling national/transnational identities at the borderland…
‘
So where do we go from here?
- Spatial patterns (and related social, economic, and environmental processes) of Canadians in the U.S. need further analysis.- Comparative studies of Canadians in the U.S. and Americans in Canada are also long overdue.- In particular, a critical need remains for an in-depth analyses of the (trans)national identities and attachments of Can-Am migrants now and in the years to come.