America and the British Empire

Unit 2

AP Outline 2

1650-1763

VA SOLS 11.1-11.3

Mayflower Compact

• 41 males signed it

• First written law for the land

• Purpose: to set up a government within themselves, and was written by those to be governed

The Colonies

• New England

• Middle Colonies

• Southern Colonies

Proprietary, Charter, and Royal Colonies

• Proprietary

– British King’s granted territory to an individual or groups

• Charter

– British government gave rights to a group of investors/shareholders

• Royal

– Under direct control of the government/monarch

New England

• New Hampshire

• Massachuetts

• Rhode Island

• Connecticut

New Hampshire

• Started out as a proprietary colony later turned into a royal charter

• Founded by Captain John Mason

Massachuetts• Massachuetts Bay Colony

• John Winthrop-governor

• General Court made up of governor, high deputy, magistrates, and members of the corporation-freemen.

• Puritan emigration to Massachusetts-The Great Migration (do not confuse with the pop shift during WWI of blacks to the North)

Massachuetts Bay Colony

Massachuetts

• Plymouth Colony

• Pilgrims-separatists (believed Anglican church was so corrupt, they must establish their own church)

• Puritans-family should be governed in the same way that kings ruled over society

Plymouth Colony

John Winthrop

• Led a group of English Puritans to the New World and then joined the Massachusetts Bay colony

– Later became governor

• developed the idea of a “city on a hill”

– Live God’s way because the world is watching

John Winthrop

Salem Witch Trials• Resulted from a development of tension

between the Puritan idea of a small tight-knit community and the idea of a colony based on trade and commerce

• Social clashes existing in the colony

• Mainly older women were accused of practicing witchcraft- 100 people jailed-19 executed

Salem Witch Trials

– Accusers were members of the old farming communities

– Accused were part of the newer “secular class”

• Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible”

– Book based on the Salem Witch Trials

– McCarthy Trials of the 1950s were called a “witch hunt” for communists

Salem Witch Trials

English Civil War

• Between Charles I (king of England) and Puritans in Parliament

• Puritan supporters of parliament a.k.a Roundheads

• Royalist supporters of King Charles a.k.a cavaliers

• Roundheads win, Oliver Cromwell runs England (for a while)

• King Charles I is executed at the end

Rhode Island

• Roger Williams- founded Providence

– Believed in religious toleration and separation of church and state

– His ideas were dangerous and he was banished from the colony

Anne Hutchinson• Banished from the

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Considered a co-founder of Rhode Island with Roger Wms

• Later moved to Providence

Connecticut

• Thomas Hooker-believed that suffrage should not be limited to male church members only

• He founded Hartford

• Helped write the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

– Marked the beginning of the colony of Connecticut

Connecticut

Dominion of New England

• Instituted by King James II in 1686

• Governed by Sir Edmund Andros governed as the head of Mass., N.H, Conn., R.I., and N.Y.

• Increase the power of the governor of the area

• Occurred after resistance in Mass. to the unfair Navigation Acts

Dominion of New England

• Without an elective assembly

• Overthrown by Boston militiamen in 1689

– (After the Glorious Revolution)• Sir Edmund Andros

(right)

Mercantilism

Middle Colonies

• New Jersey

• New York

• Pennsylvania

• Delaware

New Jersey

• established originally by the Swedish and Dutch

• England took over and ownership was given to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley

New Jersey

Sir George Carteret

New York

• King Phillip’s War– Disaster for Indian people– Colonial army burned villages, killed people,

and defeated Indians in –The Great Swamp Fight.

– Iroquois Confederacy created alliance with NY (Covenant Chain) which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all of colonies

– END of organized Indian resistance

Pennsylvania

• English Quakers-religious toleration & pacifism

• William Penn-wanted to make area haven for the Society of Friends

• Philadelphia- “City of Brotherly Love”

• MOST important colonial port in North America

Pennsylvania

»

» William Penn

Delaware

• Colonized by the Dutch, then became a colony of the English

Southern Colonies

• North Carolina Maryland

• South Carolina

• Georgia

• Virginia

Carolinas

• Both proprietary colonies

• North Carolina- similar to Virginia- plantations

• South Carolina

Georgia

• James Oglethorpe- founder of colony of Georgia

• Debtor’s prison

Virginia

• English joint-stock companies raised capital by selling shares

• Jamestown Settlement- first permanent English settlement in North America

• FOUNDER JOHN SMITH

• John Rolfe-planted tobacco; married Powatan Princess-Pocohontas

Jamestown

House of Burgesses

• First elected legislative assembly in the New World

• Established in 1619 in Virginia

Bacon’s Rebellion

• An uprising in 1676 lead by wealthy planter Nathaniel Bacon

• Protest against Native American attacks/ lack of protection on the frontier

John Rolfe

• Cultivated success

crop of tobacco

• Married Powhatan

Princess Pocahontas

Maryland

• Proprietary colony

• King Charles I gave land to Calvert family

• Turn into feudal colonies w/ rents

• ONLY English colony where CATHOLICS colonized

Maryland

• Named Maryland in honor of King’s wife

• Landlords appointed to governing council

French Colonies

• French had no permanent settlements in Canada until 1608

• Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec• Few colonists ever came

– Climate undesirable– Huguenots-Protestants in France/believers in

Calvinism - were legally forbidden from emigrating

• Fur trade thrived

Coureur des bois

• Fur trappers in the New World engaged in fur trade without permission from the French government

• Late 17th and early 18th century

Jesuits

• French missionaries in the New World

Edict of Nantes

• Issued by Henry IV of France 1598

• Gave French Calvinists Protestants rights in a country still mainly Catholic

• Ended the religious wars that tore France apart

• Revoked by King Louis XIV in 1685

• Exodus of Huguenots from France

Wars and Impact on the Colonies

• Through much of the late 17th and early 18th century England, France, Spain and other European countries fought a series of wars to see who was the dominant powers

• Wars began in Europe and carried over to disputes between the colonies

Queen Anne’s War

• 1702-1713

• Spanish and Native Americans allied with France

• Lead to the Treaty of Utrecht

– France had to give the British:

• Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, territory along Hudson Bay, and more access to the Great Lakes

War of Jenkins's Ear• Conflict between English and Spanish• 1739-1742• Robert Jenkins-British merchant- had his ear

cut off when a Spanish vessel boarded his boat

• Main purpose of war: keep the Spanish out of the slave trade in Americas

• After 1742 the conflict turned into the War of Austrian Succession

Salutary Neglect

• After the European Wars were over in the colonies, the British ended the policy of salutary neglect

– Robert Walpole was the Prime Minister

Slavery-Triangular Trade

• African Americans were forced on ships to come to the New World

• They were trade for goods or sold in the Caribbean

• Many worked on plantations in the south with cotton, indigo, tobacco, etc.

Origins of Slavery

Need to Know…

• Puritans and other religious dissidents came to Americas because they felt the Church of England was too close to Catholicism

• First English settlement was Jamestown

– House of Burgesses 1619

Need to Know

• Massachusetts Bay Colony est. in 1629 by the Puritans– “city upon a hill”– Limited representative government– Dissenters thrown out

• Established new colonies–Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Portsmouth

Need to Know…• Economic policy: mercantilism

– Five points• Export more than import• Colonies

–Buy goods from mother country–Resources

• Gold• Tariffs

• Navigation Acts

Need to Know

• European Wars between British and French spilled over to colonies

• African American slaves first arrived in 1619-important for economic growth in several southern states

• Salem Witch trials

Need to Know

• Salutary Neglect

– Prime Minister Robert Walpole

• Great Awakening-colonists questioned religious, social, and political foundations

Multiple Choice Questions

A colony designated as a refuge for English Catholics was:

• A. North Carolina

• B. Pennsylvania

• C. South Carolina

• D. Maryland

• E. Virginia

D

English people came to the New World because of..

• A. their dislike for the Church of England

• B. overcrowding in English cities

• C. economic opportunity

• D. A and C

• E. all the above

E

Which of the following was not a religions dissenter in Massachusetts Bay?

• A. William Bradford

• B. Roger Williams

• C. John Davenport

• D. Anne Hutchinson

• E. Thomas Hooker

A

The creation of the Dominion of New England

• A. increased democracy in the colonies• B. increase the power of the governor of the

area• C. allowed New England colonies to discuss

common grievances• D. guaranteed direct control of the King

over affairs in the New England colonies• E. was largely a symbolic gesture

B

For the British, the major economic role of the American

colonies was • A. to produce manufactured goods the

English did not want to produce

• B. to produce crops such as tobacco

• C. to provide food and materials for the other British colonies

• D. to produce raw materials such as lumber

• E. B and D

E

DBQCredit

"North America had become the focus of a vigorous Atlantic trade in the 17th and 18th

Centuries. This had a profound effect on the character and social structure of the colonies established there." Using the

documents and your knowledge of the time period 1650 to 1750, analyze the accuracy

of this statement.

Document A

• Source: Enduring Voices: A Child’s Memory of an Abduction in Africa (1735)

• On a certain time I and other prisoners were put on board a canoe, under our master, and rowed away to a vessel belonging to Rhode Island, commanded by Captain Collingwood, and the mate Thomas Mumford.

Document A (Continued)

• While we were going to the vessel, our master told us all to appear to the best possible advantage for sale. I was bought on board by one Robertson Mumford, steward of said vessel, for four gallons of rum, and a piece of calico, and called VENTURE, on account of his having purchased me with his own private venture. Thus I came by my name. All the slaves that were bought for that vessel’s cargo, were two hundred and sixty.

Document B Source: Out of Many: Estimated Number of Africans Imported to British North

America (1701-1775)

Document CSource: Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (1944)

Document DSource: James I, “A Broadside against Coffee” (London,

1672)

Document E• Source: Excerpt from Ben Franklin’s

Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind (1751)

• The danger, therefore, of these colonies interfering with their mother country in trades that depend on labor, manufactures, etc., is too remote to require the attention of Great Britain.

Document E (Continued)• But in proportion to the increase of the colonies,

the vast demand is growing for British manufactures, in which foreigners cannot interfere, which will increase in a short time even beyond her power of supplying, though her whole trade should be to her colonies; therefore, Britain should not too much restrain manufactures in her colonies. A wise and good mother will not do it. To distress is to weaken, and weakening the children weakens the whole family.

Document E (Continued)• Besides, if the manufactures of Britain (by

reason of the American demands) should rise too high in price, foreigners who can sell cheaper will drive her merchants out of foreign markets; foreign manufactures will thereby be encouraged and increased and consequently foreign nations, perhaps her rivals in power, grow more populous and more powerful; while her own colonies, kept too low are unable to assist her or add to her strength.

Document F

• Source: British Parliament – Navigation Act of September 13, 1660

• For the increase of shipping and encouragement of the navigation of this nation wherein , under the good providence and protection of God, the wealth , safety, and strength of this kingdom is so much concerned; (2) be it enacted by the king’s most excellent

Document F (Continued)• Majesty, and by the Lords and Commons in

this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority thereof, that from and after the first day of December, one thousand six hundred and sixty, and from thence forward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging or in his possession, or which may hereafter belong unto or be in the possession

Document F (Continued)• of his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, in Asia,

Africa, or America, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such ships or vessels as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England or Ireland, dominion of Wales or town of Berwick upon Tweed, or are of the built of and belonging to any the said lands, islands, plantations, or territories, as the proprietors and right owners thereof, and whereof the master and three fourths of the mariners at least are English.

Document GSource: Out of Many: Triangular Trade across the Atlantic

Document HSource: Phillip Jenkins, A History of the United States: Population Growth

(1700-1770)

Free Response Question # 1

Throughout the colonial period, economic concerns had more to do with the settling

of British North America than did religious concerns. Assess the validity of

this statement with specific reference to economic and religious concerns. (90)

Free Response Question #2

Although many Northerners and Southerners came later to think of

themselves as having separate civilizations, the

Northern and Southern colonies in the seventeenth

and eighteenth centuries were in fact more similar than different. Assess the

validity of this statement. (75)