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America and the Great War. Chapter 23. I. The Road to War. The Collapse of the European Peace Imperialism, Nationalism and Militarism Alliances Central Powers = Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Allied Powers = Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: America and the Great War

America and the America and the Great WarGreat War

Chapter 23Chapter 23

Page 2: America and the Great War

I. The Road to WarI. The Road to War

► The Collapse of the European PeaceThe Collapse of the European Peace Imperialism, Nationalism and MilitarismImperialism, Nationalism and Militarism AlliancesAlliances

►Central Powers = Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Central Powers = Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyHungary, Italy

►Allied Powers = Triple Entente: Britain, France, RussiaAllied Powers = Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia

Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Sarajevo, Bosnia, Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Sarajevo, Bosnia, June 28, 1914June 28, 1914

The Dominos fall…The Dominos fall…

Page 3: America and the Great War

Wilson’s NeutralityWilson’s Neutrality► 1914 “Maintain impartial thought as well as deed” = 1914 “Maintain impartial thought as well as deed” =

ImpossibleImpossible► SocialSocial

German and Irish Americans had hatred for German and Irish Americans had hatred for BritishBritish

General admiration for England’s tradition and General admiration for England’s tradition and culture (Wilson)culture (Wilson)

Lurid reports of German atrocities in BelgiumLurid reports of German atrocities in Belgium► EconomicEconomic

United states could weather an embargo from the United states could weather an embargo from the Central Powers, but not the AlliesCentral Powers, but not the Allies

War orders from Britain and France stimulated War orders from Britain and France stimulated US economyUS economy

1915 US had gone from Neutral to arsenal for the 1915 US had gone from Neutral to arsenal for the AlliesAllies

► SubmarinesSubmarines viewed as barbaricviewed as barbaric British passenger liner British passenger liner LusitaniaLusitania sunk without sunk without

warning, 128 Americans dead (ship was carrying warning, 128 Americans dead (ship was carrying passengers and munitions)passengers and munitions)

► huge American war fervorhuge American war fervor► Wilson demands Central Powers recognize US Wilson demands Central Powers recognize US

neutral rights and allow passenger and trade shipsneutral rights and allow passenger and trade ships► Germany in a tough spotGermany in a tough spot

Page 4: America and the Great War

Preparedness Versus Preparedness Versus PacifismPacifism

► 1916 Election year1916 Election year► Divided factions in the US: TR v. Bryan and Divided factions in the US: TR v. Bryan and

LaFolletteLaFollette► Wilson originally against military buildup, Wilson originally against military buildup,

but as tensions grew with Germany he but as tensions grew with Germany he changed his mind.changed his mind.

► ““He kept us out of the war” a campaign He kept us out of the war” a campaign slogan never used by the candidate himselfslogan never used by the candidate himself

► Wins close electionWins close election

Page 5: America and the Great War

The War for DemocracyThe War for Democracy

Wilson in need for support of warWilson in need for support of war► new world order, a league of nationsnew world order, a league of nations

Germans become desperateGermans become desperate► launch a series of major assaults on the launch a series of major assaults on the

enemy’s lines in Franceenemy’s lines in France► unrestricted submarine warfareunrestricted submarine warfare… …

against all ships… to cut Britain off from vital against all ships… to cut Britain off from vital suppliessupplies

► Idea being that Allied forces would collapse Idea being that Allied forces would collapse before the US could intervenebefore the US could intervene

Page 6: America and the Great War

The War for Democracy The War for Democracy ContinuedContinued

Two events to get the United States Two events to get the United States involvedinvolved► Zimmermann telegramZimmermann telegram► Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution: US does not have to : US does not have to

ally itself with a despotic regimeally itself with a despotic regime

April 2, 1917 Wilson asks Congress for a April 2, 1917 Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war… would not receive it declaration of war… would not receive it until April 6… dissent was strong.until April 6… dissent was strong.

Page 7: America and the Great War

II. “War Without Stint” II. “War Without Stint”

► Entering the WarEntering the War Most Most immediate affect seen at seaimmediate affect seen at sea

► 1917 only one out of every four British ships were 1917 only one out of every four British ships were returningreturning

► American Destroyers aided the British navy in its American Destroyers aided the British navy in its assault on the U-boatsassault on the U-boats

► Anti-submarine minesAnti-submarine mines► Sinking of Allied Ships: April 1917: 900,000 tons / Sinking of Allied Ships: April 1917: 900,000 tons /

December 1917: 350,000 tons / October 1918: 112,000December 1917: 350,000 tons / October 1918: 112,000

V.I. Lenin negotiates treaty with GermanyV.I. Lenin negotiates treaty with Germany Eastern front troops would soon be available on Eastern front troops would soon be available on

the Western Frontthe Western Front

Page 8: America and the Great War

The American Expeditionary The American Expeditionary ForceForce Army shortcomingsArmy shortcomings

► only 120,000 soldiers in US army in 1917only 120,000 soldiers in US army in 1917► little battle experiencelittle battle experience

Selective Service Act = DraftSelective Service Act = Draft► 3 million men brought into the army3 million men brought into the army► additional 2 million volunteeradditional 2 million volunteer

New Army referred to themselves as The New Army referred to themselves as The American Expeditionary Force (AEF)American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Trench life = horribleTrench life = horrible

Page 9: America and the Great War

The American Expeditionary Force The American Expeditionary Force AgainAgain

1/10 soldiers gets VD1/10 soldiers gets VD Diverse fighting forceDiverse fighting force

► Women allowed to enlist, not allowed in Women allowed to enlist, not allowed in combat, but played vital role in hospitals combat, but played vital role in hospitals and officesand offices

► 250,000 black soldiers enlisted or drafted250,000 black soldiers enlisted or drafted segregated unitssegregated units most reduced to menial tasksmost reduced to menial tasks tensions on the home fronttensions on the home front

The introduction of the IQ test and The introduction of the IQ test and “morons”“morons”

Page 10: America and the Great War

The Military StruggleThe Military Struggle

intense, brief fighting: European forces intense, brief fighting: European forces exhaustedexhausted

Eight months after US entry into the war Eight months after US entry into the war in Spring 1918, the war was overin Spring 1918, the war was over

John J. Pershing (remember Poncho Villa?)John J. Pershing (remember Poncho Villa?) See map on page 782 for key attacks and See map on page 782 for key attacks and

battlesbattles Armistice (cease fire) November 11, 1918Armistice (cease fire) November 11, 1918

Page 11: America and the Great War

III. The War and American III. The War and American SocietySociety

► Organizing the Economy for WarOrganizing the Economy for War $32 Billion in expenses spent in $32 Billion in expenses spent in

war by USA… this was in a time war by USA… this was in a time when the entire federal budget when the entire federal budget seldom exceeded $1 billion before seldom exceeded $1 billion before 1915 and GNP was only $35 billion 1915 and GNP was only $35 billion in 1910in 1910

““Liberty Bonds”Liberty Bonds”► patriotic appeals / propagandapatriotic appeals / propaganda► produced $23 billionproduced $23 billion

New taxes brining in $10 billionNew taxes brining in $10 billion Council of National Defense Council of National Defense

organized economy into different organized economy into different sectors based on function rather sectors based on function rather than geographic…(transportation, than geographic…(transportation, food, fuel supplies)food, fuel supplies)

Page 12: America and the Great War

Organizing the Economy for Organizing the Economy for WarWar

War Industries Board: wielded powers greater War Industries Board: wielded powers greater than any other government agency before itthan any other government agency before it► Bernard BaruchBernard Baruch► Decided which factories would convert to war productionDecided which factories would convert to war production► Decided where supplies would goDecided where supplies would go

appeared to be in line with Progressive ideals, but appeared to be in line with Progressive ideals, but actually enhanced the private sector through a actually enhanced the private sector through a mutually beneficial alliancemutually beneficial alliance

prevailing belief that a close relationship between prevailing belief that a close relationship between gov’t and business should continue after the wargov’t and business should continue after the war

Page 13: America and the Great War

Labor and the WarLabor and the War National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board est. 1918 est. 1918

► eight-hour dayeight-hour day► maintenance of minimal living standardsmaintenance of minimal living standards► equal pay for women doing equal workequal pay for women doing equal work► recognition of unions to bargain collectivelyrecognition of unions to bargain collectively► workers cannot strikeworkers cannot strike► businesses cannot engage in lockoutsbusinesses cannot engage in lockouts

Union membership increasedUnion membership increased by more than by more than 1.5 million between 1917 and 19191.5 million between 1917 and 1919

1914 1914 Ludlow MassacreLudlow Massacre (Colorado) (Colorado)► miners walk out of mines owned by John D. Rockefellerminers walk out of mines owned by John D. Rockefeller► joined by wives and daughters, they go on strikejoined by wives and daughters, they go on strike► continue strike after being firedcontinue strike after being fired► State Militia called in to “protect” the minesState Militia called in to “protect” the mines► 39 people dead, 11 children39 people dead, 11 children

Page 14: America and the Great War

Economic and Social Results of Economic and Social Results of the Warthe War

War caused a boom in the economyWar caused a boom in the economy Employment opportunity for women and Employment opportunity for women and

minoritiesminorities ““Great Migration” of blacks from rural South to Great Migration” of blacks from rural South to

urban centers in the Northurban centers in the North► ads in newspapersads in newspapers► word of mouthword of mouth► Backlash from established Northern blacksBacklash from established Northern blacks

revivalist religionrevivalist religion feared racism from whitesfeared racism from whites

► Huge Huge increases in Northern black populationincreases in Northern black population regardless (see p. 785)regardless (see p. 785)

► July 2, 1917 white mob attacked a black neighborhood in St. July 2, 1917 white mob attacked a black neighborhood in St. LouisLouis burned housesburned houses shot blacks as they fledshot blacks as they fled 40 African Americans dead40 African Americans dead

Page 15: America and the Great War

Economic and Social Results of Economic and Social Results of the War Continuedthe War Continued

1 million women worked in jobs that 1 million women worked in jobs that were previously thought of as male were previously thought of as male preserves: steel, munitions, preserves: steel, munitions, trucking, public transportationtrucking, public transportation

After war was over, almost all of the After war was over, almost all of the women working in previously male women working in previously male industrial jobs quit or were firedindustrial jobs quit or were fired, the , the result: the percentage of women working result: the percentage of women working for wages actually declined between for wages actually declined between 1910 and 19201910 and 1920

Page 16: America and the Great War

IV. The Search for IV. The Search for Social UnitySocial Unity

Progressive ideal: that war Progressive ideal: that war would lead America to unite would lead America to unite

behind a great common cause behind a great common cause and create a lasting sense of and create a lasting sense of

collective purposecollective purpose

Page 17: America and the Great War

The Peace MovementThe Peace Movement German Americans: opposed German Americans: opposed

American interventionAmerican intervention Irish Americans: opposed any Irish Americans: opposed any

support of Britishsupport of British Religious Pacifists: Quakers, Religious Pacifists: Quakers,

Mennonites and othersMennonites and others Socialist Party / Industrial Socialist Party / Industrial

Workers of the World Workers of the World (Wobblies): saw war as a (Wobblies): saw war as a meaningless battle among meaningless battle among capitalist nations for capitalist nations for commercial supremacycommercial supremacy

Page 18: America and the Great War

Women and The Peace Women and The Peace MovementMovement

► OppositionOpposition Woman’s Peace Party: Carrie Chapman Woman’s Peace Party: Carrie Chapman

CattCatt Jane Addams refused to support the war, Jane Addams refused to support the war,

criticized as a resultcriticized as a result ““mother half of humanity”mother half of humanity”

► SupportSupport National American Woman Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage

Association: supported the warAssociation: supported the war Catt abandon’s peace cause and calls Catt abandon’s peace cause and calls

upon the woman’s right to vote as a “war upon the woman’s right to vote as a “war measure”measure”

Page 19: America and the Great War

Selling the War and Suppressing Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent Dissent

► Many Americans opposed to the war prior to Many Americans opposed to the war prior to declaration, but make a “spontaneous declaration, but make a “spontaneous decision” to support the president, the decision” to support the president, the government and the “boys” overseasgovernment and the “boys” overseas floods of voluntary enlistmentsfloods of voluntary enlistments women joined local Red Crosseswomen joined local Red Crosses children buy war bonds in their schoolschildren buy war bonds in their schools churches include prayers for the President churches include prayers for the President

and troopsand troops► Religious revivalism connected to war Religious revivalism connected to war

effort: Billy Sundayeffort: Billy Sunday► Government leaders concerned about Government leaders concerned about

significant minorities who continued to significant minorities who continued to oppose the war even after the United States oppose the war even after the United States entered itentered it

Page 20: America and the Great War

Selling the War and Suppressing Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent ContinuedDissent Continued

Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information (CPI) (CPI) ► Distributed Distributed 75 million pieces propaganda75 million pieces propaganda► directed by George Creel who believed in the directed by George Creel who believed in the

importance of unityimportance of unity► vile threats if reporters did not practice “self vile threats if reporters did not practice “self

censorship”censorship”► started with theory of only distributing the started with theory of only distributing the

“facts”… but tactics grew crude“facts”… but tactics grew crude The Kaiser: Beast of BerlinThe Kaiser: Beast of Berlin The Prussian CurThe Prussian Cur

► began to began to make efforts to suppress dissentmake efforts to suppress dissent ran a full page ad encourage Americans to contact the ran a full page ad encourage Americans to contact the

justice department if they encountered anyone opposed justice department if they encountered anyone opposed to the warto the war

Page 21: America and the Great War

Selling the War and Suppressing Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent Continued AgainDissent Continued Again

Espionage Act of 1917Espionage Act of 1917► created stiff penalties for spying, sabotage or created stiff penalties for spying, sabotage or

obstruction of the war effortobstruction of the war effort► allowed the post to be censoredallowed the post to be censored► all Socialist print would not be mailedall Socialist print would not be mailed

Sabotage and Sedition Acts of 1918Sabotage and Sedition Acts of 1918► made illegal any public expression of made illegal any public expression of

opposition to the waropposition to the war► widely interpretedwidely interpreted

Page 22: America and the Great War

Selling the War and Suppressing Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent Still ContinuedDissent Still Continued

Biggest target was Socialist Party and Biggest target was Socialist Party and IWW members IWW members ► Eugene V. Debs: sentence to ten years Eugene V. Debs: sentence to ten years

prison in 1918prison in 1918► Bill Haywood fled to the Soviet UnionBill Haywood fled to the Soviet Union► 1,500 people were arrested in 1918 for the 1,500 people were arrested in 1918 for the

crime of criticizing the governmentcrime of criticizing the government Vigilante Mobs assembled to “discipline” Vigilante Mobs assembled to “discipline”

war opponentswar opponents American Protective LeagueAmerican Protective League

► 250,000 agents who pried into the activities 250,000 agents who pried into the activities of their neighbors: opening mail, tapping of their neighbors: opening mail, tapping telephonestelephones

► received gov’t funds for their workreceived gov’t funds for their work

Page 23: America and the Great War

Selling the War and Suppressing Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent ConcludedDissent Concluded

Most Most frequent targets of repression frequent targets of repression werewere ► IrishIrish: expressed hopes of a German victory prior : expressed hopes of a German victory prior

to 1917to 1917► JewsJews: expressed opposition to the anti-Semitic : expressed opposition to the anti-Semitic

policies of the Russian gov’tpolicies of the Russian gov’t► German AmericanGerman American Community: public opinion Community: public opinion

turns bitterly hostile, even though many Germans turns bitterly hostile, even though many Germans supported American war effort after 1917supported American war effort after 1917 sauerkraut renamed “liberty cabbage”sauerkraut renamed “liberty cabbage” hamburger renamed “liberty sausage”hamburger renamed “liberty sausage” German language removed from school curriculumGerman language removed from school curriculum ““something fundamentally wrong with the Teutonic soul”something fundamentally wrong with the Teutonic soul”

Page 24: America and the Great War

The Search For A New World The Search For A New World OrderOrder

► The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points January 8, 1918 Wilson appeared before January 8, 1918 Wilson appeared before

Congress to present the principles for which he Congress to present the principles for which he claimed the nation was fighting… became claimed the nation was fighting… became known as The Fourteen Pointsknown as The Fourteen Points

First: eight specific recommendations for First: eight specific recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries and for adjusting postwar boundaries and for establishing new nations to replace defunct establishing new nations to replace defunct Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires… Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires… reflected his belief in the right of all peoples to reflected his belief in the right of all peoples to self-determinationself-determination

Page 25: America and the Great War

The Fourteen Points The Fourteen Points ContinuedContinued

Second: Second: five general principles to five general principles to govern international conduct in the govern international conduct in the futurefuture

freedom of the seasfreedom of the seas open covenants instead of secret treatiesopen covenants instead of secret treaties reductions in armamentsreductions in armaments free tradefree trade impartial mediation of colonial claimsimpartial mediation of colonial claims

Third: a proposal for a Third: a proposal for a league of league of nationsnations that would help implement these that would help implement these new principles and territorial adjustments new principles and territorial adjustments and resolve future controversiesand resolve future controversies

Page 26: America and the Great War

The Fourteen Points Continued The Fourteen Points Continued AgainAgain

FlawsFlaws provided no formula for deciding how to provided no formula for deciding how to

implement “national self-determination”implement “national self-determination” did not address political rivalriesdid not address political rivalries

Reflected belief that the world was Reflected belief that the world was capable of just and efficient government capable of just and efficient government as were individual nations, human race as were individual nations, human race was capable of living in peace… reflection was capable of living in peace… reflection of Progressive Idealsof Progressive Ideals

Fourteen Points was also a response to Fourteen Points was also a response to Bolshevik government in RussiaBolshevik government in Russia

effort to keep Russia in the Wareffort to keep Russia in the War response to V.I. Lenin’s statement weeks beforeresponse to V.I. Lenin’s statement weeks before Wanted the world to look to the US, not Russia for Wanted the world to look to the US, not Russia for

guidanceguidance

Page 27: America and the Great War

Early ObstaclesEarly Obstacles AbroadAbroad

Leaders of Allied powers were preparing to reject Leaders of Allied powers were preparing to reject Wilson’s plan even before the armistice was signed Wilson’s plan even before the armistice was signed ► Wilson’s moral superiorityWilson’s moral superiority► US did not become their “ally” but rather was an US did not become their “ally” but rather was an

“associate”“associate” Enormous amount of bitterness towards Germans Enormous amount of bitterness towards Germans

from France and Britainfrom France and Britain

At HomeAt Home Republicans capture majorities in both Houses in 1918Republicans capture majorities in both Houses in 1918 Domestic economic troublesDomestic economic troubles Republicans were supporting the 14 points until Republicans were supporting the 14 points until

Wilson made it a ballot issueWilson made it a ballot issue Wilson did not appoint any Republicans to the Wilson did not appoint any Republicans to the

negotiating team hat would represent the United negotiating team hat would represent the United States in ParisStates in Paris

Wilson believed the world would follow his Wilson believed the world would follow his leadlead

Page 28: America and the Great War

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference

Wilson looked upon as a savior in Europe… Wilson looked upon as a savior in Europe… greeted by the largest crowd in Paris’s historygreeted by the largest crowd in Paris’s history

GB, France, Italy and US all represented GB, France, Italy and US all represented at Peace conference (The Big Four)at Peace conference (The Big Four)

► Russia and Germany not represented Russia and Germany not represented (fear of Russia)(fear of Russia)

Wilson adamant about being the lone Wilson adamant about being the lone representative at the conference despite representative at the conference despite warningswarnings

Wilson’s idealism v. national aggrandizementWilson’s idealism v. national aggrandizement

Page 29: America and the Great War

The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Peace Conference ContinuedContinued

Many of Wilson’s plans shot down: freedom of the seas, Many of Wilson’s plans shot down: freedom of the seas, free tradefree trade

ReparationsReparations Wilson opposed demanding compensation from the Wilson opposed demanding compensation from the

defeated Central Powersdefeated Central Powers Other Allied leaders were adamant… slowly Wilson gave Other Allied leaders were adamant… slowly Wilson gave

wayway $56 billion / crippled German economy could only pay $9 $56 billion / crippled German economy could only pay $9

billionbillion Idea: never again should the Germans be allowed to Idea: never again should the Germans be allowed to

become powerful enough to threaten the peace of Europebecome powerful enough to threaten the peace of Europe Wilson VictoriesWilson Victories

territories under “trusteeship”territories under “trusteeship” designed Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia… ethnically designed Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia… ethnically

diversediverse Allies voted to accept the “covenant” of the League of Allies voted to accept the “covenant” of the League of

NationsNations

Page 30: America and the Great War

The Ratification BattleThe Ratification Battle many Americans were comfortable many Americans were comfortable

with their country’s isolationism… with their country’s isolationism… now in a new major commitment to now in a new major commitment to internationalisminternationalism

Treaty of Versailles “Dare we reject Treaty of Versailles “Dare we reject it and break the heart of the world?”it and break the heart of the world?”

Wilson = refusal to change, Wilson = refusal to change, stubborn, perhaps from a stubborn, perhaps from a stroke?stroke?

Politics: Republicans want to Politics: Republicans want to make Wilson look bad… Henry make Wilson look bad… Henry Cabot Lodge attempts delayCabot Lodge attempts delay

Senate refuses to budge, Wilson Senate refuses to budge, Wilson takes the issue to the publictakes the issue to the public

Page 31: America and the Great War

Wilson’s OrdealWilson’s Ordeal

exhausting cross country speaking tour exhausting cross country speaking tour 8,000 miles a day by train, speaking four times a 8,000 miles a day by train, speaking four times a

dayday collapses in Pueblo, Coloradocollapses in Pueblo, Colorado suffers major stroke in Washingtonsuffers major stroke in Washington six weeks bed-riddensix weeks bed-ridden

Final 18 months of Presidency: paralyzed Final 18 months of Presidency: paralyzed and unstableand unstable

Senate adds amendments and Senate adds amendments and reservations… Wilson orders original reservations… Wilson orders original document to be accepted or no document document to be accepted or no document at allat all

League of Nations never passes the United League of Nations never passes the United States CongressStates Congress

Page 32: America and the Great War

VI. A Society in VI. A Society in TurmoilTurmoil

Aftermath of war did not Aftermath of war did not usher in an age of liberal usher in an age of liberal

reform that progressives had reform that progressives had predicted, but a period of predicted, but a period of repression and reactionrepression and reaction

Page 33: America and the Great War

Industry and LaborIndustry and Labor

fighting ended sooner than anyone could fighting ended sooner than anyone could have anticipated… gov’t contracts to have anticipated… gov’t contracts to businesses cut offbusinesses cut off

raging inflation in response to poor raging inflation in response to poor abandonment of wartime price abandonment of wartime price controlscontrols

1921: GNP declines nearly 10%1921: GNP declines nearly 10% soldier returning increase # of soldier returning increase # of

available workforce, decrease available workforce, decrease wageswages

Page 34: America and the Great War

Industry and Labor ContinuedIndustry and Labor Continued

1919: over 1919: over 3,600 strikes3,600 strikes in response to in response to employees rescinding war time benefitsemployees rescinding war time benefits► January: Seattle, Washington - General Strike Achieved, January: Seattle, Washington - General Strike Achieved,

US Marines interveneUS Marines intervene► September: Boston, Mass - Police force on strike, September: Boston, Mass - Police force on strike,

violence and looting breaks out… entire police force firedviolence and looting breaks out… entire police force fired► September: greatest strike in US history 350,000 September: greatest strike in US history 350,000

steelworkers walk of job in demand of an 8 hour daysteelworkers walk of job in demand of an 8 hour day violence from employers, hired armed guardsviolence from employers, hired armed guards AFL timidly retreatsAFL timidly retreats Strike collapses in January, death blow to laborStrike collapses in January, death blow to labor

““Where is that Democracy for which we fought?”Where is that Democracy for which we fought?”

Page 35: America and the Great War

The Demands of African The Demands of African AmericansAmericans

AA veterans marched in the main streets of AA veterans marched in the main streets of industrial cities with other returning troops, but industrial cities with other returning troops, but then again through the streets of black then again through the streets of black neighborhoods, neighborhoods,

AA community looked to them as heroes: sign AA community looked to them as heroes: sign that a new age had comethat a new age had come

Little impact on white attitudes / increased black Little impact on white attitudes / increased black determination to fight for their rightsdetermination to fight for their rights

1919 South: lynching increase - 70 blacks, some 1919 South: lynching increase - 70 blacks, some of them war veterans, died at the hands of white of them war veterans, died at the hands of white mobs mobs

Race riots in St. LouisRace riots in St. Louis

Page 36: America and the Great War

The Demands of African The Demands of African AmericansAmericans

► Chicago, segregated beach on Lake Michigan, young Chicago, segregated beach on Lake Michigan, young black boy stoned to death by whitesblack boy stoned to death by whites black crowds gathered in white neighborhoods to retaliateblack crowds gathered in white neighborhoods to retaliate white crowds roamed into black neighborhoods to retaliatewhite crowds roamed into black neighborhoods to retaliate Chicago at war for a weekChicago at war for a week In the end 38 people dead, 537 injured, 1,000 left homelessIn the end 38 people dead, 537 injured, 1,000 left homeless

► New characteristic: Blacks fighting backNew characteristic: Blacks fighting back NAACP encouraged blacks to defend themselvesNAACP encouraged blacks to defend themselves

► Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey encouraged AA to take pride in their own cultureencouraged AA to take pride in their own culture United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Started black businessesStarted black businesses Began encouraging supporters to leave America and return Began encouraging supporters to leave America and return

to Africato Africa Garvey indicted in 1923 on charges of business fraudGarvey indicted in 1923 on charges of business fraud

Page 37: America and the Great War

The Red ScareThe Red Scare

white middle class fearing of instability white middle class fearing of instability and radicalismand radicalism► racial violenceracial violence► feministsfeminists► Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

Communist International: “Comintern” Communist International: “Comintern” purpose to spread communist revolution purpose to spread communist revolution around the worldaround the world

Terror in the USTerror in the US► bombings in spring of 1919bombings in spring of 1919► mail bombsmail bombs

Page 38: America and the Great War

The Red Scare ContinuedThe Red Scare Continued

ResultsResults► inspired middleclass Americans to fight back inspired middleclass Americans to fight back

against radicalismagainst radicalism► reinforced old-stock Protestant idea of “100% reinforced old-stock Protestant idea of “100%

Americanism”Americanism”► reinforce fear: race riots = “the work of armed reinforce fear: race riots = “the work of armed

revolutionaries running rampant through our cities”revolutionaries running rampant through our cities”► Steel strike = “Bolshevik idea”Steel strike = “Bolshevik idea”► Peacetime sedition lawsPeacetime sedition laws► Spontaneous acts of violenceSpontaneous acts of violence► Restriction of pressRestriction of press► Removal of subversive booksRemoval of subversive books► Against the war = criminalAgainst the war = criminal

Page 39: America and the Great War

The Red Scare Continued The Red Scare Continued AgainAgain Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids

► Michael Palmer = Attorney General (J. Edgar Michael Palmer = Attorney General (J. Edgar Hoover was his assistant)Hoover was his assistant)

► Raids on alleged radical centers: 6,000 people Raids on alleged radical centers: 6,000 people arrested / 500 non US citizens deportedarrested / 500 non US citizens deported

► Intention was to uncover huge caches of Intention was to uncover huge caches of weapons, what they found was three pistols weapons, what they found was three pistols and no dynamiteand no dynamite

Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti► 1920 two Italian immigrants charged with the 1920 two Italian immigrants charged with the

murder of paymaster in Braintree, murder of paymaster in Braintree, MassachusettsMassachusetts

► questionable evidencequestionable evidence► confessed anarchists, thus widespread confessed anarchists, thus widespread

presumption of guiltpresumption of guilt► trial featured “extraordinary injudiciousness” trial featured “extraordinary injudiciousness”

and an openly bigoted judge, Webster Thayerand an openly bigoted judge, Webster Thayer► August 23, 1927 amid widespread protests August 23, 1927 amid widespread protests

around the world, the two men were around the world, the two men were sentenced to die in the electric chairsentenced to die in the electric chair

Page 40: America and the Great War

The Retreat from IdealismThe Retreat from Idealism passage of 19th Amendment did not mark passage of 19th Amendment did not mark

the beginning of an era of reform, but the beginning of an era of reform, but rather the ending of onerather the ending of one

Social problems combine to create a Social problems combine to create a general sense of disillusionmentgeneral sense of disillusionment► economic problemseconomic problems► feminist demandsfeminist demands► labor unrestlabor unrest► racial tensionsracial tensions► intensity of anti-radicalismintensity of anti-radicalism

WW hoped the 1920 election would be a WW hoped the 1920 election would be a referendum on the League of Nations… referendum on the League of Nations… Ohio Governor James M. Cox was the Ohio Governor James M. Cox was the Democratic Candidate / FDR was VPDemocratic Candidate / FDR was VP

Harding has no ideals, but promises a Harding has no ideals, but promises a “return to normalcy”“return to normalcy”