america secedes from the empire mr. love 1775 - 1783
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America Secedes from America Secedes from the Empirethe EmpireMr. LoveMr. Love1775 - 1783
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April 1775 Lexington & Concord (Mass.)
– War began here, 1st shots were fired
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May 10, 1775 Second Continental Congress
– Met in Philadelphia– All 13 colonies represented– Still no real sentiment for independence
• Wanted King & parliament to consent to a redress of grievances
– Delegates began to raise money & create an army & navy
– Selected Washington to head the army– Why select Washington as head of army?
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George Washington Actually lost more battles than won “moral force rather than a great military
mind”
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War Fought 14 months before Declaration of
Independence was issued May 1775
– Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold• Surprised & captured British garrison
at Ticonderoga & Crown Point (NY)
• Gunpowder & artillery for seize of Boston secured
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June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill)
– British launched a frontal attack – “Do not fire until you see the whites of their eyes!”– colonists mowed down the Redcoats – Colonials’ store of gunpowder gave out & they were
forced to abandon the hill
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Olive Branch Petition July 1775
Adopted by the Continental Congress Professed American loyalty to the crown &
begged king to prevent further hostilities King George III formally proclaimed the
colonies in rebellion ( Aug 1775) “Open and Avowed Enemies”
NO HOPE OF RECONCILIATION
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What happens now? Sept. 1775 – King hired Hessians to help
fight What/Who are Hessians?
– German princes needed money– Colonists felt betrayed
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War Heats Up Oct. 1775 – British burned Falmouth (Portland),
Maine. Colonists decided to invade Canada
– Hoped to add 14th colony– Deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking at the
colonies – Was this necessary? Was it counterproductive?
General Richard Montgomery– Pushed up Lake Champlain &
captured Montreal
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Dec. 1775 - Quebec Montgomery joined at Quebec with
General Benedict Arnold– Montgomery – killed // Arnold – shot
Remnants retreated up the St. Lawrence River
French had no real desire to help colonists
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Jan 1776– British set fire to Norfolk, Virginia
Feb 1776– Colonial victory against Loyalists at Moore’s
Creek Bridge, NC
March 1776– Evacuation Day – colonists forced
British to evacuate Boston
June 1776 -- Charleston Harbor– Colonial victory against an invading British
fleet
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Thomas Paine 1776 – Common Sense
– One of the most influential pamphlets ever written
– Why write it?– Called for not simply independence but for a
democratic republic• Power should come from the people
– Reject monarchy, embrace an independent republic
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Cry for Independence June 7, 1776 – Richard Henry Lee
– Colonies ought to be free & independent states– Motion passes a month later.
July 2, 1776– Motion was adopted for independence
July 4, 1776– Declaration of Independence
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Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson – author Formally approved by Congress Focused on natural rights
– Colonists were justified– List of tyrannous misdeeds of George III
p. 148
Foreign aid could now be solicited Is foreign aid important?
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Taking SidesPatriots
Whigs Younger New England Presbyterians &
Congregationalists
Loyalists Tories Older Anglican 20% of population
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Loyalist Exodus
Regarded as traitors by Patriots– Estates were confiscated & sold (helped
finance the war)
Many joined the British army
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General Washington at Bay July 1776 – British fleet arrives in NY with
500 ships & 35,000 men– Washington – 18,000 ill trained troops– Outgeneraled & outmaneuvered
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Battle of Long Island Washington escaped to Manhattan Island &
eventually to the Delaware River General William Howe (British)
– Decided not to pursue Washington
Washington recrossed the ice-clogged Delaware
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Battles Trenton Dec. 26, 1776
– Washington surprised & captured 1000 Hessians
Princeton ( 1 week later)– Surprise attack, victory for America
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Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion Goal – to capture Hudson River Valley
(1777) General Burgoyne was to push down from
Canada & he would be joined by General Howe– Howe didn’t show up
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Washington Moves his army to Philadelphia Defeated at Brandywine Creek & Germantown Moves his troops to Valley Forge for the winter
– Baron von Steuben whipped men into shape
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Battle of Saratoga Oct. 17, 1777
– General Burgoyne forced to surrender at Saratoga to General Horatio Gates
Importance of Saratoga1. Revived the colonial cause
2. Made possible foreign aid from France
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French Aid
Secretly provided Americans with lifesaving amounts of gun powder & other munitions – 90% of gunpowder used
Declaration of Independence & Battle of Saratoga showed France that colonists were serious
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Britain offered colonists American home rule within the empire
1778 – France offered America a treaty of alliance (Good idea?)
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Colonial War = World War
1779 – Spain & Holland enter war against Britain 1780 – Catherine the Great of Russia
– Armed Neutrality – lined up almost all the remaining European neutrals against England
June 1778 – Britain evacuates Philadelphia to concentrate in NY City– Washington remained in NY
Summer 1780 – Comte de Rochambeau (French) arrived in Rhode Island– Americans still a little suspicious
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Traitor 1780 – Benedict Arnold turned traitor
– Plotted to sell out West Point for $ & officer’s commission
– Plot detected
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In the South
British decided to start in the South & move up– Took Georgia (’78-79) & Charleston (’80)
Americans Victorious – Cowpen’s –1/17/1780– King’s Mountain – 10-7-1780
Nathanael Greene (A) & Charles Cornwallis (B)– Greene “Fighting Quaker” cleared British out of
Georgia & SC
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Elsewhere Land Frontier
Indians– Paid by King George
III to scalp colonists– George Rogers Clark
successful in attacks against Britain
Sea Frontier John Paul Jones
– Commanded American navy
– Destroyed British merchant shipping
Privateers – very successful
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Yorktown Cornwallis waited at Yorktown for supplies
– Washington & Rochambeau arrived by land
– Admiral de Grasse arrived by sea Oct. 19, 1781 - Cornwallis is forced to surrender Technically, the war is over
– George III continues for more than 1 year– British citizens are ready for war to end
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Peace leaders – Benjamin Franklin,
John Adams, John Jay
Instructed: make no peace & consult with France
France wanted a weak America (easier to manage)
John Jay becomes suspicious of France & makes a deal with Britain
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Treaty of Paris of 1783
Britain recognized independence of US
Increased landholdings:– West- Mississippi– North – Great Lakes– South – Spanish Florida
Share fisheries in Newfoundland
Loyalists were not to be persecuted & land restored– Not followed
Debts owed to British creditors be paid– Not followed