American Colonial Period: Settling American Colonial Period: Settling AmericaAmerica

Native AmericansNative AmericansRelations with European Settlers:Relations with European Settlers:

- varied from place to place – sometimes coexisting and - varied from place to place – sometimes coexisting and sometimes in conflictsometimes in conflict

- Differing cultural values led to problems- Differing cultural values led to problems

Trade:Trade:

- Europeans initially depended on trade with Native peoples for - Europeans initially depended on trade with Native peoples for survival - Some native tribes, such as the survival - Some native tribes, such as the IroquoisIroquois, came to , came to

dominate areas of trade with the Europeansdominate areas of trade with the Europeans

Alliances:Alliances:

-various alliances between native people and European powers -various alliances between native people and European powers existed, failed, and became created again and again over timeexisted, failed, and became created again and again over time

- - Iroquois alliancesIroquois alliances helped them dominate the fur trade in helped them dominate the fur trade in the northeastthe northeast

-- The Powhatan ConfederacyThe Powhatan Confederacy influenced the initial survival influenced the initial survival of the Jamestown Colonyof the Jamestown Colony

Africans

Free Blacks:Free Blacks:

early Africans were considered “indentured early Africans were considered “indentured servants” – freed when their contract endedservants” – freed when their contract ended

Enslaved Blacks:Enslaved Blacks:

- Large plantation farms in the south required many - Large plantation farms in the south required many workersworkers

- Africans were brought to work on these farms as - Africans were brought to work on these farms as enslaved workersenslaved workers

- smaller farms and a more diverse economy required - smaller farms and a more diverse economy required less slaves in the northern coloniesless slaves in the northern colonies

The EuropeansThe Europeans► Came for religious, political and economic Came for religious, political and economic

reasonsreasons► Many different cultures were represented in Many different cultures were represented in

the coloniesthe colonies► The The EnglishEnglish culture dominated culture dominated

► New EnglandNew England MassachusettsMassachusetts New HampshireNew Hampshire Rhode IslandRhode Island ConnecticutConnecticut

► Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies New YorkNew York PennsylvaniaPennsylvania New JerseyNew Jersey DelawareDelaware MarylandMaryland

► Southern Southern ColoniesColonies VirginiaVirginia North CarolinaNorth Carolina South CarolinaSouth Carolina GeorgiaGeorgia

LIFE IN THE AMERICAN LIFE IN THE AMERICAN COLONIESCOLONIES

Common Characteristics Common Characteristics of Colonial Government of Colonial Government

► Parliament and the KingParliament and the King – ultimately ruled the – ultimately ruled the colonies & had veto power over colonial lawscolonies & had veto power over colonial laws

► Colonial ChartersColonial Charters outlined basic relationship that outlined basic relationship that existed between colony & the crownexisted between colony & the crown Royal ColoniesRoyal Colonies

►Under direct authority & rule of the king’s Under direct authority & rule of the king’s gov’t.gov’t.

Proprietary ColoniesProprietary Colonies►Under authority of individuals granted Under authority of individuals granted

ownership by kingownership by king Corporate or Charter ColoniesCorporate or Charter Colonies

►Operated by joint-stock companiesOperated by joint-stock companies

Colonial Legislatures made laws Colonial Legislatures made laws for the day to day operation of for the day to day operation of

the colonythe colony 2 houses (except in Pennsylvania) 2 houses (except in Pennsylvania)

►Upper House – appointed by governorUpper House – appointed by governor►Lower House – elected by the people; had Lower House – elected by the people; had

“power of the purse” (Controlled the $ !!!)“power of the purse” (Controlled the $ !!!)

Colonial Legislatures (2 houses)(law making bodies)

Upper HouseUpper House Lower Lower HouseHouse(Governor’s Council)(Governor’s Council) (Legislative (Legislative Assemblies)Assemblies)

- - appointed by Governorappointed by Governor - - “power of the “power of the purse”purse” with King’s consentwith King’s consent ($)($)

VOTERS VOTERS (Adult, free, white males who owned property)

ECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC CONDITIONS

►MERCANTILISMMERCANTILISM Colonies exist to benefit Mother CountryColonies exist to benefit Mother Country No colonial manufacturingNo colonial manufacturing Colonies are source of cheap raw materialsColonies are source of cheap raw materials England exports more expensive England exports more expensive

manufactured goodsmanufactured goods Favorable balance of tradeFavorable balance of trade (value of (value of

exports greater than value of imports)exports greater than value of imports) England controlled currency (“hard” England controlled currency (“hard”

currency – gold & silver, and “soft” currency – gold & silver, and “soft” currency – paper)currency – paper)

Navigation Acts (1650 – Navigation Acts (1650 – 1673)1673) ►Established rules for colonial tradeEstablished rules for colonial trade

Trade to & from colonies carried only by Trade to & from colonies carried only by English or colonial built English or colonial built shipsships, operated only , operated only by English or colonial by English or colonial crewscrews

All goods imported into the colonies must All goods imported into the colonies must pass through ports in Englandpass through ports in England

““Enumerated” goodsEnumerated” goods from colonies must from colonies must be exported to England only (ex. – tobacco)be exported to England only (ex. – tobacco)

BUT...BUT... SALUTARY NEGELECTSALUTARY NEGELECT: until late : until late 17631763, ,

England did not enforce many of Navigation England did not enforce many of Navigation Acts...colonial trade benefited both England Acts...colonial trade benefited both England and colonies... prosperity for both!!!and colonies... prosperity for both!!!

Triangular Trade: A 3 part Triangular Trade: A 3 part trade routetrade route

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHYREGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

New England – limited New England – limited farming – subsistence farming – subsistence level, logging, level, logging, shipbuilding, fishing, shipbuilding, fishing, tradingtrading

Middle – agricultural Middle – agricultural “breadbasket”- corn & “breadbasket”- corn & wheat; use of indentured wheat; use of indentured servants; trading centers servants; trading centers – NY & Philadelphia– NY & Philadelphia

Southern – large Southern – large plantations – cash crops plantations – cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo); (tobacco, rice, indigo); slaves used due to labor slaves used due to labor shortage; some small shortage; some small subsistence level farms subsistence level farms in the back countryin the back country

RELIGION IN THE COLONIESRELIGION IN THE COLONIES

►Predominantly Protestant sects Predominantly Protestant sects (Anglican/Church of England and (Anglican/Church of England and Congregationalists)Congregationalists)

►Some Catholics in Maryland – most Some Catholics in Maryland – most tolerant tolerant Maryland Act of TolerationMaryland Act of Toleration – – 1649 – All Christians welcomed in colony1649 – All Christians welcomed in colony

►Some Jewish settlers in NY and BostonSome Jewish settlers in NY and Boston►Several colonies had “established” or Several colonies had “established” or

“official” religions“official” religions

The Great Awakening (1730’s – The Great Awakening (1730’s – 1740’s)1740’s)

► Religious revival that Religious revival that spread throughout the spread throughout the coloniescolonies

► First shared common First shared common experience as experience as Americans!!!!Americans!!!!

► religious diversity ↑ religious diversity ↑ religious toleration ↑religious toleration ↑

► Belief that if people Belief that if people could make their own could make their own religiousreligious decisions, decisions, maybemaybe they could they could make their own make their own political decisions decisions

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS of 13 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS of 13 ColoniesColonies

►English cultureEnglish culture – language & traditions – language & traditions►Self-government with representative Self-government with representative

assembliesassemblies►Religious tolerationReligious toleration → varying degrees → varying degrees

of religious freedom (Massachusetts – of religious freedom (Massachusetts – least tolerant; Rhode Island and least tolerant; Rhode Island and Pennsylvania – most liberal)Pennsylvania – most liberal)

►No hereditary aristocracyNo hereditary aristocracy ►Social mobilitySocial mobility – opportunity to improve – opportunity to improve

their standard of living and social status their standard of living and social status by hard work (by hard work (Puritan work ethicPuritan work ethic))