American Federation of Labor(AFL)

this was an early union which hoped to organize all working men and women into a single union. This unionpursued social reforms like equal pay for equal work, 8 hour workday, and an end to child labor. They preferredto use political activity rather than strikes, however, it was a series of failed strikes that ultimately led to the

group's decline and disappearance in the 1890's.

Booker T.Washington

Washington was a former slave and a notable African American leader during the Progressive Period. Hefounded the Tuskegee Institute and advocated blacks advancing themselves through economic freedom attained

by excelling in teaching, agriculture, and blue collar fields. he did not oppose segregation and was greatlycriticized by certain African Americans like W.E.B DuBois

boycotts

This is the act of refusing to buy or pay for certain services or productsin the hopes of forcing producers to change their policies or action.

childlabor

this is a practice in which children, some as young as five, would have to work rather than go toschool for families to survive. It led to children missing out on school and becoming trapped in

poverty.

civilrights

These are the rights guaranteed to citizens under the USconstitution.

Clayton AntitrustAct

The law signed by Wilson in 1914 made strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts legal. It alsomeant that employers could no longer use antitrust laws to put down strikes or break up unions.

closed shopsThis is a workplace in which employerscan only hire union members, thereby

forcing employers to deal with the union.

collective bargaining

Collective bargaining is a process in which employees negotiate as a grouprather than as individuals in an effort to increase their bargaining power.

de factosegregation

This is segregation which is not officially sanctioned by lawbut rather evolves due to economic or social factors.

de juresegregation

This is segregation based on Jim Crow Laws.

DirectPrimary

A direct primary is the process by whichthe people choose the candidates forpublic office rather than having them bechosen by party bosses

disenfranchisement

The act of denying a certain group ofpeople the right to vote. It was a primarymeaning for suppressing AfricanAmerican in the South after the end ofreconstruction.

EighteenthAmendment

This amendment was added to the US Constitution during the Progressive Era; it prohibited themaking, selling, or transporting of alcoholic beverages. It was later repealed.

EugeneDebs

Debs was an influential union leader who was the head of the American Railway. Union and led thefamed Pullman strike. He eventually ran for presidents several times as a socialist.

Federal ReserveAct

This law was passed by Congress in 1913 established the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reservegave the government greater control over the circulation of money and helped prevent bank

failures.

grandfatherclauses

These were clauses stating that anyone who had voted in prior elections, or whose ancestors had voted, wereexempt from voting requirements. (i.e. poll taxes and literacy test) Since this usually only applied to whites,grandfather clauses were often used to enable poor literate whites to vote will still disenfranchising blacks.

Great Migration

This term applied to the period during WWI in which thousands of African Americans left the Southto migrate to the big cities of the North in search of jobs and opportunities created by the war.

Great Strike

The first major case of nationwide labor unrest, it occurred in 1877 and involved the nation'srailroad. President Hayes eventually sent in federal troops to put down the protests. It showed

business owners that they could appeal to the government for help in dealing with striking workers.

Haymarket Riot

The violent incident occurred in Chicago's Haymarket Square in 1886 as part of a national labor demonstration.During the rally, a bomb exploded and a riot broke out that resulted in several deaths. The incident turned public

opinion against the unions as many began to identify strikes with anarchy and violence.

Homestead Strike

This was a strike among steelworkers in 1892 at Carnegie's steel plat. It became violent withstrikers and Pinkerton agents started shooting at one another. The strike ended when the public

views the strikers as instigators of the violence.

Hull House

Hull House serves as a center from which poor workers and immigrant received needed help. Italso served a a launching pad for investigations into economic, political, and social conditions in

the city of Chicago.

Ida Wells-Barnett

Barnett was an advocate of civil rights and women's rights. She was also known for her campaignagainst segregation on railway cars prior to the plessy decision.

initiativeAn initiative is a process which allows forcitizens to force the state legislature to

vote on particular issue.

injuctions

Injunctions are court orders that forbade strikes becausethey violated the law of threatened public interests.

Jacob Riis

Riis was a photographer and writer who drew attention to thehorrible living conditions in city tenements.

Jane Addams

Addams opened Hull House in Chicago and aided poorworkers and immigrants.

Jim CrowLaws

These laws established segregation by requiring whites andblacks to use separate facilities.

labor unions

Labor unions were organizations of workers that arose during the age ofindustrialization. They were intended to protect the interest of members.

literacy test

These were test requiring citizens t prove they were literate before they would be allowed to vote.Since many African American in the 1800s and early 1900s were illiterate, these test effectively

disenfranchised blacks.

Mann-ElkinsAct

This was an act signed by President Taft which expanded the power of theInterstate Commerce Commission to regulate telephone and telegraph rates.

MarcusGarvey

Gravey was an important African American figure in the ProgressiveEra. He is perhaps best known for his "back to Africa" movement.

Muckrakers

The term was applied to writers of the Progressive Era who exposed abuses in government andindustry. The name was applied to them by President Theodore Roosevelt.

NAACP

Founded by W.E.B. DuBois and others in 1909, the organizationdevoted itself to the progress of Aferican Americans.

NineteenthAmendment

The stated ratified the 19th amendment to the Constitution in1920. It gave women the right to vote in national elections.

Plessy v.Ferguson

In this case 1896 Supreme Court case, the court ruled that de jure segregation is lawful as long asthe separate facilities/ services were equal. It meant that segregation was legal.

polltaxes

The technicality required members of a state to pay a special tax to before theycould vote. since most African Americans in the late 1800's and early 1900swere poor, poll taxes were an effective means of disenfranchising blacks.

Progressive Era

The progressive Era began about the beginning of the 1900's. During this period, governmentofficials and citizens called for reforms in business, politics, society, and economic reforms came

bout during this period.

ProgressiveParty

This was a third party formed by Progressive Republicans who supported Theodore Roosevelt for president in1912. Its platform reminded many of the old populist movement because they called for a number of reforms.

Among these were better working conditions, more regulation of business, women's suffrage, and an end to childlabor.

Pullman Strike

This was the last great nationwide strike. It involved the railroad industry and was led by Eugene Debs. The strikeended when the strikers disrupted the US mail and the president sent in federal troops to enforce federal

injunction against the union. This strike established the precedence of factory owners appealing to courts to endstrikes.

recall

A recall is a process accepted by manystates during the Progressive Era inwhich special elections could be held toremove corrupt officials from office beforetheir rime had expired.

Referendum

A referendum is a process adopted bymany states in which public officials areelected by popular vote rather than partybosses of state legislatures.

Samuel Gomper

Gomper was leader ofAFL.

secretballot

A secret ballot is a voting process inwhich individuals vote secretly, thereby

removing fear of reprisal.

segreation

This was separation of races (mostly notably in the USbetween whites and blacks)

SettlementHouses

Settlement Houses were houses in urban areas in which reformers wanting to serve the poor andimmigrants would live and from which they would assists the urban working class.

SeventeenthAmendment

This amendment added to the US Constitution during the Progressive Era established the electionof Senators directly by the people rather than by state legislatures.

SixteenthAmendment

This amendment added to the US Constitution during theProgressive Era established the federal income tax.

strikes

Strikes were a method used by unions in which employeesrefused to to report for work until certain demands are met.

Susan B Anthony

Susan B. Anthony was one of the most recognized leaders ofthe women's suffrage movement.

Temperance Movement

This was a movement that originally wanted to limit, andeventually advocated eliminating, alcohol.

TheodoreRoosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest man ever to be elected as president. e was perceived assiding with strikers rather than management during the Anthracite Coal Mine Strike of 1902.

W.E.B DuBois

DuBois was the first black PhD from Harvard, an African American leader who disagreed with Booker T.Washington and felt the blacks must seek to achieve intellectually as well. He advocated legal, social, and

political activity on the part of African American, and he criticized Washington for his acceptance of segregation.He started the Niagara Movement and was the key figure in founding the NAACP.

William HowardTaft

Williams Howard Taft was elected presidentafter Roosevelt. Like his good friendRoosevelt, he also championed a number ofprogressive causes; however he could nevergain the full support of Progressives within theRepublican party and lost the 1912 election.

Woman's Suffrage Movement

This was a reform movement hat called for women to have theright to vote. It led to the passage of the 19th amendment.

Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson won the 1912 election and opposed both big business and biggovernment. His supported Congress in passing the Federal Reserve Act.