Chapter 12 Industry and Chapter 12 Industry and the North 1800–1840the North 1800–1840

French’s Interpretation of the United States Early 19th Century

Lafayette visited the United States in 1824. He had a 13 month tour became a triumphant Jubilee of Liberty. Since 1784 when he had seen the nation’s population had tripled to nearly 12 million and land had doubled. America had changed.

The Transportation Revolution

A New EconomyA New EconomyRoads and SteamboatsThe Erie Canal

Roads

Shun Pikes were short detours that enabled residents to avoid tollgates. Most private toll roads never turned a profit. Even on the new roads, horse drawn wagons remained an inefficient mode of getting goods to market.

In 1806 Congress authorized the construction of the paved National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to the Old Northwest. It reached Wheeling on the Ohio River, in 1818 and by 1838 extended to Illinois where it ended

An 1810 advertisement for a stagecoach routelinking Boston and Sandwich

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5FDMIDcyn0

Canals

In the 1800s it took fifty days to move goods from Cincinnati to New York City via a flatboat ride down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. Prior to this there was no great amount of trade 30 miles inlet from Atlantic. Canals, Stage coaches and Roads were used.

Painted around 1850, this work depicts the city of Lowell,Massachusetts

Robert Fulton was born on a farm in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, on November 14, 1765. He had at least three sisters – Isabella, Elizabeth, and Mary, and a younger brother, Abraham. His father, Robert, had been a close friend to the father of painter Benjamin West. Fulton later met West in England and they became friends.[3]

Fulton stayed in Philadelphia for six years, where he painted portraits and landscapes, drew houses and machinery, and was able to send money home to help support his mother. In 1785 he bought a farm at Hopewell, Pennsylvania for £80 Sterling and moved his mother and family onto it. While in Philadelphia, he met Benjamin Franklin and other prominent Revolutionary War figures. At age 23 he decided to visit Europe.[3]

Education and work[edit] A drawing of Fulton's invention NautilusHe took several letters of introduction to Americans abroad from the individuals he had met in Philadelphia. He had already corresponded with Benjamin West, a portrait artist, and West took Fulton into his home, where Fulton lived for several years. West had become well known and introduced Fulton to many others. Fulton gained many commissions painting portraits and landscapes, which allowed him to support himself, but he continually experimented with mechanical inventions.[3]

He published a pamphlet about canals and patented a dredging machine and several other inventions. In 1797 he went to Paris where his fame as an inventor was well known. In Paris, Fulton studied French, German, mathematics and chemistry. He began to design torpedoes and submarines. In Paris, Fulton met James Rumsey, who sat for a portrait in the studio of Benjamin West where Robert Fulton was an apprentice. Rumsey was an inventor from Virginia who ran his own first steamboat in Shepherdstown (now in West Virginia) in 1786. As early as 1793, Fulton proposed plans for steam-powered vessels to both the United States and British governments, and in England he met the Duke of Bridgewater, whose canal was used for trials of a steam tug, and who later ordered steam tugs from William Symington. Symington had successfully tried steamboats in 1788, and it seems probable that Fulton was aware of these developments. The first successful trial run of a steamboat had been made by inventor John Fitch on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787, in the presence of delegates from the Constitutional Convention. It was propelled by a bank of oars on either side of the boat. The following year Fitch launched a 60-foot (18 m) boat powered by a steam engine driving several stern mounted oars. These oars paddled in a manner similar to the motion of a swimming duck's feet. With this boat he carried up to thirty passengers on numerous round-trip voyages between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey.

Fitch was granted a patent on August 26, 1791, after a battle with Rumsey, who had created a similar invention. Unfortunately the newly created Patent Commission did not award the broad monopoly patent that Fitch had asked for, but a patent of the modern kind, for the new design of Fitch's steamboat. It also awarded patents to Rumsey and John Stevens for their steamboat designs, and the loss of a monopoly caused many of Fitch's investors to leave his company. While his boats were mechanically successful, Fitch failed to pay sufficient attention to construction and operating costs and was unable to justify the economic benefits of steam navigation. It was Fulton who would turn Fitch's idea profitable decades later. Location and plaque of the Fulton experiment of 9 August 1803.In 1797, Fulton went to France, where Claude de Jouffroy had made a working paddle steamer in 1783, and commenced experimenting with submarine torpedoes and torpedo boats. Fulton is the inventor of the first panorama to be shown in Paris, which was complete by 1800 Vue de Paris depuis les Tuilerie painted by Pierre Prévost, Jean Mouchet and Denis Fontaine. The street where his panorama was shown is still called "'Rue des Panoramas'" (Panorama Street) today.[4]

Fulton designed the first working submarine, the Nautilus between 1793 and 1797, while living in France. When tested his submarine went underwater for 17 minutes in 25 feet of water. He asked the government to subsidize its construction but he was turned down twice. Eventually he approached the Minister of Marine himself and in 1800 was granted permission to build.[5] The shipyard Perrier in Rouen built it and it sailed first in July 1800 on the Seine river in the same city.

A watercolor from 1830 depicts the Erie Canal fiveyears after it opened.

19th century boats were better built and could go faster and farther

Cutter Ships were part of the 1800s made sea faring to go faster

Railroads and Communication

A New EconomyA New EconomyRailroads and the Telegraph

Railroad tracks pre-1850

Increase of building of Railroads in Northern United States

South Carolina Canal and Railroad which stretched from Charles across the state to Hamburg first long distant railroad

Market Economy

Market SocietyMarket SocietyCommercial Farmers

Moses Brown Providence, Rhode Island Moses Brown and his son in law William Almy began investments in the Iron Industry in Providence, Rhode Island and made handsome profits.

Founded in 1764 prior to American independence from the British Empire as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Brown is the third oldest institution of higher education in New England and seventh oldest in the United States.[5] The university consists of The College, Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, and the Brown University School of Public Health. Brown's international programs are organized through the Watson Institute for International Studies.

Astor took advantage of the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States in 1794, which opened new markets in Canada and the Great Lakes region. Then in London, Astor at once made a contract with the North West Company, who from Montreal rivaled the trade interests of the Hudson's Bay Company, then out of London. He imported furs from Montreal to New York and shipped them to Europe.[13] By 1800, he had amassed almost a quarter of a million dollars, and had become one of the leading figures in the fur trade. In 1800, following the example of the Empress of China, the first American trading vessel to China, Astor traded furs, teas, and sandalwood with Canton in China, and greatly benefited from it.

The U.S. Embargo Act in 1807, however, disrupted his import/export business. With the permission of President Thomas Jefferson, Astor established the American Fur Company on April 6, 1808. He later formed subsidiaries: the Pacific Fur Company, and the Southwest Fur Company (in which Canadians had a part), in order to control fur trading in the Columbia River and Great Lakes areas.

His Columbia River trading post at Fort Astoria (established in April 1811) was the first United States community on the Pacific coast. He financed the overland Astor Expedition in 1810–12 to reach the outpost. Members of the expedition were to discover South Pass, through which hundreds of thousands of settlers on the Oregon, Mormon, and California trails passed through the Rocky Mountains.

Astor's fur trading ventures were again disrupted, when the British captured his trading posts during the War of 1812. In 1816, he joined the opium smuggling trade. His American Fur Company purchased ten tons of Turkish opium, then shipped the contraband item to Canton on the packet ship Macedonian. Astor later left the China opium trade and sold solely to England.[14]

Astor's business rebounded in 1817 after the U.S. Congress passed a protectionist law that barred foreign traders from U.S. territories. The American Fur Company came to dominate trading in the area around the Great Lakes. In 1822, Astor established the Astor House on Mackinac Island as headquarters for the reorganized American Fur Company, making the island a metropolis of the fur trade. A lengthy description based on documents, diaries etc. was given by Washington Irving in his travelogue Astoria. Astor's commercial connections extended over the entire globe, and his ships were found in every sea.[9]

In 1804, Astor purchased from Aaron Burr what remained of a 99-year lease on property in Manhattan. At the time, Burr was serving as vice president under Thomas Jefferson and desperately needed the purchase price of $62,500. The lease was to run until 1866. Astor began subdividing the land into nearly 250 lots and subleased them. His conditions were that the tenant could do whatever they wish with the lots for twenty-one years, after which they must renew the lease or Astor would take back the lot.

John Aster’s Mansion

Astoria, Oregon was the Fur Trading Center of the World. John Jacob Astor made money from this system.

Lynn Massachusetts Mechanics Bank founded in 1814 by a group of Lynn’s Quaker merchants that served local clients.

Lynn Massachusetts Merchants Bank was able to loan money to Lowell and Wathum Mills company.

Putting Out System

Lynn was a major center of the shoe industry in 1800 produced 400,000 pair of shoes industry enough for every fifth person in the country . Skilled craftsmen in Lynn controlled production through the traditional system of apprenticeship. The Putting-system was a part of this.

A group of shoemakers with their tools,photographed in 1837.

In 1837 33,000 Massachusetts women braided pale leaf hats whereas only 20,000 worked in the state’s cotton textile mills.

Spread of putting out system meant a loss of independence for artisans such as those in Lynn, Massachusetts, New England farm families liked it. From their point of view the work could easily be combined with domestic work and pay was a new source of income.

The Yankee West

A New EconomyA New EconomyThe Rise of the West

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q16OZkgSXfM&list=PLdHMuROl08tFnEkYn7cJoqIVhdym1FZta

Those who purchased land acquired it either from the federal government at the price after 1829 of $1.25 per acre payable in cash or from land speculators on long term credit. By 1840 settlement had reached the Mississippi river and two large new regions the Old North west and Old Southwest

The easy terms of federal land sales were an important inducement terms eased from an initial rate of $2.00 per for a minimum of 320 acres in 1800 to $1.25 an acres for 80 acres in 1820. Most farmers could not pay for this land so farmers were given easy or soft credit. This problem will cause the panic of 1837.

Between 1840 and 1860 America’s output of Wheat nearly tripled. Unlike cotton however the bulk of the crop was consumed within the country. Eastern farmers unable to grow wheat and corn as their western counterparts concentrated on dairy fruits and vegetables

Washington and Lee University has a statue of Cyrus McCormick as a pioneer of American Technology

Growing Industrial Cities: Transportation After Western Cities

Market SocietyMarket SocietyThe Growth of Cities

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNftCCwAol0

French Quarters and New Orleans Currency

Chicago one of the cities that grew at an incredible rate. By 1860, it had reached a population and 100,000. Railroads, inventions and water ways were the reasons.

Like New Orleans, St, Louis, Chicago, Cleveland was important city of trade and its population rose exponentially during 1800-1860’s.

Growth of New York was an example of the growth of cities. The number of cities with populations exceeding 5,000 rose from 12 in 1820 to nearly 150 three decades later. The urban population number more than 6 million

Outing on the Hudson, painted by an unknownartist around 1850.

A view of New York City

A painting of Cincinnati, self-styled QueenCity of the West, from 1835.

Industrialization Begins

-Markets- Industrialization- Cultural Change

Are the three parts of the Industrial Revolution.

In 1789 Samuel Slater who had just finished an apprenticeship in the most up to date cotton spinning factory in England disguised himself as a farm laborer and slipped out of England without even telling his mother and fiancée. In Providence Rhode Island he met Moses Brown and William Almy who waned to start up a factory.

Lowell Plant

Walthum Factory 1814 a solution to Embargo Act

Family Mills

Market SocietyMarket SocietyThe Industrial WorkerThe “Mill Girls”

Slater Mills

Mill Girls Mill Girls

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkJwOYagvuI

Lowell MillsLowell Mills

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkJwOYagvuI

A photograph from around 1860 of four anonymousworking women.

Mill on the Brandywine, an 1830 watercolorof a Pennsylvania paper mill.

Women at work tending machines in the Lowelltextile mills.

A broadside from 1853, illustrating thelong hours of work

The American System of Manufactures

Eli Whitney’s Museum and interchangeable parts

Milling Machine that could grind arts to the required specification and brought the concept to fruition. John Hall and Simeon North were pioneers in this machine

John Hall's contract for 1,000 rifles was completed in 1825.[1] When a three-man committee deployed by the US Ordnance Department to verify Hall’s process in fulfilling his rifle contract visited Harpers Ferry, they were floored by his results, and especially the machines. They lauded Hall’s “system, in the manufacture of small arms, [as] entirely novel,” and one which could yield “the most beneficial results to the Country, especially, if carried into effect on a large scale”.[2]

A trial was devised to test the rate of fire of Hall's breech-loading rifles in comparison to muzzle loading rifles and Army-issue muzzle loading muskets. A company of 38 men were given 10 minutes to load and fire at targets 100 yards distant. The company scored 164 hits (33% of the 464 shots fired) with conventional muzzle-loading rifles, and 208 hits (25% of the 845 shots fired) with the faster loading, but less accurate, army-issue smooth-bore muskets, in comparison to 430 hits (36% of the 1198 shots fired) with Hall's rifles.[1]

Hall's rifle works design worked so well as to undergo minimal change through the end of the Model 1819’s run in 1853.[3] By 1842, 23,500 rifles and 13,682 Hall-North carbines had been produced, most at Harper's ferry, earning Hall nearly $40,000 in royalty and patent-licensing fees. Despite a significant increase in rate of fire over muzzle-loading rifles and muskets, Hall's rifle design suffered from a gas leak around the interface of the removable chamber and the bore, resulting in the necessity of a heavier powder charge that still produced much less muzzle velocity than its muzzle-loading competition. No serious efforts were made to develop a seal to reduce the loss of gas from the breech. The penetrating ability of its .52-caliber ball for the rifle was only one-third of that of the muzzle-loaders, and the muzzle velocity of the carbine was 25 percent lower than that of the Jenks carbine despite having similar barrel lengths and identical 70-grain powder charges.

Pat Lyon at the Forge, an 1826–1827 painting of aprosperous blacksmith.

From Artisan to Worker

Wage earnings rose from 12% to 40% from 1800 to 1860. Most of these workers were employed in the North and almost half were women

When Lowell began operation 97% of all Americans still lived on farms and most work was done in or near the home.

Mechanization and Gender

By 1850 in New York City, many formerly skilled trades including shoemaking, weaving, silver smiting, pottery making and cabinetmaking were filled with unskilled low paid workers who did one specialized operation or tended machinery

Brooks Brothers clothing store which started in 1818 in Manhattan. The famous men’s clothing firm had seventy inside workers in a model central workshop the firm relied primarily on 3,000 putting out home work stations

Time Work and Leisure

Factory workers gradually adjusted to having their lives regulated by the sound of the factory bell but they did not like their work. 15% of working hours were absentee.

Community wide celebrations and casual sociality still common in rural areas began to be replaced in cities by spectator sports horse racing boxing and beginning baseball. Also minstrel shows, circuses ,and

Free Labor

Early Strikes

The Massachusetts legislature ignored the ten hour a day proposal even when presented with a petition in 1846 that had 10,000 signatures 4,000 from Lowell women. But in 1847 legislators in New Hampshire responding to a petition from women workers in Nashua who had refused to work after “lighting up” made theirs the first state to enact a ten hour day. Law. Mine followed in 1848 and Pennsylvania in 1849

The Shoemakers’ Strike in Lynn—Procession

Although most workers were exploited with the factory system there was a beginning of free market labor. People could quite their jobs and accept another. 50% of factory workers changed their jobs yearly.

The New Middle Class

Wealth and Rank

The Market Revolution downgraded many independent artisans. Formerly independent artisans or farmers joined the rapidly growing ranks of managers and white collar such as accountants, bank tellers, and insurance agents. Occupational opportunities shifted dramatically I just one generation .

In Utica New York 16% of the city’s young men held white collar jobs in 1855 compared with only 6 percent of their fathers.

No More Grinding the Poor—But Liberty and theRights of Man

The Limits of ProsperityThe Limits of ProsperityThe Early Labor MovementThe “Liberty of Living”

An 1837 copy of a color drawing that accompanieda patent application

Religion and Personal Life

The Free IndividualThe Free IndividualThe Second Great AwakeningThe Awakening’s Impact

Religious Camp Meeting, a watercolor from the late 1830s

Das neue Jerusalem

The New Middle-Class Family: Women

Catharine Beecher’s A treatise on Domestic Economy 1841 became the standard housekeeping guide for a generation of middle class American women. In it Beecher combined innovative ideas for house hold design especially in the kitchen

The Limits of ProsperityThe Limits of ProsperityThe Cult of Domesticity

The Crowning of Flora, a painting from 1816

The Limits of ProsperityThe Limits of ProsperityLiberty and Prosperity

The Limits of ProsperityThe Limits of ProsperityWomen and Work

A woman with a sewing machine, in anundated photograph.

An 1827 engraving designed to show the feasibilityof railroads

Lagonda Agricultural Works

An image from a female infant’s 1830

In Utica, New York there were popular organizations which enabled women to form strong networks sustained by mutual advice and publications as Mother’s Monthly Journal put out by the Baptists.

Juliann Jane Tillman, a preacher in the AfricanMethodist Episcopal Church

Transcendentalism and Harper’s Magazine

The Free IndividualThe Free IndividualThe TranscendentalistsIndividualism

"The American Scholar" was a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson on August 31, 1837, to the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was invited to speak in recognition of his groundbreaking work Nature, published a year earlier, in which he established a new way for America's fledgling society to regard the world. Sixty years after declaring independence, American culture was still heavily influenced by Europe, and Emerson, for possibly the first time in the country's history, provided a visionary philosophical framework for escaping "from under its iron lids" and building a new, distinctly American cultural identity.

The daguerreotype, an early form of photography

Official Seal of Arkansas and Title Page of Walden