AMERICAN PERIOD1898 – 1941, 1945-1946

Latin American Wars of Independence (1810-1824)

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1810-1816

1817-1818

1810-1824

1810-1823

1811-1822

Spanish West Indies

Spanish East Indies

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)• Americans were aware of

Cuba’s struggle for independence (1895-1898).

• The United States intervened when an American battleship Maine stationed in Cuba was blown up resulting to the death of 246 Americans.

• Declaration of war: April 21, 1898.

Spanish-American War in the Philippines

Battle at Manila Bay (May 1, 1898)• First major engagement of the Spanish-

American War.

• American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón.

“ The first battle of the Spanish-American War thrilled the American nation. The American people believed we have driven Spain out of the Philippines….. The American people did not know whether the Philippines were islands or something to eat”.

FILIPINOSMay 1898• Aguinaldo returns to

the Philippines

June 1898• June 12 declaration

of Independence and creation of the First Republic of the Philippines as a government.

AMERICANSMay 1898• Battle at Manila Bay

July 1898• Spanish – American

Secret Agreement

August 1898• Mock Battle of

Manila – Spaniards’ surrender to the Americans

Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)• Ended the Spanish-American War.• In accordance with the treaty:

−Spain gave up all rights to Cuba −US exercise indefinite colonial

authority over Puerto Rico and the Spanish East Indies.

−Surrendered the Philippines to the United States for a payment of 20 million dollars.

• Treaty was ratified Feb.6, 1899.

Benevolent Assimilation (Dec.21, 1898)

• first American policy that expressly indicated the intention of the US to stay in the Philippines by exercising political control over the Filipinos and its government.

• The First Republic of the Philippines under Pres. Aguinaldo saw this declaration as an intrusion of the US to the sovereignty of the Philippines.

“Troubles which may Follow an Imperial Policy”, New York Herald, July 3, 1898

• Political leaders in the Philippines and changing policies in the United States government resulted to the end of the idea of the Benevolent Assimilation

• “little brown brothers” – Americans’ term for the Filipinos

(Some) FILIPINO POLITICIANS/PERSONALITIES active during the American

PeriodThe ilustrados, educated and rich elite • Manuel Quezon• Sergio Osmeña• Jose P. Laurel• Manuel Roxas• Elpidio Quirino• Benigno Aquino Sr.• Jose Abad Santos• Carlos P. Romulo

Filipino-American War (1899-1902)• Start : San Juan Bridge Incident (feb.4, 1899)• Aguinaldo was considered as a rebel by the

Americans.• Capital of the First Republic moved from

Malolos to San Isidro (Nueva Ecija) to Tarlac to Bayambang (Pangasinan) Palanan (Isabela).

• Gregorio Del Pilar- the hero of Tirad Pass• Aguinaldo was arrested March 23, 1901 in

Isabela and took the oath of allegiance on April 1.

• Last resistance of the Filipinos : 1902 led by Miguel Malvar

GOVERNMENTS UNDER THE AMERICANS

American Military Government(1898 – 1901)• Military government led by the military

governor• 4 military governors : Merritt, Otis, Arthur

MacArthur, Chaffee

American Insular Government (1901 – 1935)• Led by the governor general appointed by the

US president.• The Philippines was an unincorporated territory

(insular) of the United States. • Governor generals served the colony : 16

“School Begins”, Puck Magazine, January 25, 1899,

TOWARDS AUTONOMYPhilippine Autonomy Act of 1916 or Jones Law• Proposed for the independence of the

Philippines as soon as a stable government is established.

• It created a bicameral Philippine Legislature (Congress)

Wood-Forbes Mission (1921)• Fact finding mission to look into the affairs and

condition of the Philippines• Conclusion : Filipinos were not yet prepared for

independence and the educated Filipinos wished to remain under the American tutelage.

Pres. William Howard Taft to Pres Woodrow Wilson• Taft followed the 1898 policy of Benevolent

Assimilation.

• After succeeding Taft, Pres. Wilson (1913 – 1921) changed the policy regarding the Philippine colony issue− The United States in the Philippines is temporary

and process leading to Philippine independence should be made.

• Policy of the United States to withdraw her sovereignty as soon as a stable government is established, manned and supported by Filipinos.

Campaign for IndependenceCommission of Independence sent missions to the

US Congress• 1919 – First Parliamentary Mission to the US

led by Senate President Quezon and Sen. Rafael Palma

• 1922 – 2nd Parliamentary Mission led by Quezon and Osmeña

• 1923• 1924• 1925• 1931-1933 – Os-Rox Mission

− Led to the passage of the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act

Hare- Hawes Cutting Act (1933, law 1934)

• First US law passed for the decolonization of the Philippines

• Politically : Establishment of 10-year Commonwealth period to serve as a transition government

• Military: reserved military and naval based for the US

• Economically : impose tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports

Transition to IndependenceCommonwealth

Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)• Primarily, this act led to the creation of the

Commonwealth of the Philippines

• Nov. 15, 1935 – Commonwealth inaugurated with Manuel Quezon as president and Sergio Osmeña as vice president

• Commonwealth Government ; 1935 – 1945

World War II in the PhilippinesJAPANESE PERIOD

(1941 – 1945)

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

• On July 4, 1946, the Third Philippine Republic was inaugurated at Luneta Park.

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