French & Indian War (Seven Years War in Europe)• French w/ Algonquin & Iroquois tribes vs. English w/ American

colonists. British victory changed the boundaries of America in Britain's favor.

Thomas Paine• Urged American colonists to support the movement for

independence.

Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture• Former slave that led a successful slave revolt in Hati. Was later

captured by the French and imprisoned in France.

Jacques Dessalines• Former slave that proclaimed Hati a free republic and named himself

governor-general for life.

Hati• Became first independent nation in Latin America by defeating the

French.

Simon Bolivar• Helped establish a national congress which declared independence

from Spain in Venezuela. Defeated the Royalists in civil war and won freedom for Gran Colombia.

Royalists• Supporters of the Spanish crown that declared civil war in Venezuela.

Gran Colombia• Modern day Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

Jose de San Martin• Creole that led independence movement against Spain in Argentina.

Helped Bernardo O' Higgins in Chile with his movement and Simon Bolivar in Peru.

Pedro II• Ruler of Brazil, made coffee a major export, abolished slavery, which

incensed the land owning class that revolted against him and established a republic.

Miguel Hidalgo• Led a revolt against the Spanish rule in Mexico, but the Spanish

effectively resisted and executed him.

Jose Morelos• Picked up where Miguel Hidalgo left off against loyalists in Mexico,

but was turned on by the land owning class when he made clear his intentions to redistribute the land to the poor. Also was executed.

Treaty of Cordoba• Spain was forced to recognize and grant independence of Mexico and

C. America, ending its dominance in Latin America.

Monroe Doctrine• State of the Union address given by US President Monroe declaring

the western hemisphere was off-limits to European aggression.