american university in dubai a school of engineering...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
American University in DubaiA School of Engineering
Infrastructure Sustainability and Assessment Center
Service Life Assessment of Concrete Structures in the GCC Countries
By
Mohamad Nagi
![Page 2: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Corrosive Environment
![Page 3: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is DurabilityDurability by definition is the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties
![Page 4: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Degradation Mechanisms
Chemical attack
• Leaching• Acid and base attack• Alkali-silica reactions• Delayed ettringite formation• Sulfate attack• Steel reinforcement corrosion
Physical attack
• Salt crystallization• Freezing-and-thawing attack• Abrasion, erosion, and
cavitation• Thermal damage
![Page 5: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Degradation Mechanisms
Chemical attack
• Leaching• Acid and base attack• Alkali-silica reactions• Delayed ettringite formation• Sulfate attack• Steel reinforcement corrosion
Physical attack
• Salt crystallization• Freezing-and-thawing attack• Abrasion, erosion, and
cavitation• Thermal damage
![Page 6: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Alkali Silica ReactivityThis is caused by reaction of certain aggregates with alkali in cement to form expansive gel that eventually leads to craking
![Page 7: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sulphate AttackA reaction between sulphate ions and calcium hydroxide and form gypsum and ettringite.
BRE and ACI 201 Classification in UAE
Low w/c ration and use of SCM
![Page 8: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What is CorrosionWhat is Corrosion
Deterioration of a material as a result of reaction with its environment-M.G. Fontana
Destructive attack of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment-H.H. Uhling.
Metal corrode because they have a strong driving force to return to their natural state
![Page 9: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Requirements for Corrosion
Cathode
Anode
Electrolyte
Electrical connection between anode and cathode
![Page 10: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Definition of Anode&Cathode
Loss of electrons is oxidation
Gain of electrons is reduction
![Page 11: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Cathode and anode sites co-exist on the Steel
The steel is the conductor, and
Concrete acts as electrolyte
Passivity layer is damaged by chloride ions
![Page 12: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
-ClO2H2O
![Page 13: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
-ClO2H2O
![Page 14: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
United Corrosion Technologies ©2010
![Page 15: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Why Should We Care About CorrosionWhy Should we Care about Corrosion
Safety
Conservation of Resources
Cost
![Page 16: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cost of Corrosion in the GCC States-2004Kingdom of Bahrain 0.5 B.
State of Kuwait 2.17 B.
Sultanate of Oman 1.3 B.
State of Qatar 1.1 B.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 13.0 B.
United Arab Emirates 3.7 B.
![Page 17: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Environment
Depletion of iron ore resources
Concrete carbon foot-print
![Page 18: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Service Life
One Century of Service Life
Is Required???
![Page 19: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Codes are not written for our environment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg Temp (Degrees C)
UAE
London
New York
![Page 20: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Water SalinityRef. King Fahed University of Petroleum and Minerals
BlackSea
Med.Sea
NorthSea
AtlanticOcean
ArabianGulf
Red Sea
Cl- 9,500 21,270 16,550 20,000 36,900 22,660
SO3 1,362 2,596 2,220 2,180 5,120 3,050
![Page 21: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Saline GroundwaterRef.CONCRETE SOCIETY – CS163 (Guide to the Design of Concrete Structures in the
Arabian Peninsula) table 5 - P. 15
SITE Cl- mg/Lin groundwater
SO4-2 mg/L
in groundwaterBurj Khalifa 17-90,000 2800-5900
Emirates Towers 66-81,000 1760-6330
Doha Convention Centre 31,000 4100(max)
Dubai Tower (Qatar) 6,400-30,000 1430-3600
Aweer 9,200 Not Measured
![Page 22: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Service LifeService Life
The period of time during which a structure meets or exceeds the minimum requirements set for it
Requirements limitation can be technical, functional or economical
Durability
ASR Sulfate attack Corrosion
![Page 23: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
![Page 24: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
Time
Loss
of c
ross
-Sec
tion
Concrete CoverDiffusion Coefficient
![Page 25: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
Time
Loss
of c
ross
-Sec
tion
Chloride ThresholdConcrete Cover
Diffusion Coefficient
![Page 26: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
Time
Loss
of c
ross
-Sec
tion
Concrete CoverDiffusion Coefficient
Chloride Threshold
Corrosion Rate(µm/year)
End of Service Life
![Page 27: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
Time
Loss
of c
ross
-Sec
tion
Concrete CoverDiffusion Coefficient
Chloride Threshold
Corrosion Rate(µm/year)
End of Service Life
![Page 28: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How to Achieve it
Concrete Mix Design
Use of GGBS, Fly ash and Microsilica
Use of corrosion inhibitor and other corrosion preventive methods.
Construction practice Curing, surface protection, curing temperature
QA/QC procedures
![Page 29: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Designing Durable Structures
ACI 318AASHTOEUROCODE 2BS 5400BS 8500CS 163
![Page 30: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Guide to the Design of Concrete Structures in the Arabian Penn.Provides Exposure classes relevant
to the regionCategorizes structures as “Normal”
vs. “Special”
![Page 31: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Special Structures
Service Life in excess of 30 yearsExposed to severe environmentRecommends Project-Specific Durability Study / Service-Life
PredictionAdditional Durability Enhancement Methods
![Page 32: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Special Structures
Service Life in excess of 30 yearsExposed to severe environmentRecommends Project-Specific Durability Study / Service-Life
PredictionAdditional Durability Enhancement Methods
![Page 33: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Structural Design
ACI 318 = ??? years AASHTO = 75 years EUROCODE 2 = 50 years BS 5400 = 50 years BS 8500 = 50 years
![Page 34: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Additional Durability Enhancement Techniques
Admixtures Reinforcement Surface Electrochemical
WaterproofersCorrosion Inhibitors
Unreinforced DesignEpoxy Coated SteelCorrosion Resistant SteelGalvanized
Controlled Permeability FormworkSealersCoatings
MonitoringCathodic Protection
![Page 35: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
MEDRC ResearchSelected Concrete Mix Design.
Laboratory Tests
Service Life Prediction
Field Testing Stations
![Page 36: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Standard Durability Tests
• Water Permeability, BS EN 12390/DIN 1048
• Water Absorption, BS 1881-122
• Rapid Chloride Penetration, ASTM C 1202
![Page 37: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ASTM G 109 Test
![Page 38: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ASTM G 109 Specimens
![Page 39: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Further Research to Improve our Understanding of SLP
‐
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536
Integrated
Current (C
oulombs)
OPC
OPC/MCI
![Page 40: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ConclusionsThe Gulf region is considered the most corrosive location in the world
Corrosion is the main durability factor leads to deterioration of concrete structures
Use of Quality Concrete and good QA/QC system are the key to achieve the required service life
Use of corrosion protection systems such as corrosion inhibitors extend the service life of structures
![Page 41: American University in Dubai A School of Engineering ...sesam-uae.com/quality14/presentations/Dr.Nagi.pdf · American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042801/5a9ec53a7f8b9a7f178bcdbb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Thank youشڪراً
Questions?