Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomyVertebrate Vertebrate

Classification: Classification: Amphibians and Amphibians and

ReptilesReptilesNote Set Note Set 33

Chapter Chapter 3 3

ReptilesReptiles Mesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of Mesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of

ReptilesReptiles Extinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with Extinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with

placodermsplacoderms

Figure 5.1: Carboniferous Period.

Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles- Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles- cotylosaurscotylosaurs Which gave rise to all reptiles and mammalsWhich gave rise to all reptiles and mammals

Figure 5.2: Cotylosuars, stem reptiles.

Phylogeny of Amniote Phylogeny of Amniote GroupsGroups

Figure 5.3

Reptile CharacteristicsReptile Characteristics

True clawsTrue claws Amniotic eggsAmniotic eggs NoNo metamorphosis metamorphosis 12 pairs of cranial 12 pairs of cranial

nervesnerves Single occipital Single occipital

condylecondyle

Figure 5.4: Dragon

Figure 5.5: Reptile egg.

Reptile Oral CavityReptile Oral Cavity

Tooth typeTooth type AcrodontAcrodont

Tooth on surface of Tooth on surface of jawjaw

Ex: fish and Ex: fish and SphenodonSphenodon (tuatara) (tuatara)

PleurodontPleurodont Tooth attached on Tooth attached on

medial surface of jaw medial surface of jaw Ex: lizards and snakesEx: lizards and snakes

ThecodontThecodont Teeth embedded in Teeth embedded in

socket in jaw bonesocket in jaw bone Ex: crocodileEx: crocodile

Figure 5.6: Jaw cross section .

Skull TypeSkull Type

Reptiles are diversified by skull Reptiles are diversified by skull typetype

Anapsid- lack temporal fossaAnapsid- lack temporal fossa Diapsid- two temporal fossaDiapsid- two temporal fossa

One dorsal and one ventralOne dorsal and one ventral Synapsid- single, lower temporal Synapsid- single, lower temporal

fossafossa Gives rise to mammal-like reptilesGives rise to mammal-like reptiles

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8: Sarcopterygii scull.

Reptilian SubclassesReptilian Subclasses AnapsidaAnapsida

Order Order TestudinesTestudines ( (ChelodinaChelodina)) Ex: turtlesEx: turtles

DiapsidaDiapsida Major reptilesMajor reptiles Order Order SquamataSquamata

Ex: lizards and snakes Ex: lizards and snakes Suborder Suborder SerpentesSerpentes; ; SauriaSauria

Order Order SphenodonSphenodon Ex: tuataraEx: tuatara

Order Order CrocodilliaCrocodillia

SynapsidaSynapsida Mammal-like reptilesMammal-like reptiles

Suborder PelycosauriaSuborder Pelycosauria Suborder TherapsidaSuborder Therapsida

Stem ReptilesStem Reptiles

Figure 5.9.

Figure 5.10

Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur GroupsMorphological character of Morphological character of

pelvis pelvis makes distinctionmakes distinction

SaurischiansSaurischians Triradiate pelvisTriradiate pelvis Lizard-likeLizard-like

OmithischiansOmithischians Tetraradiate pelvisTetraradiate pelvis Bird-likeBird-like

Figure 5.11: Pelvic of two dinosaur groups.

SaurischiansSaurischians Gives rise to dominant Gives rise to dominant

reptilesreptiles Birds evolvedBirds evolved

Parallel convergenceParallel convergence

Figure 5.12: Reptilia Cladogram.

Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur Groups (cont.) (cont.)

BirdsBirds

ArcheopteryxArcheopteryx- bird - bird fossil recordfossil record Feathers and teeth Feathers and teeth

presentpresent

Figure 5.13: Archeopteryx fossil.

Birds Birds (cont.)(cont.)

Keeled Keeled sternum in sternum in birds that flybirds that fly

Figure 5.14: (a) Archaeopteryx (b) pigeon.

Literature CitedLiterature CitedFigure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.html Figure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.html Figure 5.2- Figure 5.2-

http://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gifhttp://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gifFigure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htmFigure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htmFigure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14Figure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14Figure 5.5- Figure 5.5-

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlFigure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?Figure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?

cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812Figure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htmFigure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htmFigure 5.8- Figure 5.8-

http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.htmlhttp://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.htmlFigure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Figure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative

Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.Figure 5.10- Figure 5.10-

http://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.htmlhttp://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.htmlFigure 5.12- Figure 5.12-

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/Figure 5.13- Figure 5.13-

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html