ammonia fuel risk levels - nh3 fuel association · 2019-02-15 · ammonia fuel risk levels –...
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AmmoniaFuelRiskLevels“Similar,ifnotLowerthan”
Gasoline,LPG,Methanol,NaturalGas,andHydrogen
TREVORBROWNammoniaindustry.com
NH3FuelConference
ArgonneNaLonalLaboratory,Chicago,ILSeptember22,2015
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AsummaryofthetwoexisLngstudiesofAmmoniaFuelSafety
SafetyassessmentofammoniaasatransportfuelRisøNaLonalLaboratoryDenmark,2005PartoftheEUsupportedproject“AmmoniaCrackingforCleanElectricPowerTechnology”LINK:h[p://nh3fuel.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/riso-ammonia-transport-safety-report.pdf
Compara2veQuan2ta2veRiskAnalysisofMotorGasoline,LPG,andAnhydrousAmmoniaasanAutomo2veFuelQuestConsultantsIncUSA,2009PreparedforIowaStateUniversityLINK:h[p://nh3fuel.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/nh3_riskanalysis_final.pdf
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AmmoniaFuelRiskLevels–Conclusions–
Risø:“AnoverallconclusionisthatthehazardsinrelaLontoammonianeedtobe(andprobablycanbe)controlledbytechnicalandregulatoryopLons...Whenthesesafetysystemsareimplemented,therisksofusingammoniaissimilar,ifnotlowerthanfortheotherfuels.”NOTE:comparesanhydrousammoniatogasoline,LPG,CNG,methanol,andhydrogen–ininternalcombusLonenginesorfuelcells.Risø:pp.39-40of160
Quest:“Insummary,thehazardsandrisksassociatedwiththetrucktransport,storage,anddispensingofrefrigeratedanhydrousammoniaaresimilartothoseofgasolineandLPG...Therisksassociatedwithallthreefuelswouldfallintotheacceptablecategoryforallreferencedriskcriteria.”Quest:p.53of59(6-13)
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AmmoniaFuelRiskis“acceptable”–WhatDoesThatMean?–
• Basedonthedata,AmmoniaSafetyshouldn’tbeanobstacletofunding,development,ordeploymentofammoniafuelapplicaLons.
• Note,moreover,thatthis“acceptable”riskprofilewasachievedunderthehighestpossibleriskscenario:Passengercarsinpublic.
• Therefore,inmostrealisLcammoniafuelapplicaLons,AmmoniaSafetyisevenMOREacceptable.Because,comparedtopassengervehiclefueluse:– StaLonarypowerisinherentlysafer– Off-road/Industrialpowerisinherentlysafer– Remotepowerisinherentlysafer
• Simpleconclusion:“AmmoniabelongsintheR&Dporkolio.”
DavidGarman,”TheCurseofShinyObjects,”KeynoteSpeechNH3FuelConference,9/21/2015
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AmmoniaFuelRiskLevels–Howsimilaris“similar”?–
TruckTransportSafety“HazardCorridors”&“VulnerabilityZones”– Gasoline– LPG– Ammonia
Quest:p43(6-3)
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“AnEngineeringProblem,withEngineeringSoluLons”
“Nevertheless,risk-reducingopLonsarestronglyneeded.AsoluLonthatcausestherisklevelstodropbelowtherisksforLPGrequiresthatammoniabetransported• inrefrigeratedform,• inroadtankerscarryingtypicallyfour
separated(pressure)tanksofabout11m3each,
• whichareasresilientagainstimpactandabrasionasconvenLonal(large)pressuretanks.”
Risø:p39
TruckTransportsafetyGasoline:1.75x(10)-7releases/mile/truckLPG: 5.84x(10)-8releases/mile/truckAmmonia:1.9x(10)-8releases/mile/truckQuest,p33(4-4)
Ammoniahasthelowestprobabilityofanaccidentalreleaseintrucktransport,but…
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AmmoniaFuelRiskLevels–Howsimilaris“similar”?–
ServiceStaDons“RiskContours”– Gasoline– LPG– Ammonia
Quest:pp45-46(6-5,6-6)
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“AnEngineeringProblem,withEngineeringSoluLons”
ServiceStaDons“Small,butlong-lasLngreleasesofammoniaduetoe.g.leaksandrupturesofhoses,causeseriousdangersatdistancesupto150mdistance…ThisrequiresaddiLonaltechnicalsafeguardstoreducethelikelihoodofthesereleases(Itisespeciallyimportanttostopthereleaseassoonaspossibletointerruptexposure).Butalsoincasethesesafeguardsareinplace,safetydistancesaroundtheseammonia-refuellingstaDonsshouldbenolessthan70m.”Risø:pp39-40
“Therefrigeratedammoniastoragesystemisdesignedsuchthatifasmallorsignificantreleaseofammoniaweretooccurinthestorage,heaLng,orpumpingsystems,thereleasedammonialiquidandvaporwouldbecontainedinavaultandventedthroughaverDcalstackextendingupward.Astheammoniavaporswarmanddispersefromtheelevatedstack,theammonia/airplumewillbeposiLvelybuoyantandwillhavenoabilitytoslumpbacktograde.ThisstoragemethodessenDallyeliminatesthegrade-levelriskassociatedwiththestorageofrefrigeratedammonia.”Quest:p50(6-10)
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AmmoniaFuelRiskLevels–Howsimilaris“similar”?–
DrivingaCar“Thefuelusedtopoweramotorvehicledoesnotcontributesignificantlytothefatalityrateofmotor-vehicleaccidents…ThisconclusionisbasedonasimplereviewoftheavailableNSCdataandwouldbeexpectedtobetrueifanhydrousammoniaweretheautomoLvefuelsinceanhydrousammoniawouldbecarriedinapressurevesselsimilartoLPG.”Quest:pp9-10(1-3–1-4)
“Itshouldbeemphasised,thatthisstudydoesnotexcludeanyaccidentswherethereleaseofammoniafromacarwillkilladriver,passengerorotherindividuals…ThiswillhappennomoreoKen,thanthatpeoplearekilledbyburninggasolineorLPG.”Risø:p.45
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“AnEngineeringProblem,withEngineeringSoluLons”
DrivingaCar
Risø:p11MarangoniEcoExplorer,100%ammoniafuel,containedinadaptedLPGfueltank
Bigasdesign&build,Italy2012
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AmmoniaFuel:storedinLPGtanksSo,howsafeareLPGFuelTanks?
“TherearenorecordedinjuriesorfataliDesinAustraliathathaveresultedfromrupturesand/orBLEVE’sofvehicleLPGcontainers.ItistheviewofEnergySafetythatthisgoodfortuneshouldnotbecomeapretextforfailuretotakeacDononwhatisclearlyapotenLalhazard.”
InvesLgaLonintotheEffectofVehicleFiresontheIntegrityofLPGasContainersInstalledtoAS/NZS1426:2007,GovernmentofWesternAustralia,DepartmentofCommerce,EnergySafety,2010h[p://contegointernaLonal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/AustraliaPropane_Test.pdf
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AmmoniaFuel:Non-flammable,NotExplosive
RFnumber[kJ/g]
ExplosiveLimits%lower–upper
Ammonia 7 15–28
Methane 40 5.5–44
Hydrogen 402 4–75
LPG,propane 52 2.1–9.5
LPG,butane 59 2.1–9.5
Methanol 29-41 5.5–44
Ethanol 39
NaturalGas 4.4–17
Gasoline 0.6–8
“TheRFindexisbasedontheupperandlowerflammabilitylevelsasanindicatorfortheigniLonprobabilityandtheheatofcombusLonoftheflammablecompound:AccordingtoitammoniaisbyfarthelesshazardouscompoundduetoigniDonprobabilityandhazard.Hydrogenisbyfarthemosthazardoussubstance.”Risø:AnnexA,p.4
Risø:AnnexA,pp.4–18Note:OSHAgivesammonialower-upperlimitsas16–25%
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AmmoniaFuel:SimilarRiskLevel,DifferentRisks
Health Flammability
Ammonia 3 1
NaturalGas 1 4
Methane 1 4
Hydrogen 0 4
LPG 1 4
Methanol 1 3
Gasoline 1 3
“AllmaterialshavearaDngof3or4andthusmaycauselargedifficulDesinemergencysituaDons.Forammoniaitisduetothehealthwhiletheothersareveryflammable.TheraLngof3forammoniaindicatesthatemergencysituaLonsmaybehandledbyprofessionalshavingtherightprotecDonavailable.MostoftheothershavearaLngof4forflammabilitythatmaybetoodangeroustohandle.”Risø:p.45
“TheNFPAraLngforammoniais3takingintoaccountthephysicalstressofemergencypeople…thustheNFPAraLng“overpredicts”thetoxicity.”Risø:p.45
NaLonalFirePrevenLonAssociaLon:h[p://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/document-informaLon-pages?mode=code&code=704
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AmmoniaFuel:SimilarRiskLevel,DifferentRisks
RealDangersofAmmonia:– “Theodorthresholdforammoniaisbetween5-50ppmofair...Itis
recommendedthatifanemployeecansmellittheyoughttobackoffanddetermineiftheyneedtobeusingrespiratoryprotecLon.”
– “Ammoniaisnot,strictlyspeaking,apoisonandrepeatedexposuretoitproducesnoaddiDve(chronic)effectsonthehumanbody.”
– Note:ammoniaisnot“toxic”unlessyou’reafishorsuffermetabolicillness.– “Inthelungs,liquidanhydrousammoniacausesdestrucDonofdelicate
respiratoryLssue.Exposuretoammoniavapormaycause:Convulsivecoughing,Difficultorpainfulbreathing,PulmonarycongesLon,Death.”
– “Becauseliquidammoniaboilsat-28°F,theexpandinggashasthepotenDaltofreezeanythinginitspathofrelease,includinghumanfleshandorgans.”
– AlkalisaffectLssuedifferentlythanacids,whichtendtoburnandsealoffawound.Alkalis,suchasammoniacauseliquidizaDonofDssueandturnLssueintoasLcky"goo"andmixwiththisLssue,causingfurtherdamage.Asaresult,anhydrousammoniaburnskeepspreadingunLlthechemicalisdiluted.
OSHA:h[ps://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/ammonia_refrigeraLon/ammonia/
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TheSmellTest…foranInherentlySaferFuel
PPM DuraDon Effect
25 ≤1hour “AclearlydefinedobjecLonableodor,”andnomorethan“mildtransientadversehealtheffects.”
150 ≤1hour No“irreversibleorotherserioushealtheffects,”andwon’t“impairtheirabiliLestotakeprotecLveacLon.”
400 “SevereirritaLonofthroat,nasalpassages.”
700 “SevereeyeirritaLon.”
750 ≤1hour No“life-threateninghealtheffects.”
1,883 ≥30mins “Onsetoflethality”…“fatalto1%ofexposedpopulaLon.”
4,005 ≥30mins “Fatalto50%ofexposedpopulaLon.”
8,519 ≥30mins “Fatalto99%ofexposedpopulaLon.”
Quest:pp23-24(3-6–3-7)
“NH3isdetectablebyodoratconcentraLonsmuchlessthanthosenecessarytocauseharm.Thisallowspersonswhosmellthegastoescape.”
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SouthChinaMorningPost,09/18/2015,h[p://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/arLcle/1859615/children-cough-blood-and-animals-die-chinese-factory-leaks
September18,2015HenanProvince,China300kgammoniareleased1fatality,20injured(reported)
Couldn’trun(chaineddog)
Couldrun(everyonetohospital)
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Contextfor“AcceptableRisks,”akaCostofBusiness(asusual)
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Contextfor“AcceptableRisks,”akaCostofBusiness(asusual)
Volkswagen,thismorning:
• “Solet’sbeclearaboutthis,ourcompanywasdishonest–withtheEPA,andtheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,andwithallofyou.And,inmyGermanwords,wehavetotallyscrewedup.”MichaelHorn,PresidentandCEO,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica,9/22/2015
• “Usingadefeatdeviceincarstoevadecleanairstandardsisillegalandathreattopublichealth.”CynthiaGiles,EnvironmentalProtecLonAgency
QuanLfyingtheserisks:• 11millioncars• $7.3billionsetaside(potenLally$18billioninfines)• $31billionwipedoffmarketcapitalizaLon
h[p://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/volkswagen-11-million-vehicles-could-have-suspect-so{ware-emissions-scandal-n431456
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RealRiskContours:AmmoniaRisksinToday’sContext
FataliLes
Injuries
Costs:RemedialenvironmentalSupplyChains/MilitaryLocal/NaLonalGDP,Import-Exportbalance
Climate(note:logarithmicscale)
Fossilfuels Ammonia
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AmmoniaFuelRiskLevels–CONCLUSION–
• “Theacceptanceofammoniawillnotbebasedontheresultsofnumericalriskanalysis,butwillalsobeinfluencedbythepublic’spercepLonofthethreatsofammonia.”Risø:p.40
But…
• Ammoniasafetyshouldnotabarriertothecommercialdevelopmentofammoniafueltechnologies.
• “Ammoniaisn’tsexy.Itjustworks.”DavidGarman,TheCurseofShinyObjects,NH3FuelConference,9/21/2015
• Thankyou.