Ammonia-FueledElectricVehicle

•  Givenammoniafuelforuseinvehicles,thechoiceofafuelcellforenergyconversionresultsinanammonia-fueledelectricvehicle.Thischoicerecognizesthatelectrifica>onofautomo>vepowersystemsisastrongtrendprojectedtostrengthenfurtherinthenearfuture.Alongtheselines,firstgenera>onofcommercialFCEVshasbeenintroducedin2015.

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Preferenceofa“direct”ammoniafuelcell

•  IntheFCEVsmanufacturedtodatethefuelcelloperatesondirectfeedoffuelfromthetank,withnopre-processingonboard.

Tolargedegree,hydrogenbecameapreferredfuelforautomo>vefuelcellsbecause,unlikemanyotherfuels,itcanbeusedina“direct”fuelcell

•  Thedirectmodeofopera>onseemstobeaprerequisiteforsuccessfulreduc>ontoprac>ceofFCEVs.Thisisexplainedbysystemsimplicityandahigherefficiencysecuredbythesinglestageconversionprocess

Thesamereasoningappliestotarge>ngofdirectammoniafuelcells

forconversionofthechemicalenergyofammoniatoelectricenergy

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ToyotaMiraiasBaseline

TheRa>onalefortheDAFCasPowerSourceforTransport

Q.Withallfirstgenera>onFCEVsmanufacturedtodatewithhydrogenfuelcellsandH2gas(at700bar)onboard,whypursueDAFCtechnologyforEVs?

A.•  1.AmmoniabeingaliquidunderlowpressureatambientT,theinfrastructureoffueldistribu>onandrefuelingshouldbemuchsimplerandsignificantlylesscostlyvs.theinfrastructureforcompressedhydrogendeliveryandrefueling.

•  2.AdirectammoniafuelcellwoulduseNH3,liqofenergydensity~6kWh/kgNH3andfortheelectricpowersystem,providingthedemandpower,energycontent,energyconversionefficiencyandzeroemissionstargebedforfutureautomo>veapplica>ons

*TheenergydensityofatankofcompressedH2at700barsis~1.7kWh/kgfulltank

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ChoiceofAlkalineMembraneFuelCellTechnologyforDAFCsinTransportApplica>ons

DAFCSpecsNeededtoSecureCompe;;vePerformanceinFCEV:

•  PeakPowerDensityatleast50%oftheDHFC

•  Conversionefficiency,ammoniachemicalenergy-to-mechanicalenergytothewheels,over40%at25%ofpeakpower

•  Max.start-up;meofseveralminutes,requiringlowertemp.FCtechnology(<120degC)•  Zerotail-pipeemissions--morereadilyachievedwithalowTDAFCtechnology

TheSolu;onpursuedinourProject:

•  AlkalineMembraneFuelCellTechnologyatTcellnear100degCMainTechnicalRequisitesforReduc;ontoPrac;ce•  CatalystforAmmoniaElectro-oxida;onofhighac;vityat100degC•  Alkalinemembraneofgoodchemicalstabilityat100degC

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ElectrodeReac>onsandNetCellProcessinaDirectAmmoniaFuelCellCellemissionsareonlyN2andH2O

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DevelopmentofAlkalineMembranes(RPI&Xergy)

NovelpolymerstructuesforDAFCMembranes

Targets:1.  EnhancedchemicalstabilityathighpHand100oC

whileimprovingionconduc>vity2.  Lowdimensionalswellingandpermea>onoffuels3.  EnhancedHEMmechanicalstrength

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DevelopmentofAlkalineMembranes(RPI&Xergy):GEN1ReinforcedCompositeAlkalineMembrane

Membrane properties of GEN1 reinforced composite membrane, TPM1-TMA on microporous polyolefin mesh

a Measured before and after immersion in 1 M KOH for 24 h at room temperature b Measured at 80 °C, 100% RH in MEA with hydrogen gas at both electrodes. OH- generated in-situ by hydrogen pumping

Reinforced composite TPN1-TMA HEM

Mechanical property test of reinforced composite HEM

0 50 100 15 0 200 2500

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

Stre

ss (

MP

a)

Strain (%)

Thickness Water uptakea

Swelling degreea X,Y dimension

Through-plane ASRb

~25 µm 24% 2% and 5% 0.15 Ω·cm2

Ultimate Tensile Strength

target: 10 MPa status: 50 MPa

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EarlyDevelopmentofDAFCCatalyzedMembranesintheARPA-EProject(Udel&PoCell)

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90 degC Performance of a DAFC with an Alkaline Membrane Electrolyte

*** x10 higher DAFC performance than reported to date ***

DAFC specs targeted likely to be hit on raising cell T to ~120 degC

ProjectedComponentDimensions:DirectAmmoniaFCvsDirectHydrogenFC

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ThisfueltankoutofthetwousedintheMiraimaynotberequiredatall(-60L)

TheFCstackwilllikelybetwiceaslarge(+30L)

Summary

• RecentdevelopmentofpolymerelectrolyteDAFCshasyieldedpromisingcellperformance,suppor>ngtheprospectsofthisfuelcelltechnologytobecomeaviablepowersourceforelectricvehicles

• AdvancedMembranesandMembrane/ElectrodeAssemblies(MEAs)developedinthisProjectassistinsecuringfuturesupplyofkeyDAFCcomponents

•  Theadvantagesofliquidammoniaasfuelovercompressedhydrogengasincludeasimplerandcheaperfuelinfrastrutue,aswellassignificantlyhigherenergydensityimpac>ngfavorablysystemdimensions

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FeedbackRequest

Wewillappreciatecommentsofalltypesfrompoten>alusersofDAFCtechnologywith

ammoniaasthefuelcarriedonboardincludingpossibleapplica>onsforautomo>ve,sta>onaryand

UAVpower

ShimshonGobesfeld1-518-506-0177

Shimshon.gobesfeld@gmail.com

***THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTION***

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