amne-aalam-part-2

Zsò˜ŠëZÏ» (struggle) ˜Ši0+ÏÅZq-|ìXTqÃë¿c*].z4

²!áZŠs˜ŠìX˜Š:Ãð6,ZuZgqìZzg:z{ŸŠÆëpìXz{‚Š{îg6,½7gÃÒÆn1ÑYäzZÑZq-ÂìX

ZgŠz~ëëZ#~(,ZƒZZzg].z4§]Æ%³~ŠZ4ƒZXZÏÔZkäZK7g~ÃÒÜsÅXZÏ§bZôm,~ e³Ùq`³å §b²!~¹Y@*ì

~ë:We must struggle against this prejudice

ËÑÃqÝ™äÆnÃÒ™**Zq-¬xZKãÚìXZkÆnT

§bCÙi!*y~ZÖpZÏ§b²!i!*y~ÌZÖpX˜Š»ÂÌZ¹|xg‚rìXÃÒÆn²!~[Zq-¬xÂìXpÄŠÆÂ~I¾»Káï

ìXª¹ic*Š{ÃÒ™**XZ%ŒVZq-Ût0*c*Y@*ìXZ#ëÃÒc*].z4c*Z7É»Â1BÂZk~

NZ[c*„Š]»|xáï7gLXp˜»ÂZ#ZsòZ˜b¯ÂZk~Z˜kîg6,t|xÌáïƒŠHXªÃÒÆpZ¤/ÜsÃÒÆÂ˜Š»ÈZq-Z+ÃÒ™**ì„Š]ƒZzgT~'wƒä6,ZKyÃNZ[qÝƒ@*ƒ6ŒÛWy

q^aæ]Êo]Ö×äuÐq`^å! ~Wc*ì:˜Š¹~

ìXZkÆpÃÒÆ14ÆâŠ}~I¾»|x qö`³³³³³ ˜ŠÅZÝ]q`³³³³ )ÃÒ™Æ‚gZæïw¢8(Zzg qã³³³³³]Ö³³³³³×f³³³³à ìX}¹Y@*ì:

105

)ZkäZK7g~ eÙqãå )YâgÆZz6,¤‰ÜÐic*Š{ÑŠ**(ZÏ§b¹Y@*ì ]Ö]eè)~çn~ZK§s e³×³Ç³àqãn³]°Êo]Ú ¤‰ÜÜsÅ(ZÏ§b¹Y@*ì:

q³â³æ]Ê³o]Ö×³ä Ð7g~ÃÒ™zVÇ(˜Šc*W@{»|xÌ¸ìŒÛWy~Wc*ì:)ZvÆgZ3~7g~ÃÒ™z6ÃÒ™ä»hì( uÐqã^å

ÆpI¾WöÃÒÆ qã³³³³³ g²!¹—yZ²[~Cc*ŠHìqã³lqãpæ]qjãlpæÞËoujoe×ÇkÚr`çp }¹Y@*ì: X

ª~äCÙ§bZK7g~ÃÒÅŒVJ-~ZKWy~ÃÒJ-V (133 )m:X)WŠòäçA~ qã³]ÖqØÊoÒ]]pqÊnäæe^ÖÈ ŠHXZÏ§b¹Y@*ì:

e³Ù]Ö³çÄÊo×g]Ú ÃÒÅZzgZK7g~ÃÒ™eZà(ÄŠc*Z¾Š»Èì:)Ë»x~ZK7g~ÃÒÜs™**(

qÑ]ÅÚÐL˜Šc*].z4»t¿Š7VÐ£¨J-VY@*ìXZkz‰ÜÔ!*±gZEw:!*±g¹ÔZk~õg/»|xÌáïƒY@*ìXOçZâxgZáZšãäZEwÅÚÐ˜ŠÅ&9Cð:ªCÙ~ŠÔÐ£¨Zzg

( æ]Ö³rã³^$³¡$³è]³hVÚ³r³âé]ÖÃæ]Ö¿â -yÐ£ZzgÑÐ£)(X æÚrâé]Ön_^á(æÚrâé]ÖßË˜ŠŒÛWy~

ŒÛWy~Ì˜Šc*ZkÆº]ZÏp~WñTp~z{ÅšïEGL²[~ZEwƒDXªËÑÆnI¾WöÃÒ™**XÅ©ûEE÷÷˜ŠóóŒÛWy~eg!*gZEwƒZìZzgCÙ(tÂÃÒZzg].z4Æp~ì:',ZÓgZ„îg6,kBzyw

Æp~XZkŸ~«ŒÛWãWe$»F,Àtì:¼Z¤/vg}!*\Zzgvg}±ÆZzg

106

vg}¸ðZzgvg~çc*VZzgvgZ{0+ZyZzgz{âw?ä¾ñZzgz{g]T

ÆÈƒäÐ?egDƒZzgz{yXÃ?I™DƒÔtƒ?ÃZvZzgZkÆgÎwZzgZkÅgZ{~˜Š™äÐic*Š{8[ÂZOg™zŒVJ-ZvZC¬ŸŠ}ZzgZv

(24 **ÛâyßÍVÃgZ37ŠêX)Zp/ZkWe$~ZIZsxÃ¬Šc*ŠHìz{ŒÛ!*ãÅuJ-Y™ZsxÆŠúCu~9»‚BŠ,XpZ{Zk»x~ZyÆfZC¢ŠZ]êzbƒVc*âwZzgg]»vyƒc*Kãæ',ŠZ“™ã7,,ÔCÙqw~z{ZkŠúCu~9Æ‚¶¶gXZkWe$~˜Š°−Zv»ÂZ¹9ÆŠúCuÆnWc*ì:kBÆnX

ŒÛWyÅŠzu~Îg{~¬Šc*ŠHì:?”G+Å!*]:ââZzgZyÆ‚BŒÛWy(ZkWe$~zZãîg6,˜ŠÐ%ZŠŠúC˜ŠìXYV 52 Æfg=˜ŠL™z)ZÁ‡y

ŒÛWyÆfg=˜Š»ÃðŠzuZÈ7ƒYXtÂŠ~(ŒÛWy~Zk§bWc*(ªZ¤/?÷~gZ{ 1 )Z» ]áÒ³ßj³Üì³qj³Üqã^]Êofn×oæ]ejÇ^ðÚ^io ì:

~˜ŠZzg÷~gŸq~ÅÔÆn†ƒXtWe$ìlÐ¼¬ZF,~XæÜ

Ðl»^kBÆn:åXz{ŠgZÝZq-6,Zðâgaå*uiÅßg]~å3zZá6,Zð}òÃqÝ™äÆnHŠHXOçZkñµ6,Zq-›yÅi!*yÐt

)W`»Šy±Zð»Šyì(tÍ™gÎwZväÛâc*7Ô ]Ön³çÝm³çÝ]ÖÛ×vÛè ZÖp†:Xa¶!*gŒÛWy~tÂZk§bWc*ì: ]Ön³çÝm³çÝ]Ö³Û³uÛè W`»ŠygØ»Šyì:

(ªZvÅgZ{~ÄŠ™z6˜Š»hìX 78 )ZÝ æq³^â³æ]Êo]Ö×äuÐqã^åZkWe$~˜ŠÐ%ZŠŠúC˜ŠìXt|Zk}(tÐ!*ÇzZãìX

107

ŠÔZzg!¨é NG&ÿGL»ÛtƒA$Ì?ZkÆ‚B Ô Z¤/„CÙvgZŠ ¿ Šc*ŠHìZq- ¬ ŒÛWy~Zq-§st

(Šzu~ 34 Œ§&6,çn™zÔÐeìz{ËŠyvgZŠz„0Yñ)9ê WZã> Z§sŒÛWy~ZgáŠƒZìXßÍVä?Ðyw7HZyÐ?Ã>ð»çn™**e’X1ZvZkÐgzÂì?ZyßÍVÐ>ðÆ‚Bçn™zvg}‚Byw

(8 ™gì)ZÅ+.-B0î GEG

(combatant) Zzg!¨é NGLÞ (enemy) ZyŠzâVWìV»»©_·C@*ìŒÛWy°zÆŠgxyÛt™@*ìXŒÛWy»¬tì„CÙZ¤/Ãð¿c*¤/z{vgZŠÔƒA$Ì?ÃZkÆ‚BZYm‡ìge’@*Šú]»¿5wZ0+Zi~Yg~gìXªCÙ~Š#Ã

~g»z7àCe’YVZ%oÐŠú]»¿Yg~gLì (interaction) Z%o» (combatant) ZzgŠú]»¿ŠÔÃÌŠz„¯äÅ¤‰Üg‚rìXZ%&Cé Ng[c*!¨é NGLÞ

çnZkÐZìXtz{ßvnZzg”†îg6,ZIZZyÆÜskBCŠ,XZ,ßÍVÆ‚BuòZßwc*mZÜª]Æ_.çnHYñÇX‚Zy

Æ‚BZkz‰ÜJ-smÌHYYìZ#J-z{kBÐ!*i:WNXtZq-"uZëÛtìTÃii0+Ï~Z(g™**¢zg~ìXZIZZyZ¤/Zk

ÛtÃ:−Âz{ŠÔÐÌ£LÞ6çn™ä'ÐÔZk»³tƒÇZsxÆŠúCrÔêzbƒVÐZzgŠú]zV»£[¿guYñÇX9tì¿c*¤/z{!*w©kBCŠ}ZkÆ£¨~ÂJZôo»',@*ƒHYñÇX‚5wmÐ

Ì6,ÌHYñÇXYVtZ0+6ìZkÆfg=!¨é NGLÞÛ&ZIZZyÆmgZi¥x™áX1˜VJ-¬xZKy»mìÂªCÙ~Šz4c*ªCÙ~Š#»ÒpG%CÙZq-

108

Ð7VZKãm‡ìg3YñÇX@*Zsx»ŠúC¿){îg6,Yg~gìÔz{Ëqw~g1:0*ñX

~Ì£LÞZzg)£LÞÆ (jenuine war) ZsxÅtzZã½ìÇkBŠgxyÛtHYñXª£LÞ6,zZgHYñp)£LÞ6,CÙ¦/zZg:HYñXZ+qª

~Zq-ÎZwtaZƒ@*ìtQßwŠ*iâ:ÅkB~eåXñŠ{iâ:~kBÍ!!*gzŠÐ±~YCìZzgÍ!!*gzŠÅkB~£LÞZzg)£LÞÅ&e7X

Zk»Z[tìZ#Z+ßg]qwaZƒYñmZŠZxÅßg]~)£LÞÌhuƒYNÐÂkB„7ÅYñÏXkB:™**ZzgkB™Æ)£LÞ

ÅìZzgŠzu~ßg] (lesser evil) ŠzâV~Ð«ßg]²',Zð — Ãhu™**ÅXZzgZ#ZN[²',ZðZzg”h+F,%æENZðÆŠgxyƒÂD (greater evil) ”h+F,',Zð

îg6,²%æENZðÃ1YñÇZzg”h+F,',ZðÃghŠc*YñÇX=»»ŸÌìZzg¸Ñ<»»ŸÌX

ñŠ{iâ:~Z¤/Zq-§s)ñZ¬ßg]qwaZƒðìkBräÅßg]~)£LÞÅh•Ð6,Ìne7XÂZÏÆ‚BpŠñŠ{F,¶VÆ³~Zq-ñZ¬ßg]qwÌ¹(,}e:6,aZƒðìXz{ìÔ].h+y~Zk**]X

t].h+y~Zk**]Zãic*Š{kB~œSc*;g**ŠzâVZ[U*â~wZ(g™`XZq-¤/z{kBÛA™Ìn„»DgƒY@*ìXŠzuZ¤/z{kB;g™ÌZ,%æFNZðfgZù0*YìXÃZEw™Æz{Ë±ZðÆ%„Zd»x!qÝ™áX

ZkçnÅZq-VwY0*yÅ].h+@*gõ~QìXY0*yÃŠzu~¬@kB~$+F,+“ÐŠzegƒ**7,ZX1QkäZKyâÆaŠz!*g{mµ/7¯c*XÉn¦šMÃJw™Dƒñ%æFNZðŠZ],{~yâÅ].z4Ñzq™Š~Xtµ/ZÚ

109

»x[ƒZæ‚w~Y0*yÅ@*gõ$+wˆXY0*yÅt»x!].h+fgZùÅ¯6,eƒmX

Æâ›âVÆa 1948 ZkçnÅZq-',@Vw¦~QìXßg]qwaZƒðQkÃQrVäZuZLÆÜs{ŠZ:»ggzZðÆa»°™1X

~â›âVÆ0*k¦»WŠñÐic*Š{z5ƒZåT 1948 1³HX~-gzÌ7gZ»7gZáïåX1{ŠZ:¿»ZN[he»³tƒZW`/VÆ0*k¼Ì7X7Væ]~/VÃ{ŠZ:¿Æ³~n„BZzgÇQÏæ]

~Y0*y»qwtƒZz{ZOŠ~Z±gÐ¬@c.ç NF0*zg0ŠHX

110

è<ØèZðZq-xñçqìT6,œ-VÐgz„Yg~ìZzg (pacifism) &4h4«ç FGGEEx

(1984 ZkÆ!*g}~ZIDä¹¼–ìZzgÉgìXZKebc*',N*¥),]6,ŒìXt£!ð6,zWñ3Ð)é Xy 8 ~&4h4«ç FGGEEx6,Zq--£!ì

»–ƒZìZkñçq6,ZÏ^ÅwgnpX (Wilhelm Emil Muhlmann)&4h4«ç FGGEExÆñçq6,Zôm,~~’ƒðPÂ1VÆ**xt:

1. E. L. Allen, F.E. Pollard, and G. A. Sutherland, The Case forPacifism and Conscientious Objection. 1946.

2. Hannah Arendt, On Violence. 1970

3. Raymon Aron, Peace and War. 1962

4. C.J. Cadoux, Christian Pacifism Re-examined. 1940

5. Ted Dunn, Alternatives to War and Violence: A search. 1963.

6. Carl Joachim Friedrich, Inevitable Peace. 1948

7. Richard Gregg, The Power of Non-violence. 1966

8. Aldous Huxley, An Encyclopaedia for Pacifism. 1937.

9. Ralph T. Templin, Democracy and Non-Violence. 1965.

10. Quincy Wright, A Study of War. 1965.

œ-V%æFNZãZq-’q-ìXZk»Ñtì (Pacifism) ZðI~c*è4ï XELPðŠ*ÐkB»{Ø™Šc*Yñ@*ZKã`~xîg6,ZðÅqª‡ìƒXz{

¹Y@*ìÔQy»Ñbðc* (non-violent movement) ’¹XÃ°ÄŸŠÅ’q-ãCŠ~îg6,¸g;ìX

111

&4h4«ç FGGEExÅt’q-@*gõÆ½ãÓxŠzgzV~0*ðYCg„ìXLèIãCŠ6,ZzgL‘:ãCŠ6,ZzgLZÜ¹ãCŠ6,X&4h4«ç FGGEExÆâ+zZßV~Zq-¤/z{z{ìZð

X(absence of war) ',ZñZð»‡bìXQkÆ4,Šq-ZðÅ°pì°xkBŠzuZ¡z{ìZðÆ‚BZ»sÃ¢zg~ŒÛZgŠêìXz{ZðÆ‚BZ»s

Åz»ª™@*ìXZyßÍV»IìÜsZðZq-tZð (peace with justice)

X(positive peace) ìZzgZðìZ»sµZð (negative peace)

Ç0+S°xŸŠÆD',ŠZg¸X1¼ZID»IìÇ0+S»°xŸŠÃZe7-» 1947 Z~ 15 özŠÑÆ”wÆnåXZÏaz{ (non violence)

gzwÃ»™**åÔ:8©3ªî GGGGSo~Zq-%æFNZð`‡ì™**X ß ƒŠHXQyÅ’q-»ZÝÑ',Gandhi’s policy of non-violence was not to establish peace in thesociety, but to stage a coup in order to oust the British rule. He wassuccessful, but not in the first sense rather in the second sense.

ZðWiZŠ~»Zq-¿ìÔ:6g~»¿X6gÁZðƒìz{Zð7XZðz{ìf6Zz[Æfg=WñXŠ*iâ:~gzñVäözŠîg6,ZKgc*„~Zð

ë¸XZÏ§b,œ~~ (Pax Romana) ‡ìHåTÃz{gzòZð-2~„CÙZð0*c*Y@*åTÃñêZð»**xŠc*ŠHX1tŠzâVƒ~ZðÔ Îze$

Zzgƒ~ZðÃð£[Zð7X»pZ[ŠÙgìX1 (world state) ¼®+ZðÆn¬@gc*„

@*gõCCì¬@gc*„»ªxLe:ƒeX|tì%æFNZðçÑ{f6F,šMZzg„~Zz[Æfg=zŠ~Ñc*YYìÔ:Ë¬@Ó#ÖÆ%œ/~NzwÆfg=Xf[Å$hò EI>U*6Æˆ¹Ðf!®+äkBÆ%Š*»pZ[Š¬1tpZ[7gZ:ƒeX

112

~1536 ~gzR,ex~aZƒZZzg 1466 (Erasmus) a…Zzg‘$4iï EHZg$g.ø G

QkÅzÃ]ƒðXQkÅ½t¶ZK+M»ƒÐZz™WàsZðZzgZKãZŠì:He taught that the highest ideal of mankindwould be peace and concord. (13/849)

Zk~Ãð—7iZ±gÐZðÓx£[qzV~ƒÐ(,Z£[ìXZkaËÌµc*y~»xÆaZKãW!*Š~~Zð»âjwƒ**¢zg~ìXZðÆ%ËÌnÅÃðF,¹7ƒ$ËX

¬xîg6,tŒY@*ìZðÆªxÆŸ~è<ØÅic*Š{ZÌ7XQyÆ4,Šq-@*gõtCCìè<ØÆfg=ZðL‡ì:ƒe:

Efforts to confirm a lasting peace throughreligious sanctions have had little effect. (13/846)

gZ¶ZzsÃZkÃtÐZ·t7X|tìtÃtZq-**³_·ÅãCŠ6,‡ìHŠHìXt|Z]Z#ªÄZðÆÎZw6,g™DÂz{ZsxÃv.s™ÆÜsŠzu}èZ<ØÆ_·ÅãCŠ6,gZñ‡ì™DXYVßîg6,t!*]gƒì

ZsxŸŠ»è<ØìXqÑèZ%zZ§tìZsx7g}!š-öD

~Zð»è<ØìXZsxä«!*giîg6,Zð»Âx‡ìHZzgZK+MÆn%æFNZði0+ÏÆÈgZ5ÅwŠbX

ŒVZsxÐ÷~%ZŠZsx»ŠzgZÍwìZsxÃKÆaÍc*úÒ{w(ZðÆgZ3Åg»zÃ 1 g‚rìXZkŠzg~ZsxÆik,ZW,Šz(,}zZu]ƒñX)

(Ãc*CZzgiŠzâVZ±gÐZð»Zq-»ïâew‡ì™**X 2 åÆa»™ŠbX)t9ìZsxÆŠzgZzw~¼±Z×VÃWCX1Zy±ZÇV»ÑÐz„

Wy~kBÓxlVÃ»™äÆa: — åTÃZIDZyZÖp~Òy™DgìLast war to end all wars (13/851)

Y~æÜ~W\ÅzÃ]ƒðX 632 Y~l~aZƒñX 570 9Zsx

113

6¥xìÔQkiâ:~Š*~÷:»Âx‡ìåXtÂxDÙZgzV‚wÐ`Wg;åXZk(ÏÂxäZKãWiZŠ~»{Ø™Šc*åX!*Šá{Å%èzZuê±è NE¤‰ÜÅ

wgBb¶XWiZŠ~ZzgZðÆªxÆnZkƒ~Âx»{Ø¢zg~åX9ZsxZzgW\Æ

Zô[äözŠæ]Æa¤‰Ü»ZEwH@*ZkÂxÃ»™Šc*YñXtÂxZzigzðZ'.5é GF],Zzg — ²[~»HŠHXQkÆQkiâ:ÆŠzƒÐ(,}÷„Âx

‚‚ãZ'.5é GF],ÐQy»”Zƒ7Wc*XZk”Zƒ~9ZsxZzgW\ÆZô[Ã»x!qÝƒðZzgŠzâVZ'.5é GF],åÆn»ƒ‰X

äZkŠ*ÂxÃÇ÷: (Henry Pyrenne) ÛZ÷Æ¸gc{~6,+»**xŠc*ìXQkä–ìZIZsxZ¤/ZkÇ÷:Ã (absolute imperialism)

:ÂhDÂŠ*~LWiZŠ~ZzgZð»Šzg:W@*X˜ŠHì

˜ŠHìÔZkÃKÆaƒÐ¬tY'e’ñŠ{iâ:~›y˜ŠÆ**x6,¼™gìÔz{˜Š7ìXtƒò_.!*]ÆC~ƒð±Z×VXÃßîg6,˜Š»**xŠ}Šc*ŠHìX

˜ŠZ¹%æFNZð].z4»**xìÔz{ywÆë!š-öD

7XLÂVZEwÆîg6,˜ŠÃywÆ|x~1ÑY@*ìX1½~|xÆZ±gÐ˜ŠZzgywŠzâVë!š-öDZÖp

7XŒVZkŸ~ŒÛWyzug$Ð˜ŠÆ‰ZEÑ]Šg`GYD:(69 )Z¶] æ]Ömàq^aæ]Ênß^Öß`mß`Üf×ß^ XŒÛWy~ZgáŠƒZì: 1

ªXßÍVä˜ŠHøg~{§ÂëQyÃZKgZŠ3NÐXZkWe$~ˆ¶hÃ˜Š¹ŠHìXªZvÃ0*äÆaÃÒ™**ÔZvÅcÄqÝ™äÆaÃÒ™**Ô

114

ZvÅŒÛ"$eð&+"ÆaÃÒ™**XªCÙìZk˜Š»ywc*”ZƒÐÃðm7X(ªz{ 15 )ZÆZ] æq³³â³æ]e³ªÚç]Ö`Ü XZÏ§bŒÛWy~ZgáŠƒZì: 2

ßvMVäZLâwÐ˜ŠHXZkWe$Æ_.ÔZLâwÃZvÆgZ3~ya™**Zq-˜Š~¿ìX

)ZÁ‡y æq³³â³a³Üe³äq`³^]÷Òfn] XZÏ§bŒÛWy~ZgáŠƒZì: 3(ª)ñÝÆ‚BŒÛWyÆfg=˜Š™zXŠzu}/V~tŒÛWyÅx]Ã 52;äÆa%æFNZð].z4™zX

]Ö³Û³râÚàqâÞËäÊo XZÏ§b9Zsx-ZvmzÅäÛâc*: 4)Znè~ÔcbZŠ(ªW@z{ìZvÅZ¤®)~ZLÑÐ˜Š ³³^Â³è]Ö³×³ä

™}XZkÐ¥xƒZÑÅF,µ]Ð±™ZLW\ÃCðÆgZ36,‡ìg˜ŠìXªCÙìt±ZðŠZ½îg6,;]ÆyZy~ƒCìÔ:{gYîg6,ËkBÆyZy~X

]Ö³³v³³sq`³³^ XZq-gzZe$Æ_.ÔgÎwZv-ZvmzÅäÛâc*: 5âzÔÂ[Z‚‹(ªe˜ŠìXZkÐ¥xƒZe»¿Zq-W@Z:¿ìX )Z0

eÃ£[Z0+Zi~ZxŠ¶ÆaWŠòÃJ].z4™ã7,CìXXZq-gzZe$Æ_.ÔgÎwZv-ZvmzÅäzZ−+Å}.#ÖÆ!*g} 6

)Z‡g~ÔÂ[ZŠ(ª?ZLzZ−+~˜Š™zXZkÐ Ê³Ën`³Û³^Êrâ ~Ûâc*:¥xƒZâV!*\Å}.#Ö™**˜Š»Zq-¿ìX

Zk§bÅZWtZzguhXÐ¥xƒ@*ì˜Š»¿Z¹Zq-%æFNZð¿ìXz{Ë£[}.Zð»x~%æFNZðŠZ],{ÆZ0+g].z4™**ìX˜ŠÆÂ»

ìX (peaceful struggle) 9F,À%æFNZð].z4

115

æ~ æŒÛWy~Cc*ŠHìGÆ‚B$lç GNì)ZÑíZb(XZk»Ètì

ñŠ{Š*¡]ÆT‡ây6,^g„ìQk»Zq-UtìŒVåÂÆ‚BW‚ãñŠgìXŒVåg»z^Æ‚Bïk»gZ3!*¹gìX

ZkÐ¥xƒ@*ìñŠ{Š*~ZðÅqªÃÚ‡ìgpp»gZiHìXz{g»zIVÐ”Zñ%ZCgZ3ïÜXZKã`~Zð»ƒä»:Låtƒ@* —ì

ìZÛZŠc*)oVÆgZ3~Z#ÌÃðg»zWCìÂz{te”g»zÃÂh™ZLaûZggZ3¯NX¸'×Z`Zð(Ë»ƒÐ(,Z:LìXZkaßÍVÃt½Š~ˆÃðÂ7WYñÂ?QkÃg»z^:õÉt¢gÅ˜VÂìzW‚ãÌìX˜V„CÙ¥ug;ìÔzÐ6»W¸iÌƒYìX

W\ËNhÆŠZð~9}ƒVÂW\ŠBÐNhÅaKÐ`Yg~ƒ™!~ÐyZyÅ§sËgìXZyZVÆgZ3~!*g!*gßWD„CÙ

*»gZ3gz1zZáX1LZ(7ƒ@*ÃðßË*»gZ3gzuŠ}XZk»‚Š{gZiÔZq-Â~ÔZ²ZnìXª”ZƒÐ$™ZCgZ3ïÜXOçZ#

Ì*Æ‚tÃðßW@*ìÂZq-œÅ@*íÆ%*t™@*ìŠZNc*!*N&×™ZCgZ3ïw©8ìZzgWÐÅ§s(,|Y@*ìXz{gZ3ÆßÃUäÆOñpŠZLW\ÃU©8ìXZk§bËIZƒÆ%*»',Z',Yg~gLìX

]) Åi!*y~ZKyÃtxŠ}g„ì ¿ ¡] b $ìXZk§ »]¡tÐ”ZäÆOñ)]ÃÃZ0+Zi™zXg»zIVÃÂhäÆOñg»zIVÐ?Ø™ZC

(positive statusquoism) ¿Yg~gÅXZk§$þGL¿ÃZq-Â~0*i&43ð GHGZ·ÃZix¹YYìX9ZsxÅ§]»_·C@*ìW\äåZÏ0*ŒÃZ(gHXZÏ»t

116

³åW\Zq-Z(Zz[Ñä~»x[ƒñT~ZâÁY3huƒNQkÃ¹YYìX (bloodless revolution) šd->î IEXZq-)pãZz[

0*i&43ð GHGZ·ÃZixÅt0*ŒñŠ{Š*~ZðÅƒÐ(,~J-$ìXZ¤/t¹ÃÂhäÅÃÒìÔ (status quo) YñÂß:ƒÇkB»ƒÐ(,Z:LZ·Ã

ây™†ŠZ],{~ZKyÅYñX Ã ZzgZðÆªx»ƒÐ(,ZgZitìZ·ÃZsx~˜Š»¦g

˜ŠZq-²!ÂìXZkÆ!š-öD

‚Š{îg6,ÃÒ™äÆXZLZÝ|xÆZ±gÐz{6,Zð].z4Æë!š-ö

DìXÂV|xÆZ±gÐ˜ŠÃkBÆ!š-ö

D~Ì

ZEwHY@*ì1²!~kBÆaZÝÂywìÔ:˜ŠXñŠ{iâ:~˜Š»ÂZÒkBZzgŸŠÆ!š-ö

D~1ÑY@*ìXzc*Æ

Ò‹ZEw»³tƒZZsxÃŸŠ»è<ØŒYäÎX}ßyÆZôm,~Zq-è<Ø — ~Zq-WgçÖìT»ÄZytì (The Times) gzi**)N*'.ø

J

ŸŠÅZYi]ŠêìXA religion that sanctions violence

ŒVtÎZwaZƒ@*ìŒÛWy~9ZsxÃgØr=ÅwÐ”gsHŠHìXZk»ÈtìW\Š+Ññz{Š*ÆaŠ+gØåXZ,Š+Å¦k,{ŠZ:è<ØÅù0ˆXZ[tìŠznÅßxVZkÜszZ§¦k,ÅŠZgXZq-ÔÃtZzg¿~Ût:™**XŠzu}ÔZ]YÃÀx»ŠgzŠbX f)

XtZq-t”{|ìÃtÅgzÝ~¿ÃY™Y@*ìÔ:¿ÅgzÝ 1~ÃtÃY™YäÑX}ZZx{ÆegR,ÅgzÝ~ZkÅMñVÆgz!îGOÃY™YñÇÔ:tMñVÅigzlÅgzÝ~egR,»|x³HYñXZÏ§bZkX

âVÃZq-Šzu}ÐZµ™ÆŠ¬YñX › zg~ìZsxZzg ¢ ·Æn _dÆ117

}›âVÅZq-®ZŠZyGzVÃ7“ìT~Ë),gvÃLŠ®HŠHåXZkÃŠN™"$6,„ßvëøg}è4ï XELÑuZzgZsxÆè<ØÂ©~ÃðÛt7XÛtZ¤/ìÂÜstyzŠOx~9Z™Æ7YY@*ìZzgZsxŠOx~Å5é LH™7YY@*ìX1t».ÞŠg„7XYV›yGzVÃ7”z{Zy»Zq-ZZ°÷ìÔZk»ZsxÅZÝ½ÐÃðm7X

¸çn˜Š»ìX˜Ššd->î IEXZq-6,Zð¿ìXpZ¤/úŠçâ~ZzgZzg8-id$Å{ŠZ:»ggzZÇVÃZsò˜ŠCc*Yñc*ñŠ{iâ:~›yZ£â]6,ZsxÆ**xÐ±ZðC}ƒñZyÃ˜Š¹YñÂtgZñ‡ì™ä»9§i:ƒÇX9d§itìŒÛWyz<LÅU*"$”{x]ÃZsòÃt»â~.¯c*YñZzg›âVÅ»ggzZÇVÃZkÅgzÝ~Y™YñX›âV»¿ZsxÆÃ›˜Š6,7gZ:ZF,}QkÃgŠ™Šc*YñX

Xß.»ŠzuZ:LZ]ð½ÃÀò½»ŠgzŠbìXŒÛWy~½ãbDÙZg 2WtXZy~Ðoe:WtZ+˜Š'.š-ö EDywÐmgBbXª

X(0.5 per cent) ‚5 Zq-‚ÐÌÁWtÔic*Š{³îg6,Z(gt‚wÅæ]~z9z9ÐZF,ZX‰qÑ]aZƒD¸ 23 ZÝtìŒÛWy

‚wÃŠzZæÂV 23 ZÏÆ_.ZvÅ§sÐZ©x**iw™ŠñYD¸XZk‚wÅæ]~ 20 ‚wÅæ]ZzgŠzu}&‚wÅæ]X 20 ~„HYYìXZq-

ŒÛWy~z{Z©xZF,}ZZyÔZÜmÔ„Š]ÔZÜtÔ°wÔZ&bÐmgnp¸Zzg&‚wÅæ]~kBÆZ©xZF,}Z#9ZsxÆ#|Vä”†îg6,ú™ÆZIZsxÆaŠÃq»XaZ™Šc*åXÍc*ŒÛWy~˜Š'.š-ö EDywÅWìVÅwZ]YÅìZzgŠzu~WìVÅwÀxÅX

118

Z]YZzgÀx»tÛtCÙ(0*c*Y@*ìXVwÆîg6,1yzƒVÅZq-lkÂ[ìXZk~ÕÅ¹Ï!*'X1ZÏÆ‚B1~™×YZgXÐëìZgXÔ±ZðÆa»gƒZzgkB™X

O Arjun, be ready and fight. (Chapter 3, 11)

7g~1Ã7,JYñÂ¥xƒÇkBÅ!*]Zk~Z]YÅwgBbìXZ¤/ÜsZÏZ]ðzÃ1YñZzgZkÃ¾Ñ,™ÆZÏÐ1Åù¦½ïàYñÂtZq-)d§iƒÇZzg1Ã9îg6,K~g»z^0YñÇX

ZÏ§b!*ª~Wc*ì|][äZLá¤/ŠzVÐ¹:Do not think that I came to bring peace on earth. I didnot come to bring peace but a sword. (Matthew 10/34)

|][Æ7g}¯xÃŠ¬YñÂ¥xƒÇZy»twZ]ð¸wìX¸ZyÅÀò½7XZ+qª~|][ÆxÃ³™äÆaZyÆÀòZZw

ÃŠ¬YñÇX‰Z]ðZZwÃá™[ÅÀò¦k,¯**Šg„7ƒYX¸ËÂ[Æ_·»d§iìX¸§i1Zzg!*ªÆ_·ÆaÌ

Šg„ìZzg§iŒÛWyÆ_·ÆaÌŠg„XZ[ŒÛWyZzgug$ÆjZßVÅgzÝ~˜Š»|x³<XŒÛWyÅZq-We$

(XªßvZv~˜Š™, 69 )Z¶] æ]Ö³màq^aæ]Ênß^Öß`mß`Üf×ß^( tì:ÐZvZ7ZLgZ5Š3ñÇXZkWe$~˜ŠÐ%ZŠz{ÃÒìCðÅˆl~c*ZvÅcÄqÝ™ä~ÅYñXZkWe$~Zq-Z,¿Ã˜Š¹ŠHìåîg6,

ÅwgBbìX (intellectual pursuit) Zq-„~[HZsxŸŠÅZYi]Šêì

HZsxŸŠÅZYi]ŠêìXZk»Z[tì7Xt9ìZsx~ŠÃq

119

Æa±äÅZYi]ìX6CÙèIZzg)èIÄ~ZkÅZYi]ìX1ŸŠ÷}4,Šq-ZkÐZµZq-Zzg÷»**xìXZkUÐZsx~‡ŸŠÅZYi]7XŸŠ»Â¬xîg6,T|x~1ÑY@*ìz{tìZLŠÔÃ»™äÆaŸŠ»

ZEwHYñXZzgZknÆ¦gÅZsx~ÃðRö7XÃð¿ËÃZCŠÔŒÂZk¯6,QkÆaY,7ƒY@*z{QkÃ»™äÆ**x6,QkÆÜsŸŠ™äÑX

ŒÛWyÆ_·Ð¥xƒ@*ìZsx~ŠÔZzgYgbÆŠgxyÛtHŠHìXZ¤/Ãð¤/z{ËŠzu}¤/z{ÆÜsq-§†îg6,{ŠZ:Yg¢A™}ÂŒÛWyÆ_.ÔQkÃhìz{Z,YgbÆÜsŠÃ¦»ggzZð™}Zzg”§¢zg]Z!ŸŠ»ZEw™}XŒÛWy~¹ŠHì±äÅZYi]Š}Š~ˆQyßÍVÃXÆÜs±Zð

ÅYg„ì:Permission of fighting is given to those who are attacked. (22.39)

1ŠÔ»çnZkÐ!*ÇZìXŠÔÆ£¨~ZsxÅ½Ðz„ì[Åi!*yÐ!*ª~Zk§bWðì?ZLŠÔÐ›gÅ:

Love your enemy (Luke 6-31)

OçŒÛWy ŒÛWy~Š=:|u»Z[Š=:|uÆ‚BŠ¶ÐIHŠHXQ? ~ZgáŠƒZì>ðZzg',ZðŠzâV',Z',7Ô?Z[~z{¼ZkÐ4ƒX(34 ŠdÐ?~ZzgT~Š#¶Ôz{Z(ƒŠH‰ÃðŠz„ŒÛZ"$zZÑ)9ê WZã{

ZkÐ¥xƒZZsxÅ½Æ_.ÔŠÔÐ±**7ìÉŠÔÃZCŠz„¯**ìXZsxÆ_.ÔCÙZKyZ¹›oìXz{Üszzîg6,L›ŠÔ0Y@*ìXZ¤/QkÆ‚Bq-§†Œ|uHYñÂz{ZK¡]Å§sßWñÇXZzgâè»ŠÔqw»Šz„0YñÇX

Z[g<Ãð¿ŸŠYV™@*ìXZk»Zq-:LWàc*ÑŠZÀ@xìX

120

˜VZÀ@x:ƒz;VŸŠÌ:ƒÇXOçZsx~ZÀ@xÃI™ÆZknÆŸŠÅa»^Š~ˆXZsxä¹Š+~Ën»07)ZûðÔZ0âzÔZ£(

There is no extremism in the religion of Islam.

ZÏ§bŸŠ»Zq-:L×ìXZzgZsx~×ÃZq-¹(,~ZÜ¹%æENZðŒÛZgŠc*ŠHìXŒÛWy~ñðÅ°ptÅˆìZ#Z7×W@*ìÂz{çs™ŠïX

(ZzgtZq-zZã|ìZ¤/ZsxÅZk½Æ_.ßvZ(™, 37 )ZŸgòZ#Z7Ë6,×WñÂz{QkÃçs™Š,ÔZ+ßg]~ŸŠÅâ"$„:WñÏX

ŸŠÃZEw™äÅZq-ZzgzztƒCìWŠòt™©8ìŸŠZq-¤!gfg=ìXZk¤!gfg=ÃZEw™Æz{ZLÑÃqÝ™YìX1ŒÛWy~Zkf‚Ã»™äÅÃÒÅˆìXŒÛWyÆ_.ÔŸŠÜsZq-"³n»tgŠ¿ìÔz{ËÑÆ”w»Ãð¸W,ZzgÆfg=7X

ŒÛWyÅ½tìËÐvg~4,Zq‡ìƒÂ4,ZqÃ”ZƒJ-:YäŠzWy»gŸŠ0Y@*ìXÉ4,ZqÃrÒ:§iZ(g™Dƒñ¬„%³~»™ŠzXOç

(128 ŒÛWy~ZgáŠƒZì*4ì)ZûYReconciliation is the best.

ZkÐ¥xƒZZsxÅ½tìZ#ËÐËçn~4,ZqÅßg]aZ(conciliatory course of action) ƒYñÂQkÆiÆarÒ:§$þGL¿

ªCÙìZ¤/ X(confrontational course of action) oi¬:§&¿ Z(g™zÔ:ZsxÅZk½ÃZ(gHYñÂ4,ZqaZƒäÆ!*zŠŸŠÅâ"$7WñÏX

ZkXÃKÆa9Zsx»Zq-¸w¹ic*Š{æŠÇgƒYìXz{wtì)9›(ªZv3,ò6,z{qŠê ]á]Ö³×³ämÃ_oÂ×o]ÖÊÐÚ^mÃ_oÂ×o]ÖÃßÌ

ìz{ñ6,7ŠêX

121

9ZsxÆZkw~¡]»ÂxCc*ŠHìXñŠ{Š*~}.Zä¡]»Âx‡ìHìz{Z,ZßßV6,FFìŒVËÑÆ”wÆa%æFNZð§iic*Š{»gWæZzg³&ìXZkÆ£¨~%æFNŸŠ§iCd$»g~Â™Yì1z{ËµÑÆ”wÆa³&7X

ŒVtZŸ†™**¢zg~ìZsxZzg›yŠzâVZq-q7XZsxZq-Wàc*ßY»**xìZzg›yQk¤/z{»**xìtŠúò™DQrVäZsxÃZLè<ØÆîg6,Z(gHXZ+qª~›âVÆ¿ÃZsxÅ½ÐY™YñÇÔ:t

›y¼™,QkÃZsx™1YñXÃð›yc*›âV»Ãð¤/z{Z¤/ŸŠ™}ÂtQk»ZCfZC÷ìXZ,ßÍV

Æ!*g}~ŒÛWyÅi!*yÐ¹YñÇZ¤/pz{Zsx»Šúò™þD1QrVä(14 ZsxÃŠwÐJw7HX)ZÆZ]

ZsxZzgŠc¤/Š~Z¤/Ãð¿™

\C4èIFGER,gix»R,xZEw™}ÂìzZÑ¾Ç?„ŠF,I

ZEw™gìƒX™\C4èIFGE»ÃðmR,gixÐ7ìXOç[ (contradictory term)

(Love) Åð M ™\B54-öIFGEHÅx] (Love your enemy) ä¹ì?ZLŠÔÐ›gÅ

6,FFXZ+qª~™\C4èIFGER,gixÆÃð!š-ö

D7X1tWŠSCðìXt9ì[ä

¹?ZLŠÔÐ›gÅÔ1ZÏÆ‚BE$o-.3ïHHEHÅgzZe$Æ_.Ô[ätÌ¹

t:õ~*™zZäWc*ƒVÉ~kB™zZäWc*ƒV:Do not think that I came to bring peace on earth.I did not come to bring peace but a sword. (10:34)

QHzzì[ÆZkzZã¸wÆ!*zŠÃð¿™\C4èIFGEßÍV6,R,gix»Z²Zx¬Z+

7™@*XZk»:Lt7ì™\C4èIFGEßv±Zð7™DXZkÅ‚Š{Ïzztìz{ZK

122

±ZðÃDZÚ†Æ**x6,`DÔ:\è<ØÆ**x6,X}ÓZq-™\C4èIFGEåXZk

äŠzu~¬@kBC~1ZkäZKZkkBÃmÆ**x6,7HÉð¸è

Æ**x6,HXZÏ§bZ%Mäze$**x~Šk‚wÐic*Š{æ]J-kBÅ1Zk~ÌZkäZ(7Hz{ZKZkkBÃ™\C4è

IFGEzZg¾XZkÆ',@Zkät¹z{Zk

kBÃZ%O¢ŠÆa™g;ìX¼ßvtDe$™Dzc*ZsxÃR,gix»**xŠ}™ZsxÃ$+**x™**eL

ìX1~¼VÇZkçn~zc*»]g7XYV›ypŠZsxÆ**x6,((ŸŠ;ñƒñTÃz{gpŠ˜Š»**xŠïXZ+qª~zc*»gzwZkÆÎZZzg¼7z{›âVÆwz¿ÃQyÆZLŠúòÆ_.g7g™@*ìX›yZ¤/ZKkBÃZKñ‹ÆZÚ†Æ**x6,±~YäzZàkBCNÂZkÃ›ñ‹Æ**xÐhZYñÇX1Z#z{ZLŸŠÃZsx»**xŠïÂ!*Ç¡~ìzc*~z{ZsòŸŠÆ**xÐg7gHYñX

‚99 ZÝ|tìZsxÅÓxx]ZðÆZßßV6,FFXZsxÅWt',ZÓgZ„c*!*ßZôîg6,Zð„ÐmgBbX@*ëZÏÆ‚BZk~‰Wtc*¼WtkBÐmgppzZàÌX1Zsx~ZðÅwÀxÅìZzg

kBÅwZ]YÅXj~ŠzgÐ)j~ŠzgJ-

‚Â,œ~ÆÛZzw~Z#Zsx»¼gƒZÔQkz‰Ü‚g~Š*~(Ïƒ»» (absolute imperialism) z{Âx‡ìåTÃÛZú¸gc{~6,+äÇ!*Šá>Ø

¦Âx ¡ Zk ŠHŠc*¬ xGƒñåXQkz‰Ü z ÆíÐø n KyÃCÙ Z **xŠc*ìXtÂxƒ»{Ø™Šz@*ZKyÆZz6,Zy>ÇV»ŠgzZi{ÁYñZväQyÆalgHìX

123

æÎ³^i³×³çaÜujoFiÓçáÊjßè (~t¬ZyZÖp~Šc*ŠH: 39 ŒÛWy)ZÑÎwX)ZzgQyÐ±zŒVJ-:gìZzgŠ+ƒZvÆa æm³Ó³çá]Ö³m³àÒ³×³³äÖ×³ä

ƒYñ(XZkWe$~Ð%ZŠ(Ïƒ»z{Š*ÂxìWe$Æ4,zwÆz‰Ü‚g~Š*~gZòåXZzgŠ+Ð%ZŠ¡]6,FF}.Z»!ÂxìXZk»Ètì¡¦ƒ»Âx»ƒYñZzgŠ*~}.ZÆ!uÆ_.qÅïGL¡~‡ìƒYñXT~CÙZKyZL¿ÆaWiZŠƒÔCÙZKyAâjw~ZC±Š}nX

gÎwZzgZô[gÎwÅ].z4ZzgQyÅŒÛ!*ãÐèÃg{Š*ÂxI^ŠHZzgŠ*~z{ÂxWŠHZvÃ£[åX@*ëtZq-xp~¶Xtz{Zâ3Zz[åTÃ

ZsxäŠ*ÅqªÃ$+wŠc*X@*gõ»gzZîeJç — 6,+äZk§bÒyHì {~Âh™NŠc*ŠHX

Islam changed the face of the globe. Thetraditional order of history was overthrown.

tZz[ZÚ(,Zåz{Ze7-7WYåXOçZvÅSàæŠÐz{Zq-¿Ægz\~Yg~ƒZXZsxÆŠzgZzw»tZz[Íc*Zq-Š.å@*gõÃŠc* (process)

ŠHXZkÆˆZKã@*gõZq-ºm¥c6,^7,~X‚Â,œ~»t¿ÚYg~g;XŒVJ-z{,œ~Æz‰~ZKŠJ-VŠHXZkÆˆt**eƒŠHŠ*§i»ƒ~ÂxŠz!*g{i}6,‡ìƒX

ˆÆiâ:~Šz!*g{ËZzgZ'.5é GF],»Š*~‡ì:ƒ**ÃðZ·¹!*]7XZÝtìëPœ-VÆ¿Æ³~Š*~Z+!p´VzZµƒðË6Z'.5é GF],ÆªxÅgZ{~êÁîg6,g»z^XZ[z{Zò[Š*~ñŠ„7Z#Ãð(Ïj,qŠz!*g{Š*§i»Z'.5é GF],9Z™nX

aZƒñ (deterrents) ñŠ{iâ:~(ÏZ'.5é GF],ÆªxÆÜsñZú

124

QyÃPVßVÐŒYYìXXŠ*iâ:~tßg]qw¶Z#Ãð!*Šá{Y¤‰ÜÆizg6,Zq-´‘6, 1

ï™©8åÂz;VÆßvQkÃ!*Šá{»¡~h™™QkÅ(Ï!*ÑŠ4ÃJw™fe¸X¸zzìŠ*iâ:~Zq-!*Šá{ÃÜsŠzuZ!*Šá{»™YåÔ:úZxX1ñŠ{iâ:~/ge$Zzg(ÏWiZŠ~ZzgòÓ#ÖÆ¦gZ]Æ³~gZñ¬)Zâic*Š{$+w

qÝ7ƒCË (social acceptance) _ìZ[ËÛzã!*Šá{Ãz{Z½¦JqÓ#ÖÆªxz’Æa¢zg~ìX

XŠ*iâ:~ZOŠc*]»Z®gÓxF,i}6,FFƒ@*åZzgi}Üs!*Šá{Å 2!ªYC¶XñŠ{iâ:~QZz[ä"Ñg6ZOŠ~fgZùaZ™ŠbXt6fgZùCÙZKyÆa‡.Þ”wXZkaZ[¬xßÍVÆateƒŠHz{(ÏxZVÆÜsZ,WiZŠZOŠ~z‚b0*B(ÏxZVÆŠZ],ÒZMZgÆ!*CÙƒVXZkZOŠ~p~äZk!*]Ãe¯Šc*W`Z+Zz!’q-`ðYnTÃgz)(ÏxZVÆae:ƒX

¹YY (media deterrent) XZÏ§bZq-qz{ìTÃâúzc* 3ìXñŠ{iâ:~zc*Zzgñ"5»4jè

EGGIEÅF,¹ätßg]qwaZ™Š~ìZq-´‘~7WäzZÑzZ§gU„‚g~Š*~VYñXÓxŠ*ÆßvQkÐ7g~§b!*

ìTäŠ*§iÆ(ÏZ'.5é GF],ÆªxÃ½ã (check) ¸ƒYNXtZq-Z(sB**e¯Šc*ìXZ[Ãð!*Šá{ZLZ(gZ]»Qk§b"psZEw7™Y¬

eƒZ™@*åX¹YY (universal deterrent) XZÏ§bZq-Zzgqz{ìTÃ¬@âú 4

ìXñŠ{iâ:~ZZx{ÔZ')4o-ö GEHZÚDZzg‘ðgZQÆDÆ**x6,‡ìƒä

125

ZŠZg}ÔZ,xsBXÃÃð(ÏxZVÃZ0+Zi7™YZzg:Šk,J-Qy zZázgi~»·™YìX ÅÜsZy¬@p=VÆZKã@*gõZq-6Šzg~ŠZ4ƒìXŠ*ŠzgZ¤/j~ŠzgåÂZ[*Šzg)j~ŠzgìXŠ*iâ:~%æFNŸŠ§iÃË(,~»x!Æ

ÃÇîg6,»x[ (peaceful method) a¢zg~ŒY@*åX1Z[%æFNZð§i§iÅwqÝƒ_ìXZ[ËÑÆ”wÅ].z4ÃZzwÐWyJ-Zk§b`c*YYìQkÆËÌ%³~ŸŠÆZEwÅ¢zg]7:WñXz{åîg6,%æFNZðfgZùÅ0*ÈgTƒñ»x!ÅWy~2wJ-VYñX|tìZ[%æFNŸŠ

Å8543ï IGGGZ(g™[ìÔZ[z{z‰ÜÆ (anachronism) §$þGL»gZq-Üsiâ:¿

_.ÔÃð¿7X!îGXZ[ñŠ{qÑ]~t 1 ˜Š'.š-ö EDywÃÓxfYŒÅ.çEGøâ…Ô:Œ¯

I9ƒÇZ[˜Š'.š-ö EDyw»z‰Ü7g;ÔZ[˜Š'.š-ö ED%æFNZð].z4»z‰ÜŠ*~zZ:WŠHìXZk»Èt7˜Š'.š-ö EDywZ[™cƒŠHXz{7À)éS$+2g!*¹ìXt

çn7Wc*ìQk»mpŠ¬Å™qÐ7ìÉZjZwÅp~ÐìX *ij³³Çn³³]¢u³³Ó³³³^Ýej³³Çn³]Ö³Ú³³^á ZkÅÂôZk!hÐ*î O~0*ðYCì:

zkyÆ$+%ÐZ©x$+wYD(tZ%zZãìp~Zzg X)iây æ]Ö³³Û³Ó³³^á™q~â¦Ût0*c*Y@*ìX

tp~ñŠ{iâ:~7Wðìz{ÐZsxÆh~ìZzgz{Zsx„ÆaZ™Š{Zz[Æ}ò~ÐZq-³ìXZ(ZkaƒZìZsxÅŠú]zVÆñZµWy~uJ-ÅwŠbYNXZ[Z3ÿXLZsxÍc*Wy~îg6,QkŠzg~ŠZ4ƒ`

e³ß³³^æi³v³Û³ØÂ×nß³^ TÅWæÅŠ¬gÎwZzgZô[gÎwäZyZÖp~Å¶:

126

)ZÂ{(Z[ZsxÆŠúC£œÃqÝ™ä ³]Ò³Û³^u³Û×jäÂ×o]ÖmàÚàÎf×ß^ÆaË”ZƒÅ¢zg]7XZ[%æFNZð§$þGL»g6,¿™Dƒñz{ƒ¼qÝHYYìZsx~£[ìX

Zq-ug$9Zsx-ZvmzÅ»Zq-[ug$ÅZÂ1V~Wc*ìXZq-ô!ë

gÎwZv-ZvmzÅøg}Šgxy9}ƒñZzgZLiâ:Ðá™ª#ÖJ-7WäzZà‚g~!*'W\äëÃCNXZk[~W\äZKZ#ÖÃ.e$”]Æ‚B(ÏŒz]ÐIHXW\äÛâc*ÃðxZVpZ{vg}4,Šq-ªÝƒÔz{vg~"6,Ãh}âg}ZzgvgZâwááA$Ì?ZkÅZ¤®)™zX

æÄ M æ]Þ³Û³^]ì^ÍÂ×o]Újo]ñÛè]ÖÛ×nà(æ ZkÆW\äÛâc*:)òZ!ŠZƒŠÔÂ[ZÅ¨4è

EGEzZŸ3Ô ]ÖnÌÊ³o]Új³oÖ³Ümö³Ê³ÄÂ³ß`³^]ÖomçÝ]ÖÏn^Úè((ª~ZKZ#Ö6,ƒÐic*Š{eZ{™äzZá7gzVÐ{`ƒVÔZzgZ# 95B4

÷~Z#Ö~ŒZgŠZ4ƒYñÏÂz{ZkÐª#ÖJ-ZVð:YñÏXZknÅŠzu~u(VÅgzÝ~Zkug$6,gHYñÂZk»Èt™~

W@*ì(Ïç5]~gÎwZv-ZvmzÅäñÆ‚B6,ŸŠ¿Ðgz»Zzg%æFNZð¿ÅÃÅXZka6,ŸŠ¿ÅgzZe$Z¤/Zq-!*g‡ìƒYñÂZkÆQk

Ã»™**"uÂƒY@*ìXug$ÅÂ1V~Ò]ÐZknÅgzZtWðX~W\äxZVÆ

Üsyz`ÐWy~uJ-IÛâc*ìXZk¯6,fYäZk6,Z·t™1ì‡ì”{(417 ™ ]ÖÇ×çÊo]Ömà Ó#ÖÆÜsËÌ±gÅ¯6,Œz]™**wZxìX)

Zq-§sqÁÆÜs{ŠZ:(„ÅtÇ˜ÆìXŠzu~§sgzZc*]

127

]Ê³³Ø]Ör`^ÚàÎ^ÙÒ×ÛèuÐõÂß×_^áq^ñ äÛâc*: ~V ~Wc*ìgÎwZv)Znè~ÔZ1ŠZƒŠÔZ0âzÔZ£ÔZûð(ªZa˜ŠtìÃð¿ªÝ!*Šá{Æ‚t

Å!*]¾X h

ZyŠzâVnÅgzZc*]6,g™äÐ¥xƒ@*ìËÃÃðxZV¿ªÝŠ3ðŠ}A$ÌZkÆnic*Š{Ðic*Š{TuJ-YäÅZYi]ìz{Üsà!š-ö

D~

ZÖggZñìÔ:i!š-öD

~#Ö:(„`**c*xZVÃ»™äÅÃÒ™**XŠzu}ìX6,ŸŠ].z4 (peaceful struggle) /V~tZsx~Üs6,Zð].z4

ËÌqw~ZzgËÌ±gÅ¯6,Zsx~Y,7X (violent struggle)

ZsxÅˆÅ@*gõ»¸„ƒÐ(,ZZ˜tìèÃg{zZã@Zc*]Æ!*zŠˆÅ›YV~˜ŠÆ**x6,{ŠZ:(„ÅgzZe$^7,~X8-öGWtf‚›âV6,ZÚ

(ZyÆŒVŠ+˜Š'.š-ö EDyw0ŠHXˆÅœ-V 107 ic*Š{Yc*Š+gØ)ZÑmCY~»gƒäzZÑ9ßZ',Z{gZ„c*!*ßZôîg6,ZÏf‚Å?Ï™@*ìX

ˆÆiâ:~ŒÛWyÅ‚,èIQy~Zkf‚Å?ÏZk§bƒðñzZ²ZnÅWìVÆ!*g}~ÉŠc*ŠHyw»¬QF,äÆˆtWt™cƒIXZqŠg$¦™Æ%A$ÅIÂQy~Â[ZŠÂ.e$,Æ‚BŠg`HŠH1

Â[Z−ú{zZ>u}ÐËÂ[~áï7X¸qw}ÅÓxÂ1V»ìX}ÅÂ1V~˜ŠZzg0‹˜ŠÆZ©x.e$,Æ‚BÒyƒñ1Šú]Zzg0‹Šú]ÆZ1Z[ËÌÂ[~‡ì7G‰X

¸qwÃaZƒäzZá½ãÓxZsòßZ»ƒZXZ0ŠÐá™á{J-ÔZzgá{zàZvÐá™ñŠ{iâ:Æ!{3¨4è EE

GEJ-ÔÃðÌ¿Šú]Æ zàZvñçq6,ÃðÂ[»g:™eXZ¤/ËÂ[»**xŠú]zVìÂz{ÌZ(„ì‰(„

128

c*cbÅËÂ[»**xŠú]zVgÄŠc*YñXZknÆßZÆ›âV»'×Z`¯QÏ»t³ì›âV~”Zƒ»

§iZ(g™äzZáßv‹z0YDZzg¿”Zƒ»§iZ(g:™}z{Qy~)=wƒ™g{Y@*ìX

ZÏ¯6,Z(ƒZZâx@Æ™ŠZgÃÂøg}Hg+Zzgøg+äp[úc*VH1ZâxŒ»™ŠZgúc*V:HYeX&bZ−+Z-!Ã›âVÆŠgxyi',Š„à]qÝƒðX1z{ßvMVä@*@*g~¸g]¤/zVÃZsx~ŠZ4™ÆZ7Zsx»{Šx¯c*Qy»ÃðE+™{øg~@*gõÅÂ1V~7MXñŠ{iâ:~Q‚)0ÑŠy

‰ŸŠÅ!*]™äzZáßv.e$W‚ãÐ›âVÆŠgxy‹z0YDXpZ¤/Ãð¿ZðZzgZZÄZK+MÅ!*]™}Âz{›âVÆŠgxyÀòJqqÝ:™nÇX

„(concern) Zkf‚»ƒÐ(,Zvytì¬xZK+M›âV»{y:g„X›âV»qwtƒZ}.ZÆÈzVÃz{÷÷ZK¸xóóZzg÷÷)xóó~„™ÆŠÚÑXŠúC§¯„Æ_.Ô›yZzg)›ŠZ¦ZzgæúŒÛZg0*DXZkÆ',@˜Š~)'.š-ö EDyà(§„~tƒ@*ì›yŠzuzVÃZCwpZzgg«K”X

f!ñVÆZØYÆˆtÛt¹ic*Š{(,|ŠHX›âVÃCkƒZf!¸ñVäQyÐQy»',F,~»£xá1ìXZkÆ³~tƒZg‡"$'×h+ZŸ†Æ‚BÐ]0X›y¬xîg6,Šzu~ñVÃŠÔÅÃÐŠÚÑX

ZsxZå,œ~~9ZsxZzgW\ÆZô[Æfg=ŠzgZÍw~Zz[Wc*Qk»Zq-Uz{ì

TÅŠŠzgZzw„~ƒXª4,zwŒÛWyÅŠZzgZsò§ii0+Ï»Ã~Zzgi

129

%:Š*~‡ìƒY**Xt%:ŒÛWyZzgug$Zzg§]ZzgZjZÁô/Åßg]~åÆnôpƒŠHìXz{Z$+~îg6,ZKyÆag&éEOã§ii0+Ï»R%:ìX

ŠzgZzwÆZsòZz[»ŠzuZUz{ìZKâÎÆZ±gÐD+gó»¤Æîg6, (process) åXOçz{Dæ]ÆˆZKŠÃàXtŠzuZUZq-Ú¿

ZKã@*gõ~ŠZ4ƒZXt@*gõ~Zq-"uŠzggkp~»çnåXQkÆaDÙZg‚!pZC¿Šg»gåXOçt¿lZzgæÜÐYg~ƒ™ŠwZzgZŠJ-àXZkÆˆz{'×h+WÐ(,JXz{Zzi-g\)Z0+Ö(~ŠZ4ƒZZzgQkÆˆz{‚g~Š*~’ŠHXw~WäzZáZkZz[»f™ŒÛWy~zZãîg6,ñŠìXŒVZkŸ~PWìVÆjZáÜGYDX

XZzg?QyÐ±zŒVJ-!*¹:gìZzgŠ+ƒZvÆnƒYñX 1(39 )ZÆIÎwXW`”Gvg}Š+Å§sÐâ-kƒ‰X$o-ê FGQyÐ:egzÔÜsíÐ 2

egzXW`~ävg}avg}Š+Ã7gZ™Šc*Zzg?6,ZKÚ7g~™Š~Zzgvg}(3 nZsxÃŠ+ÅwÐI™1X)ZÓZ+{

Xkd$ëQyÃZK¶K*VŠ3NÐWÃt~ÌZzgpŠQyÆZ0+gÌX 3(53 ŒVJ-Qy6,ªCÙƒYñÇtŒÛWyhìX)9ê WZã{

(286 Z}øg}g[Ôë6,1ú:eZw6ÂäeZÑåëÐZ‰V6,X)ZÂ{ X4ZsòZz[ÆZkŠzu}U»Ütå@*gõ~Z+p´VÑðYN

QkÆZsx6,¿™**iâUâèÆ£¨~W‚yƒYñXÔŠzgÆZIZZyÃ»x÷÷óóÆqÑ]~™**7,@*åz{ZŒŠzgÆZIZZyÆn÷÷$lç GNóóÆqÑ]~ZxŠbeƒYñ)ZÑíZb(X&4n.ç GGGÆZk¿ÆZUX

130

Zk»Zq-UtìŠ*iâ:~!*Šá>ØÆ(Ïƒ»Âx‡ìåXZkÂxÆZKyÃÎWc*¿™äÅWiZŠ~qÝ:¶XZ#WiZŠ~Æ%:Š´Z©x6,¿HYYZzg:Šú]zV»»xZxŠc*YYìXZsòZz[ä:ÜsZ’Zð

Yg~HXZk¿ÅŠ (process) îg6,ƒÆZkÂxÃÂhZÉ@*gõ~Zq-*¿ñŠ{iâ:~Zk§bƒðìW`ZIZZyÃŠ¿ZzgŠ´Šú]ŠzâVÅåWiZŠ~qÝìÔZÆä Otz{pŠZKË**ŠZãÐqÑ]Ã¡¦îg6,ZL#³¯BX

ZkZz[»Zq-ZzgUtìñŠ{iâ:~8F,¹Æfg=ñ"5»4jèEGGIEÆ

].h+fgZùqÝƒ‰XZk§bteƒŠHhÅŠú]Ã!~Æ‚BŠ*ÆCÙz~àc*YnX

ZÏ§bñŠ{iâ:~‚³Šgc*:VäZkÃe¯Šc*»Ñ]~’ƒð}.ZÅ¶K*VªCÙƒVZzg}.ZÆŠ+ÃpŠDZKãÅgzÝ~æÉÿ OZzgÞ‚™nX

,œ~{~~t¿ZKWy~ŠJ-V[åXZ[ZIZZyÆateƒŠHåz{ZðZzgWiZŠ~Åc~l!îg6,ZvÆŠ+6,¿™,ZzgZvÆŠ+ÃŠzu~ZZxJ-àä»ŠúCÛ9Ëg»z^Æ%ZxŠ,X1ÐZÏœ~

~›âVÆ**ZIgÉƒVäßgÉð™ÆQ7Z+u¤/ñV~Z{Šc*T»³ÜstƒYåZIZZy].h+ñZµÃZEw:™ÃÔ8-öGWz{QyÆÅgÐÌ

¾{ƒYNXt™VãCŠ~îg6,ŠznÐmgBbX "

Zq-tz{ìZsxÅ(ÏÆ³~aZƒðXZkäßîg6,›âV»tf‚¯c*z{ZsxÆ»ïczÜsQkz‰Ü0MhZ#z{ZsxÆÓxZ2Ãn**Ç™Š,XZk(Ïf‚»³tƒZ›úZxZLxZâVÐ±‰Ô@*QyÃU™z{Ñ<»‡ây**Ç™ÃXZk(Ï$+®)Æ³~ÃðíÂ‚t

131

7Wc*Z%›Š*~pŠ›âVÆ;ðVz{ƒZzgÕŠz!*g{‡ìƒŠHTÃE@*g]¿Æ³~»HŠHåX|tìÈzVÐZsxÅ»ïcz~£[ìÔ:Zsx»»ïÎfX

Šzu~tz{ì˜ŠÆ**x6,ñŠ{iâ:~ÑzqÅˆXñŠ{iâ:Æ›âVÃŠzu~ñVÐ¼(ÏZzgâœ~Dt‰XZyDìVÃ%æFNZð§$þGL»gÆfg=iHYYå1%æFNlgÉƒVä¯gU˜ŠÆ**x6,ÏgQVaZzgŠzu~ñVÆÜs

!hÑ÷O

±ZðÑzq™Š~XZkpŠ‚˜ŠÆ³~:Üs].h+Zk**]Ÿùƒ‰ÉñŠ{iâ:Æ›yZâ(,~n„ÐŠzegƒñÔÜn„âèÅîs@*gõ~QyÆ‚BL77Wð¶X

›gÉƒVÅßgÉðÆ³~›y,œ~ÃÅ`XZ[Š9tìz{ZKZy!VÅZ&b™,Ðc*ñŠ{œ~ÃÌz{QÏ§bÅŠ,ÐT

§bz{ëœ~ÃÅ`

132

Zðœu`~ÃWiZŠƒZXtWiZŠ~ŠzòÃtÆ 1947 Z~ 15 ',RyD].z4Æˆ

Zßw6,ƒðX@*ëq„ƒðz{'ZBåÔ:¸xXªZ&+c*Zzg0*ÎyÆ**x6,Šzo0‰1ŠzâVxÆZÛZŠŠzâV”V~$+2gW!*ŠgìXtZq-ç**ußg]qw¶XYV¸ò×}Ã»™äÆ**x6,oÃÂ„™Šc*ŠH1x$+2g)Ëg„XZk§biFLZg{Æ!*zŠ4,Z¦ßg]qw$+2g‡ìg„ÔÉic*Š{”]Æ‚BX¬Z¤/z{Šz"ZMZgñV»×ZåÂZ[z{Šz!*ZMZggc*2V»×Z0ŠHX

ZkXÅ4,Z•Ã'ÓÇ0+Sä¬„ŠyCk™1åXOçWiZŠ~Æz‰ÜyzƒVZzg›âVÃZðZzgëW° — QrVäZLZq-*y~t@*g]ZÖp‘¸

ÐZq-‚BgxƒÇÔzg:~ZkÃÒ~ZKYyŠ}ŠzVÇ:Hindus and Musalmans should learn to live together withpeace and harmony, otherwise I should die in the attempt.

ÎñZ·tÐ'ÓÇ0+SÃWiZŠ~yÆ¢„ˆÍàâg™hu™Šc*ŠHXtšd->î IEX¹(,ZqŠXåXZk»³tƒZZðzZŠ‡ì™ä»¿ZL¬„%³~ZL

ƒÐ(,}7gÐøzxƒŠHX6¥xìÔWiZŠ~Æ‚B„8ûEO„ÆŠzâV§sÛ‘zZgZ:ŸŠZq-

˜7-¿Åßg]~ÑzqƒŠHXŸŠ»tŸF‚wJ-Yg~g;XWy»gQkz‰ÜÆm28 zik,ZWZCÙÑw1zäZkX6,Zq-D»Ð÷šðXZk»Z°k5Š‹~

J-Yg~g;XZk»Ð÷~Z·tgZñÐZq-WgkH,c)(Å 1961 ÐJZÆ',úÅˆT»**xDZ"5¾æ EH

YcÃ±)¸ò¬Ã±(åXZk»%œ/~Ší5Š‹~‡ì

138

HŠHXZk»ÑtCc*ŠHåz{ò¬Ð0Óx)b»Y,{áZzg¢zg~\g/7™}X

Ã5Š‹~ƒZXÑ»Yä½k,,X 1962y 3X2 ZkÃ±»Z°kŠzu~!*gZzgÛ‘zZgZ:XÆiÆaF?m,,7XX1Zy?m,zV6,Ãð¿:ƒeXŒV

J-Šz!*gÆZkÃ±»ÃðŠZZ°kZCÙÑw1zÅi0+Ï~7ƒZXZkÆˆZ#Z0+gZÇ0+SoÅzik,ZWFÂZrVäCkHDZ"5¾æ EH

Yc

Ãu~ô~»Z°k&ÕäENc*X 1968y 21X20 Ã±ÃŠz!*g{i0+{HYñXQrVäŒV-ƒNXWy»gZq-åÑÇ¿F,KMŠc*ŠHXZk»Zq-8~î Otå:

Û‘zZgZ:u¤/òÆ!š-öD

tŒÛZgŠbYNCÙz{÷ZèIÛVÔc*#¤/z7Vc*fZÂVc*',ZŠg-VÆŠgxyè<ØÔ±ÔfZ]0*]c*',ZŠg~ÅãCŠ6,c*ËÌ

ƒZzg ãCŠ6,Š#c*Ð];ñc*;äÅÃÒ™}Xtx‡&ÿELŠ„Z0+Zi~7:QkÆwZ0*äzZáÃúZòúÒÏÆ‡âyÆ**ZIŒÛZgŠ}Šc*YñX

)Z}(ÆxŒÛZg 153 Z¯Z{;**c*<ÍZŠ¶zZà¸,ZzgZ°gÅZá®)ÃŠiŠ}Šc*YñX

Ã±Æ5V~ZknÅ¹Ï?m,,Z·tgZñÆ‚B0*kÅIXQkÆQkÅ@*G~¹Ð‡âyZzgŸÆ¯ñ‰X1nZy»¼ÌÃZ+{7ƒZX

~¶X 1947 ZkZ±gÐoÅÇßg]qwZ[Ì½ãz„ìÜz{Zk**»ò»:LHìXZk»ãCŠ~:LtìZkXÃ‚Š{îg6,ÑZhWgeg»X™1ŠHX1ZKZÝ|ÆZ±gÐtXÑZhWgeg»X7Xz{f6yc*Åg~ËZg~»XìXZkXÆiÆaZÝ¢zg]tìßÍVÃZLHYñXQyÆZ0+g9ÎaaZÅYñXQyÆZ0+gt&¢AaZÅYñz{Zq-qZzg

139

Šzu~qÆÛtÃ−Xz{³&¿Zzg"³¿ÆŠgxy×™**Y3Xz{tY3Q7H™**ìZzgH7™**ìXz{Zk|Ã−iZŠZxÐ¬ÎWÆ%Zi

ÅŠ¢zg~ƒCìX¿ÃÎaÆ@*,ƒ**e’Ô:ÎaÃ¿Æ@*,¯Šc*YñXZkn»!*Åg`Íc*z{i}ì˜VÛ‘zZgZ:ëW°ÅQÇðY$ËìX

‡ây»Ñtƒ@*ì`ÆZ]ð—hÃ:æEOZk‰¿Æfg=Šg„HYñXÃðÌ‡ây`ÅÀòqªÅZ&bÆa7ƒ@*X:æEOZk»¿ŸÅZq-bðFg~ÃËŠ¶Æaƒ@*ìXZ¤/7gZŸÀòîg6,%n»DgƒYñÂZ+qª~:æEOZkÆ¿»ÃðÃZ+{7X

ŒV~ZkXÆPãCŠ~UƒVÅzŸs#™**eLƒVXtU',ZÓgZ„îg6,úZxÅf6úÆÎZwÐmgnpX"u¢zg~ìZyÎZÑ]»zZã

ËójyÆ%f6úc*Åg~y»»x¿~Ñc*YnX @* Z[øg}f‚~ƒèIZ%s

ZkŸ~ªÃ~Xz{ìèIZ%sÐmg‚rìXèZ<Ø»»©_·„CÙtC@*ìèZ<ØÆŠgxyzZãZ%Ã]0*ñYDX}ËèI¤/z{»

Æ(monotheism) Æ¦g6,‡ììZzgË¤/z{»o{Â© (monism) o{zu‹zŠ»¦gì (self-discovered truth) ¦g6,‡ììXËè<Ø~pŠŠgc*Ä™Š{Cð

»X (revealed truth) ZzgËè<Ø~ZAòCð¼ßÍV»ìwìtèIÛtzZ%s„ÓxÛ‘zZgZ:4,Z¬]ÅZÝaìX

o~Û‘zZgZ:ëW°ÜsQkz‰ÜaZÅY$ËìZ#Ë:Ë§bZyèIÅi!*y (buldose them all) Z%Ã]»{Ø™Šc*YñX¼Z•IßvÔQyÃ¤zi™Šz

1sX1z{Zâic*Š{**‡&ÿEL¿ìz{u}Ð‡&ÿELE+™{„7X¼Šzu}ßvt

140

ÃÒ™gìË:Ë§btU*"$HYñÓxèZ<ØÅx]Zq-X»ìXz{ (1869-1958) ZkŠzu}¤/z{~Zq-úc*V**xeZË=ZyŠZk

.e$‡.ÞWŠò¸XQrVäÓx(,}(,}èZ<ØÆE_·ÆˆZq-Â[»g,]6,ŒìZzg 929 ÅT~tŠ3c*ŠHìÓxèZ<ØÅ½Zq-ìXtÂ[

Zk»**xtì:Essential Unity Of All Religions

ÉZ½‚]Ãá™CÙè<ØÃZq-U*"$™**Z(„ì‰Ãð¿Z”VÆŠ2gÃáZzgQCÙŠ2gÐ¼ÉŠd]Ã¦™ÆZq-Â[Y9ZzgQkÅãCŠ6,tŠúò™}CÙo»Š2gZq-ìZzgZq-„nÅŠd]»ù·ìXZkn»WÃ¹Š2g

Ë'ÃÂpl™Yì1z{ËZq-oÆaÌ‡&ÿELJw:ƒÇXCÙoZkÃ]tÆ‚BgŠ™Š}ÇX¸çnZŠè<ØÆ!*g{~èÃg{nÅÂ1V»ìXZknÅÂ[QkÆ%A$Ãpl™$Ëì1z{Z3ÿXLèZ<ØÆa‡&ÿELJw7ƒ$ËX

~äÌZkñçq»-_·HìX~äZL_·~0*c*ìÓx<ØÃZq-C**zZ§Æ_.7X|tìZèZ<Ø~Zãic*Š{Z%Ã] 1èQyÃZq-U*"$™**iîg6,e„7X}Ëè<Ø»Iì}.ZZq-ìXÃð

è<ØHì}.ZŠzXÃðè<ØC@*ì}.Z&ZzgËè<Ø»Šúòì}.ZƒV™zhìXËÆ4,Šq-}.ZƒVÅ®ZŠZâic*Š{ìQyÅ2Ì„e 33 c*33 Å®ZŠ

7XZ+qª~CÙè<ØÅ½ÃZq-C**Zq-Z(ÒyìËplûÆŠâr~Â(0*Yì1iZzgxîg6,ZkÃ'e„7X

©!*ÁnËD+ÛÐÓxèZ<ØÆÀÃZq-U*"$™Šc*YñA$ÌZ%s»:ƒÇXYVëŠÙZèZ<Ø~CÙZq-»Zq-t”{Àì1

141

ZkÀÅ~Šz!*g{Z%Ã]aZƒYDZzgZq-èIÀpŠŠZ½îg6,FzŠ~Ñä»:L0Y@*ìX (sects) èIÛº

|tìZ%sc*ÛtÜsè<ØÅ!*]7Xøg~Š*7g~Å7g~ÛtZzgàqÆZßw6,‡ììXtÛtZÚic*Š{!ìÃðÌŠzqc*ÃðÌŠzZKyÛt

Ð{à7XËäOîg6,¹ì¡]7+MÐÐ]™Cì:Nature abhors uniformity

Z#ÛtzZ%spŠo»Zq-‡âyƒÂè<ØQkÐIYV™ƒYìX|tìT§bŠ*ÅÓxqzV~Zq-ZzgŠzu}ÆŠgxyÛt0*c*Y@*ìZÏ

äÛtÃSä ë~ ç5] } ìXŠzu t yÛx ÆŠg } èZ<Ø~ÌZq-ZzgŠzu b§Å¢zg~ÃÒ7ÅÉtÈŠc*WƒëZk6,Z·t™Bøg}ŠgxyZ%sì:

Let us agree to disagree

iÃgñÑ…è<ØÆçn~ÌZ(g™**e’XŒVÌ…ÛtzZ%sÆ!*zŠZŠ6,izgŠbe’Ô:ÛtzZ%sÆ%ZŠ6,X|tì

Zq-Åcz~™zZzgƒ»ZZx™z: — èIZ%Ã]ÆX»iÜsZq-ìZzgz{ìFollow one and respect all

×»Z%sZkŸ~ŠzuZX×»Z%sìXZ¤/zƒVÆŠgxy×»Z%sZq-|ìX¼ßÍV»ìwì¸Z%sÓx4,Z¬]ÅaXQyÆ4,Šq-ZkX

»itì×Æ**x6,Z%Ã]`~0*ñYDQyÃ8SŠc*YñZzgZ(`‡ìHYñTÆZ0+g×w-‹ƒX

t?m,ÌuZu)iìX×:ËÆ¯äÐáCZzg:ËÆSäÐ$Ö142

Y@*X×å@*g]úZïÆDæ]ÆŠgxyáCìXËŠí~Ö™×»u7¯c*YYX

aZƒñMVä (idealogue) Šzu~¬@kBÆF”V~Z,Ãt‚i¸òZŠÆaZq-×»`¯ä6,izgŠc*X})eZ~ZÏÃtÆ-ã×wZixÅ’q-`ðˆX1Š/äCc*t‡&ÿEL¿7XOçä‚wÆZ0+g„Z0+gZkÃtÃF,u™Šc*ŠHXZ[)eZ~u»g~îg6,R×²xÆZßwÃZ(g™1ŠHìZzg-ã×²xÆÃtÃåÆaghŠc*ŠHìX

¸çnZ%k»ìXZ%k~Šzu~¬@kBÆZ%&½5é GE,cÅ’q-`ðˆXZk»ÑÌ¸åX1D].z4Æ¥xƒZzu]×»tÃt‡&ÿEL¿7XOçZkÃtÃF,u™Šc*ŠHZzgZ%k~ÌR×²xÆZßwÃZ(g™1ŠHX

|tì×»Z%sŠz¤/zƒVÆŠgxyZ%s»çn7ìXpŠZq-¤/z{ÆŠgxyÌtZ%s0*c*YYìXZkŠZ½Z%sÅVBCÙ¤/z{~Š@Y$ËXZkaZèZ<ØÆŠgxyZŠZzgëW°ÑäÆaèIx]~p~¢zg~7X¢zg]ÜstìZIèZ<ØÆZ0+gz{ÎaaZÅYñTÃæZzgëŠz

¹Y@*ìX (live and let live)

Î ¼ßvZk**»xŠ/ÃZ[ÌŠzCÙZ**eTZzgZk»**xZrVäg~Z+C42.ç

EEGEG8-gÄŠc*ì:

Social re-engineering of Indian Society

Zk»Ètì`ÆZ¤/zƒV~×ÆZ±gÐÛt0*c*Y@*ìZkÅŠz!*g{úŠ~YñZzgZ(`¯c*YñT~×»Ût»™Šc*ŠHƒZzgoÆÓxßvZq-„œu×Æ_.i0+Ï¦/Zg,X

143

7V×¯äÆ»xÃÌ**xŠc*YñÔ³¾qwƒ»Zq-ìXZzgz{tZk»Ãð³7XZkn»ÃtZK|ÆZ±gÐ×w¤zi8-ìXZkÃpZ{

Zb8-¹Yñc*×wqxÔz{¾qw**‡&ÿEL¿ìXZzgq¡~¸Z2 Îg~Æ_.Ôu}Ð‡&ÿEL¿„:ƒZkÃZL¿»¶K:¯**ÜsZCz‰ÜŸù™**ìX

Zkçn~÷ZZ%sÃc*CãCŠ6,7ìÉiãCŠ6,ìX~t7HtßìÉ~HƒVt**‡&ÿEL¿ìXZ¤/!*ÁnZ(eƒ@*7g}oÅZq-i!*yZq-×Ôg‚›»Zq-§i0YñÂ~H¢zgZ(™**e’X1¡]Zzg@*gõÆ¸Z2ÆZ±gÐZ+7+Me„7X:Lz{âè~eƒðìZzg:z{w~eƒ$ËìX×åpŠZL¸Z2ÆáCìXZ(e7ËŠí~×»Zq-pŠIu¯c*YñZzgZkÃoÆÓx¤/zƒV~gZò™Šc*YñX

Z+qª~ëÃz„™**e’ëŠzu}Z%°ç5]~™DÔªÆZßw6,ZLXÃi™**X8©3©ï G

GGGLzZ§ÐëW°»§iZ(g (tolerance) gzZŠZg~™ÆZkÐæÔ:ZkÐ”Zƒ»§iZ(g™**XZkçn~”Zƒ»§iÜsXÃ(,JäzZÑì:ZkÃi™äzZÑX

ŒVZq-Zzg!*]ÅzŸs#¢zg~ìX¼ßvtëyzÂZ&+c*~aZƒñXZyÅzÃŠZg~Æ%Zœ/ZÏo~Xp›âV»çnZkÐZìX

›âVÆZNŠ~%Zœ/)}lZzgæÜ(Z&+c*Ð!*CÙXZka›yLZkoÆzÃŠZg7ƒMhX

~¼VÇtZq-ZKãXìZzgZk»myzZzg›yŠzâVÐìX}Zq-yzZ¤/ÎoBÆqgÐo]g‚rƒÂZk»tÈ7z{ZŠ·Æqg»o]q7ƒYXZq-yzÆŠw~Z¤/ZKâVÅ›ƒÂZk»Èt

144

7Zk»Šw!*\Å›Ð{àƒÇX¸çn›âV»ÌìX›yZ¤/lZzgæÜÐÎƒg‚rƒÂZk»È

t7ZkÃZ&+c*ÐÎƒ:ƒÇX|tìZknÅÎaZKyÅ†ìXÃð¿yzƒc*›yŠzâVqpV~z{¡]»Zq-1ì (underestmation)

Zzg¡]äZKyaZHìQkÆZ0+gZâzÝñŠìz{àz‰ÜFçVZzgzÃŠZg-VÃ7Vîg6,ZLŠw~(Š}nX

tZq-Z+¡~|ìT»Š/CÙZKy™g;ìXCÙ%ŠZzgúg]pŠZLfZC— Š/ÆZkÃY…XZk¡~|ÃZq-f!®äZyZÖp~ÒyHì

÷}Z0+gZâic*Š{zÝì~Z§ŠZ]Ãàz‰ÜZLZ0+g(Š}jV:I am large enough to contain all these contradictions.

è<ØZzg(„Û‘zZgZ:×zV~ZÒè<Ø»**xZEwHY@*ìX!*g!*gZ(ƒ@*ìÃð

(Ïc*¸òqèIZ30YCìZzgQ!~ÐßÍVÆ_.!*]¿uQ0ZÛVÆŠgxy{ŠZ:”Zƒ»:L0YDXZk¯6,¹ÐßvpŠè<ØÆ#³0‰XQy»IìZKyÃè<ØÅÃð¢zg]7XZkaè<Ø»{Ø™Šbe’XZkÆ%YZŠe7X

1tZq-Z•I~ÆZ[~Šzu~Z•I~ìXtèIZ•I~»£¨°Z•I~Ð™**ì:ÂeìZzg:ÆXZÝtìè<Ø&+Z‹pŠÃðX7Xè<ØZKãi0+Ï»Zq-¡qzìXqXìz{¼¢Š6,„ßÍVÅ§sÐè<Ø»(ÏZ&½k5Õä GF

"54jèJHGIEìXZkaZÝ»xZ&½k5Õä GF

"54jèJHGIEÃ»™**ì:pŠè<ØÃX

ZÐZŠ~ZzgZ½¦Xè<ØÆZÐZŠ~zÐ%ZŠo{Zzg — è<ØÆŠz{

145

„Š]ZzgZÜtZzggzq+M»zìXZzgZ½¦zÐ%ZŠQkÆ(ÏZzgYZ©xXZkçn~9§itì¬xqÑ]~Üsè<ØÆZÐZŠ~z6,izgŠc*YñX‚g~Âzè<ØÅgzbi0+{™ä6,ÎðYñX

˜VJ-è<ØÆYZzg(ÏZ©x»çnìÔQkÃQkz‰ÜJ-:CZYñZ#J-7gZçÑ{QkÆa‚iÇg:ƒYñXYZzg(ÏZ©x7g}`ÅZ½¦gŸq~Ð‡ìƒMhXZkaZ,Z©xÆçn~ËiZŠZxÐQkz‰ÜJ-Èe’Z#J-7g}`»Z½¦ZgZŠ{QkÅñZk~:ƒYñX

ZkçnÃè<ØZzg(„ÆŠgxyi¸&¹YYìXªÃ~îg6,(„Ãè<Ø»8~î Oâ…ƒñi›ëÅ¯6,(ÏZ©xÆiÎfÃñyc*–~™Šc*YñXZÏ»**xÕìXZkÕ»tÃZ+{ìè<ØZzg(„ŠzâVÆ»27g}ƒYDXè<ØÆ»2qw~ÔZzg(„Æ»2w~XZkÆ',@Z¤/ZkÕÃÅp:g3YñZzgŠzâVUƒVÃàz‰ÜQ¸gŠc*YñÂ³tƒÇèI»2Zzg(Ï»2ŠzâV„7g}ƒäÐg{YNÐX

**gBZ&+c*Zzg‚ƒBZ&+c*»Ûtñ9;g*»ÎZwãCŠ~îg6,**gBZ&+c*»ÎZwìX‚ƒBZ&+c*~W`Ì

ñ9;g*7g~§b0*ðYCìXñ9;g*c*DZ"5¾æ EHY

cÆ**xÐë6`¯**eTz{`',z‰Ü„‚ƒBZ&+c*~ñŠìX6¥xìÔÛ‘zZgZ:×zVÆ½ãÓxzZu]**gBZ&+c*Æ´‘~ƒDX˜VJ-‚ƒBZ&+c*»mìÔz;VÛ‘zZgZ:×}ZãÁz{Ë2Ì~7WDX~&ƒVZkÛt»_·øg}aZq-gÉ_·0YìX

'×h+tpŠ**gBZ&+c*ÆÌŠz{XZq-à~´‘ZzgŠzuZŠŒ]»´‘X

146

zZu]CD9Û‘zZgZ:×}àzV~ƒñc*ƒDX˜VJ-ŠŒ]Æ´‘»mìÔz;Váfz**Šg„Zkn»ÃðzZ§7W@*ìXZkÛt»_·

Ì"uZëìXZkÐ…:ÜszZu]ÅÂô~æŠQìÉtê™**ÌW‚yƒY@*ìÛ‘zZgZ:4,Z¬]Ã»™ÆÛ‘zZgZ:ëW°»âjwaZ™**ZyD+ZÛ

Æfg=eìX¸ò¬ÆŸ~yzƒVÆ¼Z+XÐ›âVÃDe$ìXŒV

~ZyÐc7™zVÇXZkçn~÷Ztg{›âVÃtìz{ZsòZßwÆ»§iZ(g™,XZ%¼ (avoidance and tolerance) _.Z²ZnZzggzZŠZg~

Dtc*ßxVyzƒVÃ›âVÆ!*g}~XŒV~ZkŠzu}XÅ¼zŸs#™**eLƒVZzg¼ZsòZ˜q]Å=ô™**eLƒVŠzâVÛVÆŠgxyß.»!*)c*!*)0$ËX

ŒV~8Zq-!*]¼VÇXøg}ŒV¬xgzZ`tì›yÃðt™,ÂyzZkÆÜs˜Zzg1sXZÏ§byzZ¤/Ãðt™,Â›yQkÆÜs˜Zzg1sXt§iZ&bÆ$©î EG0ÃÐ!*Ç"ÃZ+{ìXZ+!*ÂVÃZq-Û&

ZKz»ª™™plƒÇ1ŠzuZÛ&QkÐÃðµZW,:áÇXZkÆ',@9ZzgÆ§itì›yZ¤/t™,ÂpŠ›âVÆfYZzg

ŠZ›gZkÆÜs1BZzgKXZÏ§byzZ¤/Ãðt™,ÂyzƒVÆf)ŠZgZkÆÜsKZzg1BXÇZÏ§b‰Ëy»Ãð±»Z¤/t™}ÂƒÐ¬Qk»ZC!*\QkÅ"54->î GEEGX™@*ìX!*\Zk»ZOg7™@*DÆßvW™ZkÆÜs1BXZzgZ¤/DÆßvW™ZkÆÜs1BÂ^6,Zk»ÃðZW,:ƒÇX

tZq-;C|ìZJVÅ"54->î GEEGXÃWŠòµf‚Ðù7ìZzgZKZ&b

147

™@*ìXZkÆ',@)Å"54->î GEEGXÃz{z‡g»X¯©8ìXz{Zk»ÃðµZW,Jw7™@*XÛ‘zZgZ:ZŠÆŸ~ZkÕiÃÅpg¹¢zg~ìX

¸xZzgè

ZkŸ~PZsòZ˜²XÅzŸs#¢zg~ìXZyZ˜jV»9|x›Zzg)›ÆŠgxyZŠZzgëW°aZ™@*ìZzgZyZ˜jV»ß|x',@îg6,ŠzâVÆŠgxyŠzg~»:L0Y@*ìX

Zy~ÐZq-è»XìXŒÛWyÐ¥xƒ@*ìCÙ9äZL)ñð#…54èEGEÃZ}÷~xÔ)c*¸ò(ÆÂÐæ[HìXZkŒÛWãÒyÆ_.ÔñðZzg)ñðÅè)&4k5Ó4-ö

EGIEGH(Zq-ƒCìX|tì¸è»mè<ØÐ7ìÉzíÐìXèIZ·ZuÃCäÆa$Òï OG»Â1ÑYñÇZzgzmZ·ZuÃCä

ÃèÅãCŠŒY@*ìXZsx (home land) Æaè»ÂXñŠ{iâ:~zí»ZßwÌ¸ìXZsxÆ_.ÔÌzí„èÅãCŠìX

ZkZ±gÐŠzòÃtZq-)ZsòÃtìXŠzòÃt›âV~tf‚aZ™@*ìëZµ¸xZzgŠzu}ßvZµ¸xXZ#9Zsòf‚tì›y

™ÃÔ6 ZLW\ÃŠzuzV»ëx−Ôz{ŠzuzVÃZ}÷~¸xÆßÍÔÈ™æ[Óx9zVäHXŒÛWy~ZgáŠƒZì:Z}ßÍÔëä?ÃZq-%ŠZzgZq-úg]Ð

ZkWe$ (13 XZzg?ÃÅ[ZzgDb~„™Šc*@*?Zq-Šzu}ÃTâ)ZÆZ] HaZ~™Ð%ZŠzmZ·ZuÐ“WzZàxìZzgFÐ%ZŠ#Z·ZuÐ“WzZÑ¤/z{XŒÛWyÆ_.ÔtŠzâVnÅ¤/z{È~Üs¬gsÆaìÔz{o{c*è<ØÆgÃCäÆa7X

Ð¬ÆŠzg~ñÑ**@Z£æãä¹å÷÷°iâ:~Zz¤yÐ 1947

148

kóóXñÑ**ñßs»tÒyOñpŠŠg„åX1~&ƒVQk~°iâ:)ñ{iâ:(ÅÑoŠg„:¶X|tì¸xåzí„ÅãCŠ6,ú0*Cg„

ìXñŠ{iâ:~ÜstƒZìŠzu~¹ÏqzVÅ§bÔZkçn~ÌçZzg•Æa].h+§jZEwG‰X}0*7g~è»Z0+Zg`ÔZ#¬

0*7g»§igZò:åÔÎZZò£tÆ$›4èG

GOEÆaèÅ‡âã°pÔoÅ™**Ôz){XtI9ƒÇ¸x»Â ³ ŠÆ£tÃ‡âyÅi!*y~ Z ¸xÆZÛ Ë ÚÐ

s ñŠ{iâ:~ÌZ¹ZÏ!š-öD

~1ÑY@*ìT!š-öD

~z{Š*iâ:~1ÑY@*åÔÜx~ZEwƒ@*ìX |× Æ‚B¬z{‰|x~1ÑY@*åZzgZ[z{ t ZkÛ

¼ßvèÅ=ôZ•IZ:Z0+Zi~™DXŒVJ-z{èÃè<ØÆë!š-ö

D¯ŠïÔ1tZq-Ãc*CZ•I~ìXZknÅÃc*CZ•I~ÅVBpŠè<Ø~Ì0*ðYCX}ñŠ{iâ:~¼›®+äZsxÅ=ôZ,Z•IZ:Z0+Zi~ÅZsxÆÎZCÙÂx¤¨CÂx0ŠHXË›yÆaZk¤¨CÂx~ñZk™ÆgxwZxŒÛZg0*ŠHX‚ZkGz£¤¨CÂx~½qÝ™**Ôu»g~5i#Ö™**Ôzz^ŠbÔ4,Z¬]Æ‡âãYÆa±°ZªÐgq™**Ôƒ»ƒwZxŒÛZg0*ŠHX

¤¨CÂx»tÃt‰ZÛZŠÆZ•IZ:f‚ÅaZzZgåÔQk»}.ZzgÎwzZáZsxÐÃðm7X¸zzì›ëäZkÃtÆzZûyÃ6gHz{ZKii0+Ï~ZkÐŠ„',ŠZgƒYNXOçZ[tÓxßvšZ´yiîg6,ZkZ•IZ:ÃtÃgh`X¸çnè»ÌìXf[Æ¼Z•I®+

ä¸èÃÂWŠ}™åè<ØÆgz\~7HX1›ëÅ"yÐ”Z™tÃtI^™»ƒŠHXZ[iîg6,è»¦g½ãZÏ¡~p~1ÑY@*ìT

149

¡~!š-öD

~z{ŒÛWyÆZ0+gZEwƒZåX,œ~ÆÛZÍw~QàzZá›gÉZkÛtÃ™:nXQrVä

¸èZzgzƒ43ïEGGÆçn~Zk)¡~Z•I~ÃZÝ™1ZzgZk¯6,QkÆ)Zsò(ÅìXZrVä 1938 ƒä»Z´y™Šc*XZkÅZq-Vwg›á²ZDw)zÃ]

¸èZzgzƒ43ïEGGÆZkZ•IZ:zz¦gÃZÝ™™QkÆ!*g{~tZÃg¾¸:d$ÆWigäF,ØZñ4Zzg WZzg ì YxZzg ì Zzg ó ZkŠzg~c‚Qk»ìz{è<Ø»óì ìí ƒÐz Z(,~ ƒV Z}.{i Zy@*

¸èZzgzƒ43ïEGGÆ!*g{~tÃtšd->î IEX"ãCŠìXÐ!*]ìQkŠzgÆZÒ›fYZzgŠZ›gzVä(ÏâÎÅqzVÃè<Øc*ZsxÆañ]z§]»

X™1XqÑVÃðÌ(ÏQ@*gmJƒè<ØZsxÅZ$+e$Æa½70YX},œ~ÆW¸i~F,ÅÅ¢ãIKÂ(ˆãätÄ¹:

³m,z¡¾æ ELÛi0+zÈwz{úV“J- izZwŠzÅïGL¢VizZÁÑqzIìt¦gDîg6,"ãCŠìËÓ#Ö»IR÷÷Ñqz$Òï OGóóÆaizZwÆë!š-öEW

ìXZ(:LƒZZzg:Z(LƒYXŠzgZzw~Ü¢ïEGLgZ”{IK1ZsxÅ%æFNZðÂWÚYg~g„XZkÆZñ~IKA$ÌZsx»^$+2gYg~g;ÔZkÆˆ

„ÏIKÔZ0+ÖÅ›IKÔÅÃIKÔy*yÅhIKÔz){z){X1ßV»tizZwZsxÆizZw»:L:0eX

ZÏ§b,œ~~FZ•IZ:Ãc*]Q½}X}ñ4,xÔ**i~ZixÔqxZzgzƒ43ïEGGÔz){X1Zyƒ»Wy~ZxtƒZ¡]»‡âyQyÆZ•IZ:ÁÜÃgŠ

™@*ìZzgWy»gq`z{z„¶‡âÈ¡]Æ_.£[¶X¡]»Z$+~‡âyCÙŠzu~q6,!*ÑìX¡]»‡âyZLW\t™@*ìz{)5wZ°gÃgŠ™Æ

150

Q7yZÈ§]ÐUŠêìZzgQyÆOñ5wZ°gÃ»x™ä»ñµŠêìX¬Zzg»Û»¦g

ZÏ§bZkçn~Zq-0Z˜b¬ÅìX¼ßÍV»Iì›âV~¬Zzg»Û»¦g0*c*Y@*ìz{ò¬ÅgZ{~Zq-xg»z^ìX1tìwZq-ß.6,FFìXZk»ŒÛWyÐÃðm7X

¬ÆŠ!š-öDZïgÆƒDZzg»Û»ÈìÔZïg™äzZÑXtŠzâVZÖpŒÛWy~9ÅÚÐ1á‰Ôz{¬xßÍVÅÚÐ71á‰X'×h+t¬c*»ÛZq-—™ŠZgìXz{Ë¤/z{»#c*zgZ(**x7X¬c*Zïg»+B©þ

GGËÆ!*g{~Qkz‰Üƒ@*ìZ#QkÆZz6,9Z:nÅŠú]Yg~ÅYñZzgQkÃŠÅuJ-àc*YñTÃZÓÄu¹Y@*ìXZk§bÅ9Z:Šú]Æ%ËÆ!*g{~tIŠg„7Qkä¬c*Zïg»÷HìX

ZÏ§bËÛŠc*ù”î0ZÛZŠÆ!*g{~³Zzg!gBúIE

îg6,tZ´y™**z{»Ûƒ`Ô¬xßÍVÆaY,7X¬Æ÷»mw+MÐìZzg+M»qwÜsZvÃ¥xìXZka³Zzg!gBú

IEîg6,ËÆ!*g}~tZ´y™**z{»ÛƒŠHìÔt{µ

Zv»»xìc*ZvÆŠbƒñDÅ¯6,9»XOçŒÛWy~ÜsZq-Z(jZ!ìZ#Î³³Øm³³³^]m`³³³^]Ö³Ó³³^Ê³³æá Š*iâ:Æ¼ßÍVÃ³îg6,»ÛŒÛZgŠ}™¹ŠH:

(XZkZ0+Zi»!gBúIE

æ[ŒÛWy~ËÌŠzu}¤/z{Æa7Wc*ìXª 1 ]Ö³Ó^Êæá )ŒÛWy~ZkZq-Z]YÃgh™¢›ÿ

EL¬»f™Âì1!gBú

IEîg6,ËÃÃ‘ÿL¬»Šgz7Šc*ŠHX

ŠZgZ[ÅZ˜bŠZgZ[ÅZ˜bŠz§„Ï~“WzZà}~¢zgZEwƒðì1tZ˜b

ŒÛWyZzgug$~èÃg7XtÛtzZã™@*ìŠZgZ[ÅZ˜bZq-Z¿Š~

151

Z˜bìÔz{ÃðµmZ˜b7XZzgÃtZ¿Š~ƒQkÆ!*g{~tU*"$ìz{9ÌƒYìZzgßÌX

÷}4,Šq-ŠZgZ[ÅZ˜bZq-Z¿Š~æìXgÎwZv-ZvmzÅÆiâ:~CÙnÆzZu]7WñX1W\äËÌ´‘ÃŠZgZ[ŒÛZg7Šc*XZ¤/ŒÛWyz<L~Z¿Š™ÆZkŸ~ÃðZ˜b¯ðYñÂz{ÜsZq-ƒÏÔZzgz{ŠZgZ−ú{

ìX¸ZsògzbÆ_.ìXZsxCÙxÃæúÅÃÐŠ8ìÔpZ{Z3ÿXLZsx»mQyÐZð»ƒc*w[»XZka9ZsòÃtÆ_.ÔÜsŠzZ˜²Šg„

ŠZgZÑsxZzgŠZgZ−ú{XZkÆÎZÌZ˜²1àˆz{ƒ÷}4,Šq- —

Z¿Š~æ»ŠgzgBbX}ŠZgZ[ÔŠZgZÉ½«çEÔŠZgZ®¨]Ôz){X˜Š»¦g

¼›âVÅßÆ³~Ô˜Š»¦gt0ŠHì˜Š»ÈìÔ²:kBXZyßÍV»Iì›yŠ*~}.ZÆÑX›yÅtf)ŠZg~ìz{}.ZÅ*"$~}.ZÅÓ#ÖŠ*~‡ì™}Xz{}.ZÅ§sÐßÍVÃ}.ZÆZ©x»0*È¯ñXQyÆ4,Šq-Zk±Zð»**x˜ŠìX˜Š»t¦gšd->î IEX"ZÝìXŒÛWyz<LÐZk»Ãðm7X

²:kBZL³ÆZ±gÐÜs@Z:kBìXZ½¦i0+Ï~6,ZðZÖgìw»hÂCÙZq-Ãìp¤‰ÜÃZEw™ÆZ&b™ä»ÃtÎZZòi0+Ï~**‡.ÞJwìXZ½¦c*ÎZZòi0+Ï~Ãð¤/z{ZLaZq-Z(h

7áY&z{ŠzuzVÃŠ¶Æa»g:ƒXZ¤/Zq-¤/z{ZLaZ&kkB»h¢8eìÂDîg6,ZÐŠzuzVÃÌZ&kkB»thŠbƒÇXZk»³tƒÇCÙ¤/z{pŠ‚Z&bÆ**x6,Šzu}ÐkBÑzq™Š}ÇXZkÆ³~Z&b

152

Â:ƒÏZ%ZkÅzzÐZq-Z(YŠ',0*ƒÇL»:ƒX|tìkBÅY,ßg]ÜsZq-ìÔZzgz{ŠÃqìZ¤/Zq-¸xZK

'Z°uÐzi™ÆŠzu~xÆZz6,îú™Š}ÂZ+ßg]~ik,úxÃZLXƒ~Z!kB»hqÝìXZkZq-ßg]ÆÎZËÌŠzu~ßg]~{ŠZ:kB»ÃðZi7X

tZ½¦ZßwZsx~ÌZÏ§b!hÐêOìT§bÐz{Šzu}ÂñV~tHŠHXZkZ½¦ZßwÆçn~ZsxZzg)ZsxÆŠgxyÃðÛt7X

ZkŸ~Zq-Xz{ìë@*gõÐmg‚rìXêiâ:!*Šá„iâ:åX‚g~Š*~CÙ(¼{0+ZyÓ#Ö™D¸XQkiâ:~!*Šá{»thŒY@*åz{‡âyÐ!*ÑF,ìZzgz{eì™}XZk¯6,Š*á„iâ:~CÙ!*Šá{äZ,»x

GZÜ¹c*‡âãZ±gÐŠg„:¸XŠ*iâ:~y*yÆ›!*ŠáƒVäÌZ(„HX}úŠçâ~äÎoBÆyzqgÃeJc*ZzgQkÆÎäÆfí{ÃßN*XZÏ

§b¹Y@*ìZzg8-id$ä¯gkÆZq-yzqgÃeJc*ZzgQÏ(KyÅÔz){X!*ŠáƒVÅ§sÐZknÆzZu]Š*iâ:~CÙo~ƒñX1z{Üs

Š*@*gõ»Zq-z0™g{‰Ôz{ˆÆiâ:~ŠzñVÆŠgxyx4,Zq»:L:0nXÜsy*y~Z(ƒZZk§bÆzZu]ŒVÆyzƒVZzg›âVÆŠgxyxîg6,Ò»:L0‰XZkÆ³~Û‘zZgZ:YŠÌ!*g!*gƒñXz{¸ò¬»âjw‡ì™äÅgZ{~Zq-xg»z^0‰X

÷}4,Šq-ZkZ]ðßg]qw»ãCŠ~:Ltì›fYZzgŠZ›gzVäy*yÅ›ÓáVÃZsòÓ#Ö»**xŠ}Šc*Xz{ZkÃZsxÅ@*gõ»Zq-!*[K

Å¶XQyÃ (dynasty) ÑXqÑVZyÓáVÅwÜs¼›{0+ZâVÅÓ#Ö153

QßàZ±gÐZsxÅÓ#ÖC**Šg„:åXZkÛtÃÅp:gppÅ¯6,Z(ƒZzZu]Zq-ºm›{0+ZyÅxZãÐmg‚råz{ZsxÆ**xÆ‚B:æENHŠHX

ZkÛtÃÅp:gppÅ¯6,t”h+tƒð›yZyxZâVÆŠz§Ó#ÖÃZLaZsòõÆîg6,heÑXz{QkÃ‘Ò0î EE0ZsxÅ´#ÖKÑXŠzu~§s

ÅZ&b¹Y@*ìX (historical wrongs) yzƒV~z{ÃtaZƒZTÃ@*g]!VZk»³zZãîg6,!*bÒÅßg]~X›âVäZ#ZkÃZCõ¯c*ÂÅg~c*

)Åg~îg6,z{QyÅèI@*gõ»Zq-!¨åGOkz0ŠHZzgŠzu~§syzƒVäQkÃ@*g]t™™QkÅZ&bÅÃÒÑzq™Š~X

÷}4,Šq-Zkçn~ŠzâVÛ&tÆ%>ƒgìX›yÅttìz{Zk@*gõÃèIwŠ¶Å¯6,Qk6,ÃU*ãÆa»g7ƒDXZzgŠzu~§syzƒVÅttìz{*g~ƒð@*gõÃÈ%6,»g7Xz{âèÅ!VÅo6,ZÜZg™gìÔpZ{QkÆ³~qwÆZk**]',!*Šƒ™g{YNX

÷}4,Šq-Zkçn~ŠzâVÛhVÃ|IàCe’X›âVÃe’

z{Ô›!*ŠáƒVÃZsòqÁ»Šgz:Š,ÉQyÅÓ#ÖÃÜsZq-{0+ZyÅÓ#ÖŒÛZgŠ,Xz{Zy›!*ŠáƒVÅ)ZsòZzg)ZÜ¹»ggzZÇV»Zïg (dynasty)

ÔpZ{Ôz{úŠçâ~ƒc*Zzg8-id$c*ÃðZzgX , ,Ôz{Aîg6,QyÅè#Ö™ ™(disown)

ÆQßw6,âèÃ> (gone is gone) Šzu~§syzƒVÃe’z{oâoŠ,Xz{Zkçn~_.!*C§iÃgh™|IZ:Z0+ZiZ(g™,XyzƒVÃY'e’@*g]™Våƒð1ÃðÌL@*g]!VÅo:™eX@*g]!VÅo»Ãtšd->î IEX)ŠZøqZ:ìXtâèÅoÆ**x6,qwÅCd$ìXt¡]ÆQßwÆÜsìXZ,ßvâèÃ0*äÆ**x6,ZLqwZzgwÃÌÅŠïX

154

$+¬Ðy*yÆh~t!*]7g~§bzZ§0ˆìXX”VäZLâèÃ(£Õä EN™ZLqwÃy™**e;ÔQrVäi',Š„»x!qÝÅXZkÅZq-VwY0*yìXY0*yäZ%MÅ!VÅo™äÅÃÒ7ÅXZk»³tƒZY0*yW`Zq-ZOŠ~c.ç NF0*zg¯ƒZìXŠzu~Vwy*yÅìXy*y~âèÅ!VÅoÅÃÒÅX³tƒZy*yÜsZq-ôZƒZo0™g{ŠHX

¸òF,¹ÅÑiòÑotì¸òF,¹ÆÎZwÃZÝ¯c*YñZzg†ÓxqzVÃ²g~wŠ}Š~YñXßÍV~tÎeŒf‚ñŠƒZÝZÌÅqtì¸òF,¹»¿Ëg»z^Æ%Yg~gìXZkÆÎZ_.!*C)bc*ZzgfZCGzŸ]z{Z¤/òF,¹Æ¿~g»z^eZá%qÝƒDƒVÂÇÔzg:z{…àg7X¸zZu§iìTÅcz~™ÆoÃÇsV~F,¹Š~Y$ËìÔ

ZkÆ%Zðe7XgrìZq-‡èÆ0*kZq-RWc*XZq-âiZG{åZzgŠzúg'tŠúò

™g„‰z{QkÅâVìZzgZkÃZkÆjZ!™Šbe’X1ŠzâV~ÐËÆ0*kÌÃð‡âão]ñŠ:åXt‡èÆaZq-(,ZZJyåXWy»gQkät¬Šc*

^ÆŸÃÖ@Ð»^™Šz•}™ŠØYNZzgQQk»Zq-•ZZq-úg]ÃŠc*YñZzgQk»ŠzuZ•ZŠzu~úg]ÃŠc*YñX

‡èäZ#ZCt¬‹c*Âúg]ÅâVƒäÅÛèŠúh+Zg¶Qk6,Zk»ÃðZW,7ƒZX1úg]ÅÇâV¶z{mZ_XQkä¹Ã#Ö»IXQkÃ?Šzu~úg]ÆjZ!™ŠzX¸›»Ç£gìXXßÍVÃoÐÇ›ìQ77ÕäFO™Ie’ëŠ÷Ån„ÃŠN7MhXë@*gõ~¼ƒZQkÃë>D@*qwÆñZµÃ½7gîg6,ZEwHYnZzgo»Zq-*á0+ZgwaZHYnX

155

ÅãCŠ6,eìXt¡]» toleration ¸òi0+Ï~ZðZzgZŠ»ZßwÜsZßwìZZÛZŠZzgZ¤/zƒVÆŠgxyZ%Ã]aZƒVXÛtZzgZ%si0+Ï»ÑiòzXZknÛ‘zZgZ:i0+Ï~ZŠZw»âjwÛtZzgZ%sÃS™‡ì7HYYXtÑZ#ÌqÝƒÇ·ZzgN*°÷ÅãCŠ6,qÝƒÇX

|tìZ%sÃSäÅÃÒËZKã¤/z{ÆÜs7ìÉz{¡]Æ¬Ý‡âyÆÜsìXÃðÌ¿c*¤/z{ZÚ¤‰Üzg7z{¡]Ð±™ÛAnXZka|I~»»£tìZkçn~',ŠZ“ÆZßwÃZCc*Yñ:”ZƒÆZßwÃXZ%sÃÍZgZ™z@*ZŠ‡ìƒXYVZ%sÃS™ZŠ‡ì™ä»µ/Âu}Ðe„7X

156

;ðâZq-x;ðâ)ƒZð¡åGEOZ°(šd->î IEXZq-÷wZxìXZkÃTUÐÌŠ¬YñÔ

Dîg6,z{Ñ¦Z±gÐwZxZzgZKãZ±gÐxŒÛZg0*ñÇX;ðâÃY,U*"$™**ÜsxÆZz6,uÉ»ZŸ†ìX;ðâZq-Z(xìT~àz‰ÜF™

¯**Ô**hO (hostage) Ôk,âw (highway robbery) gDÙã ³³³³³³³³ ìáïƒYD Z™**ÔŠðÅkBÔËÆâwÃ†™**ZzgZkÃvyà**X

qª~0*™Zk6, (vulnerable) XgDÙãHìÔgDÙãtìËWŠòÃ)ôp 1» (highway robbery) ú™**ZzgZkÃYãZzgâàvyà**X¬iâ:~%æEO~gDÙã

ÅYäÐXZ[ñŠ{iâ:~ƒZð¡åGEOZ° (piracy) gzZ`åXZkÆˆd~‹Z°ÑzqƒìXgDÙãÅtÓx9Zsx~7Vîg6,wZxXÛŠc* (hijacking)

¤/z{',ZÓgZ„c*!*ßZôîg6,Zkn»÷™}z{šd->î IEXJkH{ÇgìXZzgZv¬\ÆŒVZkÆnZÏZx»ç{ìË÷wZx»Zg‚[™äzZßVÆnlgìXZÆä Otz{Â/™}ZzgZZÑ´y´ZÛZŠÐZLxÅç°âfXZÏÆ‚Bz{Zk

vyÅˆ°™}Zkä;ðâÆfg=ËÃàc*ìXXk,âw¯**tìZK¼âùVÆnñµ0*™9xßÍVÃñ**ZzgQÎŠ} 2

!*i~™**Xk,âw¯ä»tgzZ`Š*iâ:~ÌåpñŠ{iâ:~ZkäZ[!*‡°{®Åßg]Z(g™àìXZkn»÷šd->î IEXJkH{ÌìZzg),ŠàÌXt!*]Zsx~uZuwZxìW\ÃËÐDe$ƒZzgW\Zk»$+!ËZzgÐBXËÌ±gÅ¯6,Ë9xYyÃ***Zsx~CÙ¦/Y,7X

9Zsx-ZvmzÅäuiÆ**xÐç@{HåZkÐ'×h+U*"$ƒ@*

157

ìZ¤/Û&U*ãøg}ËWŠòÃk,âw¯áA$Ì…Û$þGLU*ãÆWŠòÃk,âw¯**Y,7XYVt9xZÛZŠÐZÙxheÆë!š-ö

DìZzg9xZÛZŠ6,Õ™ÆZL

ZÙxÅWvu**šd->î IEXZsòÑ<~Y,7XXßv;ðâ™Dz{ZLêâ:ÑÃ7gZ™äÆnZÒ"]g 3

)ÛzVÃOÌ™eZsXZkn»Ošd->î IEXZ•ð™xÅwg‚rìXŒÛWy~Zv¬\äZýHì¿ËZq-WŠòÃÌ**hO™}ÔZkäÍc*ÓxZKâV

(XZkZý}.Zz0+~Æ!*zŠßv"]g)ÛzVÃO™,c* 32 ÃO™eZÑ)ZÓZ+{ZyÃ*NZyÆŠwšd->î IEX}.ZÆpsÐ{àXZzgTŠwÆZ0+g}.Z»ps:ƒz{

Dîg6,ZZyÐÌ{àƒÇXƒZð˜i~)Û™gìƒDÔzZãîg6,z{"]gƒDX

;ðGzVÆ‚BZy»ÃðÌ4,Z¦çn7ƒ@*XZ+qª~ZyÆ^~g»zêZÜÔZyÃ***Ôc*ZyÃO™**Ôtƒ»ƒZsx~wZxìÔ8-öGWZ¤/!*ÁnË)ÛäÃðtÅƒA$ÌZkÅt6,wZŠ¶»Z(gÜs!*‡°{°ZªÃìXÃðÌ)°ZrWŠò]gzZgÃÌwZŠ¶»h7g‚rXQ"]g)ÛzVÃwZŠbÂZzgÌic*Š{)Zsò÷ŒÛZg0*ñÇX

Zsx~ŠðŠbÇîg6,wZxìÔpZ{z{ËÌÑÆnƒXñŠ{ X4iâ:Å;ðâåîg6,Šð»Zq-÷ìX;ðâ™äzZá;ðâÆCÙZnßÍVÆ‚BŠð»çn™DXÛè0*7gZ**ÔP™ZEw™**ÔZ],7g 6,6,oÃŠðŠ}™ç**uÏg˜i~à**Ô0ZÛZŠÃŠðŠ}™˜iÆZ0+gŠZ4ƒ**Ôz){Xt‚gZ¿Ñ^ZzgŠðÅãCŠ6,HY@*ìÔZzgÑ^ZzgŠðZsx~Z•ð

™xÅwg‚rìX

158

Zsx~ÜsAçnÅZYi]Š~ˆìXZsx~Zkêâ:»ggzZðÆnÃðRö7ßÍVÃÛd$Š}™ZCÑqÝHYñX‚Z¤/Zq-›oÆ©]Šzu}oÐZðÅãCŠ6,‡ìƒVZzgQ›oËzzÐZkoÆÜskBC**eìÂ›o6,tÑixƒÇz{ZLZkê»îZ´y™}Zzgt¾W`

Zsx~ (proxy war) (XŠg6,Š{kBc*6,ZËzZg 58 ÐëZzg?',açLkB)ZÑÎw‡Y,7X

Ñ^1w™ZzgŠðŠ}™ZCÑqÝ™**ZKã$©î EG0ÃÐÌZq--w•ìXZzgZsò$©î EG0ÃÐÌz{Zq-kH{xÅwg‚rìXug$~Wc*ìgÎwZv

)9›ÔÂ[ZÑZy(ª¿Šð» Ú³àÆ³ß³^Ê×nÚß^ -ZvmzÅäÛâc*:çn™}z{ë~Ð7X

X;ðâ~YyZzgâwŠzâV»vyáïìXZq-§sZq-7gZƒZð 5˜iìTÅ7™zhzVgzBƒCìXZ+qª~˜i~ß™tŠ–Šbøg~â47g~™zzg:ë˜iÃ/ÐZhZŠ,ÐÔtâw»†ÌìZzgŠzu}ÆâwÃ**h‹™**ÌX˜i~¬xîg6,ôzVWŠòÎZggTZzgtƒ"]gƒD

Zkn˜iÃn{™ä»CÙµ/ôzV"kH{ßÍV6,ÕZzgOÆë!š-öEWìX'×h+tZkn»CÙ÷pŠ;ðGkÆnÌpŠÉÆZŠZxÆ',Z',ìpŠÌZâ',~qìZsòÑ<~Cc*ŠHìWŠòYy1ú™ZLW\Ãâg}z{wZxñ]%ZXZzgwZxñ]Ð%æEN~Ãðñ]Zsx~7X

;ðâ»p3egZ)™äzZáZLZk÷ÃZsò˜ŠŒÛZgŠïXtÂôšd->î IEXêâ:uJ-ßìXZkÆ¼ŠZò[X

Zsò˜ŠZvÆgZ3~ŠÃ¦îg6,HY@*ìXZ#tßv**x.ŠkB

159

±gìz{oZzgâwÆnìXoZzgâwÆnkB±~Yñz{CÙ¦/˜Š°−Zv7ƒ$ËX

Šzu~!*]tì˜Š)'.š-ö EEWyw(ÜsZq-‡ì”{gc*„»÷ì:¬xZÛZŠ»XñŠ{kBÅßg]tìZkÃ¬xZÛZŠC}ƒñXZ#¬xZÛZŠÃZsò$©î EG0ÃÐth„qÝ7X¬xZÛZŠZ¤/kBC,ÂtZyÆnZq-÷wZx»Zg‚[ƒÇX

Zq-‡ì”{gc*„Yg¢AÅßg]~ŠÃ¦kB±$Ëì1Z+ŠÃ¦kBÌZkz‰ÜZsòkBƒÏZ#z{AZ´yÆ‚B±~YñXZ´yÆ%ËÆÜs6,ZËzZgC**ZzgZkÃÑ^Æ.Þ6,`**Zsx~CÙ¦/Y,7X

£tZvZzg£tZmŠX£tZvÐ%ZŠz{ — Zsx~£tÅŠz9Åˆf)ŠZgc*V}.ZÅÚÐÈ}6,¬Z+ƒCXZ¤/ÃðÈ{£tZvÆçn~Ã@*„™}ÂZkÅˆ°Ænç°â‰„»°ƒY@*ìX

1£tZmŠ»çn"u™ìX£tZmŠ~t™ä»çnZKâVÐƒ@*ìXWŠòZKyÆçn~Ãðx™}ÂÜs}.ZÐç°â‰ZkÅˆ°Æn»°7ƒ@*X}.ZÐç°â`Æ‚BZkÆZz6,Ñixìz{0ßÍVÐÌç°âfZzgZkvyÅˆ°™}ZkäZ7àc*ìX

;ðâ»mšd->î IEX£tZmŠÐìXtZKyÆ£¨~ÕÅwg‚rìXZ+qª~;ðGzV6,Ñixìz{0iŠ{ZKâVÐ!*‡°{îg6,ZkÅˆ°™,Xzg:z{}.ZÆ4,Šq-**‡.Þç°êxŒÛZg0*NÐÔpZ{z{„CÙúigzi{YV:ZŠZ™gìƒVX

160

~Zð òÐòÐ 1968 i%æGLÃù·òÇ[+Æîg6,áùHYg;ìX~’k,~Z±gÐ

zZhg;ƒVXZzwŠyÐ÷~tgZñìòÃ)|IZ:(„än{HìÔZzgZ[|IZ:(„Æfg=ZkÃŠz!*g{Zq-F,¹c*Cò¯c*YYìX

ò~›âVÅñŠ{;]tìz{CÙZq-ÐÜZgƒ`Xz{"

ZOŠ~Åc~YgìXi%æGLÃù·»ÑtìZyÃZk"ZOŠ~ÅcÐïÑYñZzgZ7j,ZzgZOŠ6,9Z™äÅÃÒÅYñX

ò-VÆnZk5i0+Ï»W¸iCÙœeìX1ZkÅŠzÑiòÑ…XZzwtW`z{T**plÍZgßg]qwÐŠzegÔZk»f)ŠZgz{pŠZLW\ÃIZNX

Z#J-z{Zk»f)ŠZgŠzuzVÃIZDgÐÔZyÆn5i0+Ï»W¸ie7XŠzu~¢zg~!*]tìz{GzŸ]ÅŠ*ÐìZzgi›ëÅŠ*~

Ñzq™,XŠzu}/V~tZyÆ**ZI7gzVäZ7XplV~2HåZyÐz{!*CÙWNXz{qÑ‹ñŠ{ÐëW°»§iZ(g™DƒñZKy»*

µ/¯NXqÑ]»êìz{WiZŠZ:îg6,Ô:6gZ:îg6,ÔtP]qZ:ê™,

¼k,äZyÃZ&+c*»Zq-z¯Šc*ìZzgZ[ZyÆaZkÆÎZÃðeßg]7z{plŠàÆ‚B¼k,ÆZkêÃJw™BX

'×h+ttZyÆaÃð',Zð7Ôz{Dîg6,ZyÆaCÙZ±gÐíÅwgBbìXZ&+c*Zq-(,ZoìXŒVWiZŠ~Zzg/ge$ìXŒV½ãä™zhÅ®ZŠ

~ZyÆëè<Ø›ygTX',RyÆÓx(,}ZsòZŠZg}Z&+c*~‡ì

161

XZ&+c*~Zk´‘Æ›âVÅDÙZg‚!@*gõÆÝlñŠZk´‘Æ~Šú‹Š+Æz{xñZµ Z&+c* t ›âVÃi0+Ï»j,ŠïXZyƒÐ(,|™

ñŠXÅZxŠ„6,ug$~‹Wy]Åpl~Š~ˆìX)ZûðÔZ£(Å»gÐ › Zq-!*g~PŠyÆn™Zc~åXz;V÷~5‡]Zq-

ƒðXZrVä¹W\ßvZ&+c*~ëÐic*Š{47ic~X~äZk»:L7YÂZrVä¹Š¶Ô0*ÎyZq-gN*oìXZ¤/ëÃð6,ze–»g™,ÂZkÃâgL™äÆaøg}0*k¹özŠŠ*ƒCìXZkÆ',@Z&+c*¹(,Zo

ìXZ&+c*~Z¤/W\Ãð6,ze–»g™,ÂZkÃâgL™äÆaW\Æ0*kZq-.e$zWŠ*ñŠƒCìX

èÃg{›@*Åt!*]Z[Zq-zZ§0_ìXtZq-|ìZå,œ~~V™Z&+c*Æ›y7g}',RyÆƒÐic*Š{F,¹c*C›y0`Xt!*]šI¾Šg„ìZzgËÌà»»©uz}™ÆZkÅ¤&ÅY$ËìXZkzZ§ÅZq-äVwtìW`:Üs',RyÉ7g~›Š*»ƒÐic*Š{ŠzªqWŠòy*y~0*c*Y@*ìÔªCgÆ›x;Ö6,*YX

òÆ›yZ¤/ŠwÅWâŠÏÐZ&+c*Æ‚BïYNÂZyÆnCÙnÅF,¹Æá0+ZgñZµÁYNÐX½ÔZOŠc*]ZzgŠzu}ÓxF,ªC‡V~ŒVZy

7X £x6, ÆnF,¹ÆZk**]z{ËÌŠzu}'×h+t(„ÆZ±gÐZ&+c*~ZyÆnF,¹ÆxñZµñŠX¼

²¬÷ZZq-*yZgŠzZzgy~ZzgZôm,~Z¶gzV~ÖåXZk~~ä–åòÆ›yZ¤/”ZƒÅ0*ŒghŠ,Zzgy*yÃŠwÐJw™DƒñZk»z0YNÂWÒ{/g~y*y~ª›zik,ZW¶Çz{Zq-ò~›yƒÇXt

162

ZŒ,]~¼–Yg;ìz{ — Zq-Z(zZ§ìTÆ!*g}~=Ãðd->î IEX7ZUƒVÐZÏ|Å,z=ôìX

ò~ªŠ]òÆX6,~ZkÆW¸i„ÐÎøg;ƒVXZvÅÂ=Ð~äZ’ZY

~Zkçn~gZñ‡ìÅ¶z„gZñW`ÌíÃŠg„ÃWCìXZvÆaÐZkçn~=LZKgZñ$+%Å¢zg]77WðX

Ðqg;ƒVXZkÆ!*g}~ 1968 ,·gkgeÆ_.ÔZkñçq6,~¸„÷~«’k,z{ìZ¦z$¹Ðö G~’¶XŒVt’k,Z¦Æ,]Ðá™ÜÅYg„ì:

÷÷ZChzßw™ä»z‰Üz{ƒ@*ìZ#Ÿ»uZZL;B~ƒX1øg}tZˆk=ZÒ ³³³³³³ 7gZkz‰Üƒl~WDZ#Zy»RZÜ¹R0[ƒóó

Zkz‰Üƒ@*ìZ#~ò~7g†ZvÅ½k,7,kƒVX™r#Zq-4ò~XZKP]ZzgŒÛ!*EVÅzzÐz{Oîg6,èòBäÆX1ZyÅñŠ{ò~î=–ZikBÐic*Š{Ã7WCX

~z{Zk7ic~¸Z¤/z{|I~Z(g™DÂZCêpŠZK 1947%èÆ_.™Mh¸X1ZrVäŸÆz‰ÜÃ)|IZ:pZ1V~ÅŠc*X

ZyÆ;BÐò[ìÂz{mzåg™gìXqÑèZ[ZyÅmz Z »u ê Z[Z#ZÜ¹Š;ðÅìÔZzgZÜ¹Š;ðZkŠ*~Ãðziy7gBbX ¡ ågÅw

Zq-âZyäZq-%ûŠ»yÅàXZÌZrVäi0+Ï~«!*gŠxg3þå©à Zq- ZzgZ7Z0+Zi{:åŠ*~¾nÆ]Å¢zg]ƒCìXOçŠ»y~

@*ÑÎ**ÑzqHX

163

Zq-gziz{Š»yÐZŠZkqª~ßLXtŠN™Zq-),gvä7Y÷÷H!*]ìXW`QŠZkÃWgìƒóóX

÷÷Š»y~ag~ƒóóXâZyä¹X÷÷ùóó÷÷@*Ñ©àåXÃð¿gZ]~Åw™‚âyïwáŠHóóX÷÷tÂvg~t¶óóX÷÷Y;VXZ[Š/ƒZŠ»y~@*ÑZin»Î**e’óóX

÷÷tÌÃðŠ/Æˆ¥xƒäÅqìXZ#? — tÍ™),gväÛâc*Š»0+Zg~ÅÑí~ŠZ4ƒñÂ»ZzwŠyÐY'e’åŠ»y~@*Ñ¢oÎc*Y@*ìXóó

Š»yZzgZk§bÆŠzu}—ç5]~ÂZk»ÌZkyìWŠòZq-!*gç5]~Zq- — ™3™Šz!*g{iYñX1òhVÅâÎ!*Ç].ZÇ:ìX

!*gvyZVäÆˆtÌZkygLìœ™ÆWŠòŠz!*g{qÑ]ÃZLñZ¬¯áX1òç5]~Z#ê»uZZq-!*g;BÐòŠHÂX"uë{ƒY@*ìXQÂi}zWyÅ5™z›„ZkÃ$+w$ËX

ÃŠN w ¸òªŠ]Zq-Z(»xìZyßÍVÆ™ä»ìqwÆZ0+gZ7ÜsZk w !*¹z{ßvXÅóÜsâèZzgqwJ-YCƒVZzg ³³³³³³³³³³ Ã

z‰ÜÃWñZ#z{zZ§0™ZyÆZz6,I^7,ZƒÔZ,ßvñVÅªŠ]7™MhXZ%ZL)ŠZøqZ:ZŠZâ]ÐñVÃ)b~Z{ä»Ûn¢zgZxŠ}Mh

(4 Ô™1968 yÔ 14 Xóó)Z¦z$¹Ðö GÔ5Š‹Ô‚w~ò 35 Æ!*g{~qg;ƒVXÔ òÚ ZkÆˆ~ZÏZ0+ZiÐ

164

Æñçq6,~ä¼–ìZyÃZ¤/ŠHYñÂZq-?Â[0YñÏXtZv»]ì÷~ZkîsÃÒÐDÙZgzVò-VÃÃZ+{àìXDÙZgzV

ßv§ð»'×Z`»™Æ½zF,¹ÆyZy~µîg6,u¤/xXZkŸ~=ò-VÅ§sÐÚèoZzgÜyÔz){XgTXÅ,ŒVCäÅ¢zg]7X

ÃðÌ’q-„CÙúZxÅ§s™[ƒCìÔ18©3ªî GGGGSz{7gÅ’q-ƒCìXZq-c*P7gZK½k,zVZzg’k,zVÆfg=úZxÃZ¸gDZzgQúZxÆ**xÐZK

7g~Å7zßw™DXtßg]qw7gÅf)ŠZg~Ã¹ic*Š{(,JŠîìXZ+qª~ÜsZÏ¿Ã7g’ÆyZy~ŠZ4ƒ**e’Täz{¢zg~»g~

ÅƒZkÃ7g’Åf)ŠZg-VÃZŠZ™äÆ‡.Þ¯CìX¢zg~»g~Æ%¿7g’ÆyZy~u¤/xƒz{ZvÆ4,Šq-JêxìÔpZ{"ÅgúZxÆŠgxyZkäX„ic*Š{=qqÝ™àƒX

ò-VÆnWy~z‰ÜWŠHìz{ZL7gzVÐZz6,ZJ™7g}çn6,ZiaçLâg™,X7gzVÆZÖpÅgzÝ~7É›ëÅgzÝ~z{ZKi0+Ï»u¯NXZkÆÎZZyÆa»x!ÅZzgÃðßg]7X

¡]»$Šgc*»‚o"yÐƒÂz{ZCgZ3$+w™WÐ(,|Y@*ì1**ŠZyZKyeLì

z{"yÃÂh™ZCgZ3¯ñÔpZ{Zk»³tƒZk»„åÆnguYñX~ÑzqƒðXZkÐÜs 1989 ò~Z&+c*ÆÜs

!hÑ÷O

’q-ZÆ',Zq-·¬~äò»HåXz;Vu~ôÆ+g;w~÷Zæ[åXZkÆ´z{ÔZkªxÆŠzgZy¹ÐßÍVÐ5‡'ƒNXZk»**)~äZÏ

165

z‰Ü–å1z{ËzzÐZ°‚!~áù:ƒeXZq-Šy~¼ò~›âVÆ‚Bu~ôÆ!*CÙ?zZŠ~~ŠHXCÙ§s

¡]Æpzg]oø¸XNhÆZz6,Ð0*ãÆ`ÔƒñyZy~Wgì¸Xò~›âVÃá™~Zq-*Æ0*kÖŠHXz;Vt©å*»0*ãcƒZZq-((ì˜VZkÆ‚tZq-ßìX0*ãt7™@*z{ßÃÂh™WÐYäÅ

ÃÒ™}XZkÆ',@z{ßÆŠZNZzg!*NÐ'ç NH™WÐòY@*ìZzgZC^Yg~g‚rìX

~äò~›âVÐ¹ZkÃŠ¶ÔtW\Æ**xŠg]»Zq-xìXZk¡~zZ§Æfg=W\Ãt{ñlxŠc*Yg;ìvg~i0+ÏÆ^~Ãðg»z^

ÅqWYñÂ»Z(7™**e’g»z^Ð”ZYƒÔZzgg»z^Å"yÃÂh™ZLn¦JgZ3¯ƒXZkÆOñ?Ãt™**e’g»z^ÐZ²Zn™DƒñZK2wÅ§sZLÃYg~gÅX

¸i0+Ï~»x!»gZiìXÛŠ»çnƒc*Ëx»çnÔCÙZq-ÆnyzF,¹ÅzZuD+Ûtìz{gZ3ÆßzVÃÃZ0+Zi™ÆWÐ(,ñÔz{)bÐZ²Zn™}ZzgñZµÃZEw™ÆZKi0+ÏÅy™}X

˜VJ-gZ¶Zzs»mìÔ~ò~Z&+c*Å¯Yc*(ÏñŠÏÃò-VÆaÃðg»z7&XñŠ{/g~iâ:~(„ÜsZq-Šg›uìXZzg`Üs

Ð¬Z&+c*Å¯`òÅuuzV6,gS¶Ôz{òÅ¸V~ 1989 uuzVÅaNZgX~ò~’q-ÆßÍVäZÌZVc*ZzgŸŠ»§i 1989 ŠZ47ƒð¶X1Z#ZÆ',

Z(gHÂZkz‰ÜZ&+c*Å¯`ZkÐ£¨Æa¸V~ŠZ4ƒðXYV§ßv¸V~g{™ZK©»ggzZ×V™D¸X

166

@*ë!*ÁnZ¤/ò~›yy*ã¯`Åò~ñŠÏÃZLngZ3»ßA$ÌZyÆa»x!ZzgF,¹»gZiz„ì¡]Åi!*yÐZ7Cc*Yg; −

)bÃÃZ0+Zi™zZzgñZµÃZEw™z: ³³³³³³³³ ìXªIgnore the problems, avail the opportunities.

tÃð6gZ:Zßw7T»mÜsñŠ{òÐƒXtZq-¬@ZßwìXZk»mCÙZKãW!*Š~ÐìX'×h+ti0+Ï»¸ZßwÛŠÆnÌìZzgxÆ

nÌÔ¸Zßw›oÆaÌìZzg)›oÆnÌX)¦:§i

ñŠ{Š*~»x[i0+Ï»Zq-ZßwtìZ#ËÐËX~4,ZqaZƒÂ¬„%³~tHYñ¼ïg;ìZkÃgŸq~Æ‚BJw™1YñXZ¤/¬%³~Z(7HŠHZzgic*Š{qÝ™äÅ{§XÆYÃMHŠHÂXZzgë{ƒYñÇÔZzg¬%³~¼ïg;åZk»NÌ**eƒYñÇX

»zZ§ìX',ßZL],ä¦Å 1917 ZkÅZq-Vw¦»ñŠ{XìX„»Zq-ÃgñÑ¯c*Xt¬xîg6,!*|ge$¹Îæ GcÆ**xÐgìXt„zZãîg6,²1VÆh~¶XZk„~¦»Zq-äðÐÁzZuZLÃŠc*ŠHåZzgZk»ŠzäðÐic*Š{z²1VÆa{mHŠHåXZkÆ_.Ôk,z»7gZàZzgšMZYk»7gZ´‘²1VÃ5åX1Zkz‰ÜÅ›ªŠ]äZkÃJw™äÐZïg™Šc*XZq-²[¬Ýä|I~»§iZ(g™DƒñZkÃJw™heÅ!*]½ÂZk6,²[¢ŠÐ¼Zg~»Z²ZxÎc*ŠHXz{¿tÄÈ™%ŠH:

nÃ×ÜÎçÚoÞßoÆãÜæÚãÛ^]j_^Ù]Ö×nØÊ^Öfxæ]Øªkd$÷~xYyáÏ~äZkÃŠð7Šc*ìXZzggZ]pZ{X„

DƒYñð¾qwW™gSìX167

Zkz‰ÜÅ›ªŠ]c*²[ªŠ]Z¤/|I~»§iZ(g™CZzgZ’Zð%³~¼ZkÃïg;åZkÃá™z{ZK‚g~ÃÒyzF,¹Æ»x~ÎŠîÂW`

¦Æ²[›âVÅqªz;VÆ·ŠÐ$+g˜ic*Š{4ƒCX1)|IZ:Z0+ZiZ(g™ä»³tƒZ/VÆz~n„ÆÎZ¼:Wc*X

Ç¸çn§Vzò~Ì7Wc*ìXò~ªŠ]Zzg0*ÎãªŠ]ŠzâVZkçn~$+F,+**Z‹»DgƒðXzZu]CDò»ñŠ{XpŠZkÆ‡Z++Å**ŠZEVÆ³~aZƒZÔ:ËZzgÆÕc*‚ilÆ³~X

Zkçn~›‡Z++Å**ŠZEVÅz„¹DìXŒV~ZkÆÜsîg6, )|IZ: ~Z#o„ƒZÂ0*ÎyÅªŠ] 1947 Zq-U»f™™zVÇX

**¥/|Zzg©gW!*ŠXZ¤/0*ÎyÅªŠ]|IZ: — ŠzZgc*2VÅŠúh+Zg0ˆgztZ(g™Dƒñ**¥/|Zzg©gW!*ŠÅæ¦:k0*ÎyÃu}ÐYzZÑ„:åÂ

ò»çnL™:áCXZk»ê.e$W‚ãÆ‚B0*ÎyÆh~ƒY@*X10*Îã‡Z++ÅŠz§†Šzh»³tƒZŠzâV~ÐÃðZq-ÌZyÆz~:Wc*XŒV~Zke~pŠ0*ÎyÆŠzjZáÜ™zVÇX

~0*ÎyÆ 1955X56 ZkŸ~ªjZ!aŠO~·Z»ìXz{¸XZkÐ¬z{1‰ÜZ{VÅÓ#Ö~îÅwÐÑq-¸X 6,Zìî

0*ÎyÆqÑ]6,ZyÅZq-?Zôm,~Â[’ìT»**xZ\½Ws0*ÎyìX (Emergence of Pakistan)

„Æˆ**¥/|Æ›âZ[ä0*ÎyÆ‚B CD ZkÂ[~z{ZKgc*„»ZÒt™1Z#**¥/|~yzƒVÅZÒe$¶XZ&+c*äZkZÒtÃ7â**

1XZkÆˆŠ‹~Zq- ÃZ&++-2~5 Zzg7:Z½Æfg=gc*„**¥/|6,

168

)ƒðXZk)~y*yÅ§sÐZCÙÑw1zZzguŠZgbÑq-¸XZzg0*ÎyÅ§sÐâZ[iZŠ{1‰ÜZ{VZzgaŠO~·ZäÑ•ÅX'˜

uŠZgbZ¤/p0*ÎyÆJŠÔ1z{1zÐic*Š{|I¸XŠzâV”VÆzik,ZWÆŠgxyZq-W~ÔT~bZzg~ŠzâVñŠÔ1‰ÜZ{VäòZzg**¥/|Æçn~Z&+c*Æ„Šgzt6,-¯xHXZrVä¹**¥/|ÆxZVÆ0*ÎyÐZÒtÆ!*zŠz{Z&+c*»zìXYVz;VÅZÒe$yzìÂòZK›ZÒe$Æ‚BYV™Z&+c*»z0YìÔÜsZkaz;VÆyzxZVäZ&+c*Æ‚BZq-æzoZÒtÆ»½Z]6,Š\™ŠñXZ¤/**¥/|ÆZÒtÅŠ*zm,T6,z;VÆ›xZVäŠ\GZLZ0+gÃðZi7gBbÂZkŠ*zm,»

ÌÃðZi7T6,òÆyzxZVäŠ\GXZ¤/**¥/|~z;VÆúZxÅpZéZÌgBbìÂ¸ZßwòÆaÌƒ**e’XZ&+c*òZzg**¥/|ŠzâV»Šúò7™YXZ#1‰ÜZ{Vät!*]½ÂbZLW\6,‡1:gÄnZzgO7,}ÔZrVä¹?**¥/|»ñZi:òÐYV™DƒÔ©gW!*ŠZzgòÅ!*]™zÔZzgëZÌZq-YJ-VMhXb»ÃtZkñµ6,ZzgÃÌtå›ZÒe$Æ´ºÃZyÅ%èÆÜsZLï~gZ&+c*Æa$zg~»fg=ƒÇ:¤‰Ü»fg=XZy»ZˆkåZ&+c*Zzg0*ÎyZ¤/Zk6,gZèƒYN©gW!*ŠZ&+c*Æ‚BƒZzg

ò0*ÎyÆ‚BÔÂòZzg©gW!*Š»X%æFNZðîg6,iHYYìXZk~œuîg6,ŠzâV„»ÃZ+{ƒÇX

Sardar Patel, although a bitter enemy of Pakistan was a greaterrealist than Nehru. In one of the discussions between the twoPrime Ministers, at which Patel and I were also present, LiaquatAli Khan dwelt at length on the inconsistency of the Indian standwith regard to Junagadh and Kashmir. If Junagadh, despite its

169

Muslim ruler's accession to Pakistan belonged to India because ofits Hindu majority, how could Kashmir, with its Muslim majority, bea part of India simply by virtue of its Hindu ruler having signed aconditional instrument of accession to India. If the instrument ofaccession signed by the Muslim ruler of Junagarh was of novalidity, the instrument of accession signed by Hindu ruler ofKashmir was also invalid. If the will of the people was to prevail inJunagadh, it must prevail in Kashmir as well. India could not claimboth Junagadh and Kashmir. When Liaqut Ali Khan made theseincontrovertible points, Patel could not contain himself and burstout: “Why do you compare Junagadh with Kashmir? Talk ofHyderabad and Kashmir, and we could reach an agreement.”Patel’s view at this time and even later was that India’s effort toretain Muslim majority areas against the will of the people was asource not of strength but of weakness to India. He felt that ifIndia and Pakistan agreed to let Kashmir go to Pakistan andHyderabad to India, the problems of Kashmir and of Hyderabadcould be solved peacefully and to the mutual advantage of Indiaand Pakistan.

Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Emergence of Pakistan, pp. 299-300

Z¤/0*Îã7g»tÒyŠg„ìÂtZk!*]»**‡.ÞF,Šh+o]ìò»XX HƒZ pŠ0*Îã7gzV»aZHƒZìÔ:y*ã7gzV»aZ

ZkŸ~Šzu~Vwz{ì0*ÎyÆZq-czs7guŠZgØ•§]{V,] 460 ÅÂ[~QìXZyÅtÂ[ÑƒgÐZgŠz~÷÷ËX!xóóÆ**xÐ

6,’ìXZkÂ[»Zôm,~**xtì:The Nation that Lost its Soul.

ŒVZkÂ[»Zq-Z½kÜHY@*ì:÷÷ˆ~ò6,úÆŠzgZyZ#âƒ.$RÑƒgWc*XZq-e3,T~1‰ÜÔÍg3,

170

ñŠ~Zzgº[Æegzik,ñŠ¸Ñgeâƒ.$Räb»xàc*Xby*yÅZq-¤!g,åZk»xåZkZßwÅ0*È~ÅYñ»ôöZzg›>ÆâÎgc*2VÆwÆ!*g}~ð0*c*åXz{tgc*„ZL!*°zVÅZÒe$ZzguuzVÆ‚B5\Å¯6,0*Îyc*y*yÆ‚B

ZÒt™,ÏXbäBc*0*ÎyòááZzg©gW!*ŠŠÁ»_cghŠ}X˜V6,yzW!*Š~ÅZÒe$¶ZzgT»0*ÎyÆ‚BiFc*«g~fg)ÐÃðZ£wÌ:åXtxŠ¶Æˆâƒ.$RÍg;ƒk~WgZx™ä`ŠHX

~òW6,c»åôZVåX~ä1‰ÜZÆ0*kY™Z7?m,Š~y*yÅ¯`ò~ŠZ4ƒ_ìXëD™VÅæŠÐZkÃ!*CÙï%ZzgòÃZL‚B5ä~»x[7ƒÃÐXŒVJ-øg~Zkz‰ÜÅ¯`ÌZk»x!Æ”w~áh+æŠÇgU*"$:ƒnÏX®Z…bÅ7¿Ã’Z**

7e’XâZ[iZŠ{ä÷~Y+$&×™²<é X÷÷uŠZg™r#H~0*ÉƒŠHƒV~òÆNhzVZzg÷VÆ$+ágc*„©gW!*ŠŠÁÃghŠzVº[ÐÌ(,~gc*„ìóóX1‰ÜZ{VÆZkgŠ¿ÃŠN™~ÂÍƒŠHøgZzik,ZW±'ZBÐZÚ"¸åXZkÅf;-$»t£gz{©gW!*ŠŠÁÃò6,F,ßŠ}g;ìXtÂZ¢VÅ¼A~gzZà!*]þþ¶X©gW!*Š»”wZq-uZ[åZ#òïg;åXòÅ0*ÎyÆ‚BZÌÐz{¬zZ7¸XOçZî`Æîg6,

(X 231X32 ~äòW6,cÅôZãÐZ±Š}Šc*)™0*Îã7gÆèÃg{ÒyÃZ¤/Šg„ây1YñÂtZk!*]»o]ìò»

171

Xåîg6,Zzgq-§†îg6,pŠ›ªŠ]»aZHƒZìÔËZzg»7XŒV~ÜstZŸ†™zVÇ¡]Æ0‡âyÆ_.ÔË¿c*¸xÆae7z{ZKtÅ

7Šzu}Ðzßw™nXZKtÅ7WŠòÃ¾qwpŠZŠZ™**7,@*ìÔZzgDîg6,0*Îy»Zk~ÃðZ]Y7X

|InWYÆWy~ß~Z%<~¼³VägpŠWiZŠ{äyÆªx 1986 Z6,s

»Z´y™Šc*XÐZÏiâ:~~äŠ‹ÆZôm,~Z¶gy*yN*'.øJ

~Zq-*y|»Z‹Zs: ³³³³³³³³³ áùHT»ÄZytå

Acceptance of Reality.

÷Zt*yº[ZzgòŠzâVÆ!*g}~åX~äºçVZzgò-VŠzâVÃ#¥™Dƒñt¹å‘Í-CåGW{º[Zzg‘Í-CåGW{òÅ’¹L»x[7ƒ‰Xz{|Å"yÐ”ZäÆëpìXZknÅÃÒÐ¼ßvZCuÂÂhMh1z{ßg]qwÃ$+w7MhX~äŠzâV(ÆßÍVÃttg{Šc*åz{

Ãây™µZ0+Zi~ZKi0+ÏÅ (statusquo) |I~Ð»xBZzgßg]ñŠ{y™,X

õßv¢„çnÃ™‰XZzgZrVäZkX6,ZK{ŠZ:’q-»™Š~XòÆßvÌDîg6,Wy»g¸gZ3Z(g™,Ð1Zkz‰ÜZ#Zy6,ÃgÏ»tÄ™ŠtW[ƒÇ:

WVpŠZ**++**ŠZV=ZiyZ!!}îgä™ (justify) »:L¸„tìõßÍVÆ0*kZKn„ÃY,U*"$ t ZkÛ

ÆnÃðá0+ZgÃtñŠ:åXZ#Šzu}¤/z{Æ0*kZ,á0+ZgÃc*]ñŠXÆfg=z{pŠÉÆ¿ÃZsòÞŠ]6pzg]ÄZyŠ}nX

172

ÆŠz½ ò »zZ§ìX 1992 †g~ 27 ZkŸ»Zq-Š/ŒV‡.Þf™ìXc*C›yŠ‹WñZzgíÐ5‡]ÅXtßvpŠÂË§Æ!*Ÿ‚M71z{

òÅ§’q-Æ7g~§bqò¸Xz{i§:ƒDƒñÌ7g}!š-öEW~„~§¸X

WÆŠzgZy~ä¹W\ßÍVÅ**x.Š’q-èòËÌZ±gÐŠg„7Xz{:˜ŠìZzg:ZkÐZsòÂx‡ìƒäzZÑìXZzg:‘Í-CåGWÏÅÃðse$ìXZk»³',!*Š~ÆÎZZzg¼7XZrVä6,lîg6,ZKñŠ{’q-Å×e$ÅZzgŠúòHë¢„Zq-x»x!qÝ™äzZáXQZrVä÷}ì6,ZLŠ\Æ‚BøDfsZÖp÷~eZ],~~‘:

y*yÐ‘Í-CåGWÏÆˆò¶ÇÔZ¶KYZvz{òZsòòƒÇXZkÆˆ~ä¹W\ßÍVÅt!*]"ãCŠpl.ÆÎZZzg¼7XW\

ßÍVÃ¹¢¥xƒYñÇW\ÆZ0+Zi}Äic*Š{"|¸XQ~äZKeZ],~~ZyÆ‚ttZÖp‘:

!*ÁnZ¤/òy*yÐ‘Í-CåGW{ƒÂZkÆˆWiZŠòc*0*Îãò¶Çz{Zq-y*ãòc*0*Îãò~7ìXÉ (choice) ',!*ŠòƒÇXò-VÆnaZõ

y*ãòc*',!*Šò~ìXZkzZ§6,Z[Šk‚w7g}ƒgìXZkŠk‚!Š/äWy~îg6,tU*"$H

ìèÃg{ò~W@ÆZÖpÛèpl.ÆÎZZzg¼:¸XZkÆ',@~ä¼ZvÅÂ=Ð¹z{W`Zq-**‡.ÞZïg|0[ìXzZu]ätU*"$HìñŠ{qÑ]~ò»ÃZ+{:WiZŠò“W~ìZzg:0*Îãò“W~Xò»ÃZ+{CÙZ±gÐtìz{y*y»z0YñZzg”ZƒÅ0*ŒÃgh™6,Zðy»§iZ(g™áX

173

ò~ßvZLìwÆ_.Ô˜ŠÅ’q-`gìÔz{ZLW\ÃZsxIëX19tìz{ZsxI“WÐ¬|IFXZsx»°|Åi}6,9Zƒ@*ìXpl.Åi}6,ÃðÌ°70YÔ:Zsx»Zzg:)Zsx»X

(Ï”ZƒÐZZiŠZøqWŠòÅ°ptÅˆìŠZøqZKyz{ìqzVÅZŸ°wÃ

Yä:Awise man is he who knows the relative value of things.

Zkk!ÅgzÝ~Š¬YñÂtI7,}Çáh+òÆgÉƒV~ÃðÌ¿7TÃZkk!Æ_.ÔŠZøq¹YnXOçZrVäZLZŠZxÃY**1ZrVäZLZŠZxÆ³Ã7Y**X

ZkçnÃŒÛWyÅZq-We$ÅgzÝ~ÉXŒÛWy~Cc*ŠHìÑymZ?xäZ#!òÆ**xZCâ5ZzgZkÐZ¤®)»_cHÂZkäZLŠg!*g-V

Ðtg{HXŠg!*g-Vä¹øg}0*k¯Y¤‰ÜìQëYVË)ÅZ¤®)Jw™,XZk»Z[!òäŠc*z{ŒÛWy~Zk§bÒyƒZì:

Â~ŠZ4ƒDÂz{ZkÃyZ[™Šï Ë ä¹!*Šá{ßvZ# ò!(34 ZzgZkÆ³]zZßVÃf?™ŠïXZzg¸tßv™,ÐX)Z›

¥xƒCìXz{t | ìÔZkÐZq-.e$Zë ŠH y~tzZ§ÜH WŒÛ¤!gxZVÐ”Zƒ™DƒñtÎOe’Zk»³HƒÇX³Z¤/tÀ_ƒÂZ²ZnHYñÇ:”ZƒXŠ/C@*ì¤!gxZVÐ”Zƒ»³åZyßg]~À_ìXZkÆ³~W!*Šc*Vn{ƒCZzg³]zZáßÍVÃfª»‚o™**7,@*ìX(Ï”Zƒ»tn{Á³åªCÙƒ@*ìÔpZ{xZVÃðÌƒÔZzgpZ{z{Ãð™ÔZKyYV:ƒX

¤!gxZVÐ”ZƒCÙqw~Zk‡.ÞìZkÐXYñXZ¤/¼ßvZk174

ÃÅ6,zZ:™,Zzgz{¤!gxZVÐ',ZÓgZ„”ZYNÂZkÆZyÆaYyzâwÅn„ÅDe$™**ÑqÝìXZ7Y'e’n„Z77Wg„ìz{ŠgZÝ

”ZƒÅ7ìXßvZMZgÆÜs!hÑ

÷O

”ZƒÅ0*ŒZ(g™,ZyÃ¾qwt7Š´7,}ÏXZkŠ*~te7tÃðZq-¤/z{™}ZzgZkÅ7ËZzg¤/z{Å§sÐZŠZÅYñX

ò~7gzVZzg0*Îã7gzVÅ§sÐZÒZ,p}ßŸX»ÄZyÔz){XZy (Wounded Valley) c*iÂzZŠ~ (Wounded Kashmir) ƒ@*ìiÂò

p}~Cc*Y@*ìZ&+c*Å¯`¾§bòÆßÍV6,Õ™g„ìXZknÅg7g›‚g~Š*~DÙZgzVÅ®ZŠ~Y\™áùÅˆX1nZy»ÃðÌµÃZ+{7XZknÅÓxg7g›"ÃZ+{mzåg0™g{X

Ûc*ŠzZî`ÅZk"ZW,~ÅDe$ò-VÃËZzgÐ™äÆOñpŠZLW\Ð™**e’XZyò-VÆn!òÆèÃg{zZ§~¹(,Z$ìX!òät¦:0*ŒZ(gÅ¯VÆÕz0Åâ"$„:WñXZkÆ',@ò-VäZK"ŠZ¼Æ¯VÃŠú]Š~z{Zy6,I^7,,ZzgZ7ZLÕ»¶K:¯NX

ò-Vä÷÷Wâ=âgóó»§iZ(gHÔZzg!òäâÐZ²Zn»X¸Zq-]~òÅ7g~¹ã»ÜìX

òÆßvW`TXÐŠzegZkÆi»W¸itìz{Zkçn~ZKt»Z‹Zs™,ZzgŒÛWy~Cñƒñ!òÆzZ§Ð$á™ZKi0+ÏÅ

yÅZiaçLâµ/È~™,XZkÆÎZZkX»ZzgÃði7XÕ»»Ÿ

i³æ]Â³×³³o]Þ³Ë³ÓÜ ug$~Wc*ìgÎwZv-ZvmzÅäÛâc*:

175

)òZ!ŠZƒŠÔÂ[ZÆIŠ[(XZk»Ètì?ŸŠzZÑ§iZ(g: ÊnÂ×nÓÜ› ™zXzg:vg}qÑ]Zzgic*Š{”h+ƒYNÐXñŠ{iâ:~ZkÅVwCÙZk

o~0*ðYCì˜VZLÑÆ”wÆn{ŠZ:§iZ(gHŠHXZ7~ÐZq-òÌìX

ò~ŸŠ×`c*ŠHÔZk»ÃZ+{Â¼7ƒZZ%vyZÚic*Š{ƒZTÅÃðun{ƒÔ(ÂxŠgë',ëƒŠHÔ½ãZq-ÑÄWŠòhu — 2Ì7ÅY$Ë

ƒ‰XZkÐic*Š{ßvz{Kãmzg~»Dgƒ™i0+Ï¦/Zgä6,6gƒ‰XZÜ¹gzZc*]I^IXTòe$Æ**x6,’q-`ðˆÔz{òe$n{ƒ™g{X

Z7~ÐZq-xvytìòÆ9!*&¢AZzgZd½c*CßvòÃgh™!*CÙÆ´V~−‰X

òÅIg†Z&+7~ZLZ0+g¹ÐZZ+gBb¶XZkÅ$+zªgCu¤/xVŒV‚w½Yg~gS‰X1Z[tqwìz;VÅIg†Z&+7~½ã»ƒìXZq-ò~ä¹ZkIg†Z&+7~Å$+zªò»tqwåëßá™vu6,ÖYDÂz{ÌZq-ËÎŠ}Å§b‚å1W`tqwìøg}ÂL»ÌÃðyh+Zg7Xò~úZxÆ**x6,ZVðYäzZàZk’q-»ÃðÃZ+{ò~úZxÃÂ75Z%òÆ**x.Š7gzVÃ¢zgZkÐÃZ+{àX

?ßvZkq6,§ — ŒÛWyäZLczƒVÃ½Š~ìZy~ÐZq-tì(23 :™z?ÐÅc*ŠH)Zh+

tWe$ŠgZÝ¡]ÆZk‡âyÃCCìZväZkŠ*~HgHìXZkÃðÌÛŠ X ‡âyÆ_.ÔCÙZKyZzgCÙ¤/z{Æ‚BÑiòîg6,Åä»Š/7W@*ì

c*¸x¡]ÆZk‡âyÐI7XtZvÅZkÕð»Zq-bYìTÆZk

176

äZkŠ*Ã¯c*ìXŠzu}/V~ttZv»‡âyìZzgZvÆ‡âyÃ$+ÜËÆae7X

1ZÏÆ‚B¡]»ŠzuZÑiò‡âytìZkŠ*~ñZµL»:ƒVXZkŠ*~Z#ÌZq-ñµ»ƒ@*ìÂ¯äSZ„ŠzuZ (opportunities)

ñµZkÆ‚BÎƒZ`W@*ìXZkn=q~tìWŠòÅñƒññµÃ>ñZzg6ñµÃZEw™}XW`ò-VÃ™**ecX

7gz{ìc*ÄÆZßw6, Ç Z¡à7gøzñVÆ**x6,ZK7g~`@*ìXZK’q-`ñXñZúÆOññZµÅ¶KyŠ„™ÆZK¸xÃ6w»gZ3Š3ñX

ZðZzgZ»sòÆ ³³³³³ ZðÆ‚BW\Z$+~îg6,g{Mh1kBW\Z$+~îg6,7±Mh

7gzVÃáh+ZkWiñŠ{@*g]|»D7Xz{ZK"³kBÃÚîg6,Yg~gÇƒñŒVJ-t"³kBZ[pŠ¿g~ÅuJ-V_ìXZyßÍVÃ¥x

7pŠ¿g~»§iY0*yäŠzu~¬@kB~ZyÆ£¨~DÙZgkHic*Š{(,}e:6,ZEwH1z{åîg6,**»xg;XŠ*~LÃð!*Šá{ÌËkBÃZ$+~îg6,Yg~:gÄeXQòÆ$zgúZx¾§bZk"³kBÃZ$+~îg6,Yg~gÄMhXWy»g¼ƒäzZÑìz{tòÆ§ëYNZzg6gZ:îg6,ZKkBÃ»™Š,X19tƒÇòÆßvŠZøq~»§iZ(g™DƒñpŠZLêÆZkn{ÁkB»{Ø™Š,X

òÆZq-½c*C›yÐ!*]ƒðX~ä¹ò~ƒÐic*Š{T

ìXZrVä¹ëÌZðeTÔ1Ãy‚ZðX (peace) qÅ¢zg]ìz{Zð

177

Zðz{ìTÆ‚BZ»sAÔTZðÆ‚BZ»sáï:ƒz{ÂÜsª>VÆaÆìÔ:¤ñVÆaX

~ä¹tƒÐic*Š{™ß.ìT~ÓxŠ*Æ›gÉ2XÐÅYCìXZzgt!*Ç9°pìXZð (absence of war) ZðÅ°p°xkB

LZ»sÆn7ƒ@*XZðÜsZknƒ@*ìZ»sÆ”wÅÃÒÆn»g¤/cqÝƒnX=Æ_.ÌìZzg¸ZsxÆ_.ÌX

äZ#ui»Zðç@{HÂZk~W\ÃÜsZð5åÔ ~V 9ZsxZ»s75åXZ%Z#ZðÆfg=5wqÑ]aZƒñÂW\äZyqÑ]~

¿™ÆÃZ»sÌqÝ™1XZ»sLZð»bY7ƒ@*ÔZ»såZðÆŠZðÐX p {gZ„îg6, Z ˆqÝ”{ñZµÃZEw™äÐMìÔ:',

òÅ{ŠZ:’q-ÆgÉƒVÐ!*]ÅYñÂz{åZzg7Vîg6,Zq-!*]ÃŠCÙZDƒñÃWDXz{tëÜsteTZZx{Å?m,zVÅgzÝ

™Zc*YñX‡âã (referendom) ~øg}çn»êHYñX!*ÖpŠvtò~c*xîg6,Zk!*]»"ziyƒ**Zkz‰Ü‚g~Š*Ã¥xƒŠHZ#ZZx{Æ

hñ~¾wÃ°ÁyäZLZq-Šzg{ÆŠgxyZsxW!*Š~tZ´yHòÆƒ[ìX (irrelevant) !*g}~ZZx{»gizC×Z[)0

@*ëZkÐsÃ~Zq-Zßà!*]¼VÇXz{tZChpŠZK¤‰ÜÐqÝHY@*ìXŠzu}Å¤‰ÜÆizg6,LËäZChqÝ7HX|tìèÃg{n»ÃtÜsËplûZKyÆŠâr~(0*YìX¬ÝzZ§~Z,ËÃt»zŠ7XZ[ò-VÃtê™**ìz{@*gõ~ZC**xplû¸xÅwÐZ**eTc*|ÙkxÅwÐX

178

Zsò’q-7òÆ§›yZKñŠ{kBÃZsò˜ŠëXtZq-Jn»è$ì

T~t|Z]2XZkçn~øg}ßÍVÅ**‡&ÿELû{ñÙäZyÆZk¢~'×h+ZŸ†HìXòÅñŠ{kBDîg6,˜Š7XZk~zhezZáÃCÙ¦/˜Š»ZÅx7ïYX

T§búiÅÑ…ZÏ§b˜Š°−ZvÅÌÑ…ZzgòÅ±ZðZy˜ŠÆnZq-!*‡°{Z÷ƒ**e’X˜ŠÆnZq- — ÑîV6,7g~7ZF,C

!*Z(g›´‘g%œ/ƒ**e’X˜ŠÆn¬¢zg~»g~ƒ**ecX˜ŠozâwÆa7ƒ@*ÉZÝ®Ð*îGZvÆnƒ@*ìÔz){XZzgtZq-zZ§ìòÅ±ZðZy~ÐËÌÑo6,7g~7ZF,CXòÅñŠ{±ZðÃc*ÂÍgÞzZg¹YYìc*6,ZËzZgXZzgZyŠzâV„nÅlV»ZsxÐÃðm7XÍgÞzZgZkn)ZsòìZsx~˜ŠqÁ»»xì:úZx»»xXZzg6,ZËzZgZkn)ZsòìÓ#ÖZk6,ZËzZgÃ`g„ìZkäZk»Zý7HZzgZsòkBÆnîZýÑiò

ÑoìXZk|Ã‚tg3YñÂòÅñŠ{**»xkBò-VÃtxŠ}g„ì

Zq-œÅ@*íÆ%?ZK±ZðÃÈ™ŠzXZknZk±Zð~vg}nŠ*Ån„ÌìZzgWy]Ån„ÌXŠ*Ån„Zkn?¢zg~»g~Æ%±gìƒXZzgWy]Ån„Zkn?˜ŠÆ**xÐZq-Z+±Zð±gìƒZsòZßwÆ_.

˜Š„7X(ÏWiZŠ~Å’q-ÃðZsò’q-7Ôz{u@*uZq-¸ò’q-ìXZ+Ãð

’q-Z¤/¸èÆ**x6,`ðYñÂZk~„CÙÃðw`7pZ¤/Z+Ãð’q-

179

Zsò˜ŠÆ**x6,`ðYñÂDîg6,z{Zq-ß’q-0YñÏX9zV~ÐËÌ9ä±WiZŠ~c*(ÏWiZŠ~Æ**x6,Ãð’q-7

`ðXqÑèZÒ9zVÆiâ:~Ðz„qÑ]ñŠ¸X~(Ï7gWiZŠ~!zíÅ’q-`c*™DX}|]-ŠmZ?xÆiâ:~Zq-æuZzg)±{0+Zy^ÆZz6,xZVåX1|]-ŠäèÃg{nÅ(Ï’q-o~7ZVðX|]-ŠÆˆZk§bÅ’q-o~Z_1z{oÆò7gzVä`ð¶Ô:

|]-Šc*ZyÆ‚¹VäXòÆ›yZ¤/ZK].z4ÃZsò¯**eTÂZy6,ÑixìƒÐ¬

z{ZK].z4ÅñŠ{ßg]Ã»™,Xz{ZkgzlÐ!*iWNZrVäuZuZq-ò’q-`ðZzgZkÆZz6,Zsx»fÎŠc*XZknÅ’q-ÃLZvÅ¾]7ï$ËX

òÆ›yZÒtëƒñ‹ðŠïëÂŠz0*IVÆŠgxy:gìXZq-§sZ&++¯`ZzgŠzu~§s§XQZk6,ZŸ†™Dƒñz{ëZÝtì¬Z#tò~˜ŠÑzqƒZÂZk~ZißvñŠ1Z[òÅ±Zð',}ßÍVÆ;B~WˆìX

tZq-Jn»è$ìX|tìÍgÞzZg»ZxåZzgCÙ(¸ƒ@*ìXÍgÞzZg¬„CÙZißvÑzq™D1ÃZk~',}ßváïƒYDX

ïY@*ìT (Shelter) ZknZk~áïƒ™Z7Zsò˜Šc*zmWiZŠ~»]Ô.ç IHYg~gÄÃX Y,C™ Æik,‚tz{ZKß^âgÃ

èÃg{n»±gò-VÆnÃð»xWäzZÑ7XZ7tZ‹Zs™**ecÍgÞzZgÑzq™**ZzwŠy„ÐZq-t¶XZk§bÆqÑ]~ZKt»Z‹Zs™**ªŠxƒ@*ìÔ:Šzu}Ãf)ŠZgIZ**X

180

eÅ(„ÃZEw™ä»Xt@*g]| (second chance) i0+Ï**xìŠzu}ñµ

òÆ!*g}~ÌZÚ„Šg„ìAŠzu}”VÆ!*g}~X}Z&+c*ÆnªñµtåWiZŠ~Æˆz{Zq-y*yÅßg]~Š*Æu6,Z½}X1tªñµZkÆnlg:ƒeXZkÆˆŒVÆ7gzVäŠzu}AƒññµÃZEwHZzgZ[Z&+c*.e$!~Æ‚BZq-¤!gZzgF,¹c*CoÅßg]~Z½g;ìX¸çn0*ÎyÆ‚B7Wc*X0*Îã7gzV»ªpZ[tåf!

~t 1972 0*ÎyZzgæ¹0*ÎyÔŠzâVÆù·Åßg]~z{Zq-(,Zo¯NX1ªñµZyÆn»ƒŠHXZkÆˆZrVäŠzu}qÝ”{ñµÃZEwHXZzgZ[0*Îy›Š*ÆZq-ZëoÅwZ(g™[ìX¸çnË:Ëßg]~Š*ÆCÙoÆ‚B7Wc*XCÙoäË:Ëßg]~¬ñµÃÅc*ìX1Šzu}ñµÃZEw™ÆZkäŠz!*g{5i0+ÏqÝ™àìX

Ð¬òÆ!*g}~Zq-(Ï 1947 ¸çnò»ìXòÆ7gzVäÆZz[ÆˆtªñµZy 1947 pZ[Š¬åXtÍc*ZyÆnªñµåX1

ÐÅc*ŠHXZ[òÆßÍVÆn9Zzge§itìz{Šzu}ñµÃZEw™,Ôz{Šzu}ñµÃZEw™DƒñòÅ5y™,X

ò~7gòÃZq-WiZŠòÅßg]~Š9eT¸X„CÙt**e:åXÆˆqÑ]~êÁp~ƒðìZkäZ[ZkÃ**e¯Šc*ì 19471

',RyÆu~WiZŠòÆ**xÐÃðxo¶XZ[qÑ]ÆZ±gÐÆ_.z{Z&+c*»Zq-z 370 qeìz{ÜsZq-ìZzgz{tŠ2gyÅŠi

¶Xò~7gZ[J-**eÅ(„`gì¸XZ[Z7›ë»Z‹Zs™D

181

ƒñz{e(„`**e’',z‰ÜZyÆa‡.Þ”wìXòÆ!*g}~Zk|»Z0+Zi{=}.ZÆaÐ±WiZŠ~Æˆ„ƒŠH

~ÖåXt7gZÒyZkù·~ 1968 åX@*ëZk6,÷Zª’k,~Òy¸„z{ìŠzu}£x6,ñŠìX

ò-VÆazZuŠg„tg{tìz{âèÃ>™qw~ZXz{qwÆeu~ZKi0+ÏÅy™,Ô:âèÆu~Z[nìàZzg¦gZC0[ìX

òÆ!*g}~0*ÎyZ¤/Z‹Zs|Å0*ŒZ(g™áÂt0*ÎyÆaÃð5q:ƒÏXZkÐ¬z{@Š÷)‚.æ¹0*Îy(Æ!*g}~Z‹Zs

|Å¸0*ŒZ(g™[ìXZ+qª~0*ÎyÆaZkçn~Ãð±g!*¹7gLX

¬@Zk**]òÆ›âVÃ¡~îg6,F&ÒøF0*zqÝX6,ZrVä¸„ZÌJ-

¨g7HXZ7~ÐZq-tìZ&+c*Æ‚Bï™z{Š*ÆƒÐ(,}›oÅwqÝ™]¼/õGX:Üs0*ÎyZzg@Š÷Ðic*Š{ÉËÌŠzu}›oÐic*Š{Xtò~›âV»Zq-Z(&ÒøF0*zìTÃZ¤/z{Åg~îg6,YyBÂz{

ZzgZˆk »â´ƒ** i0+ÏÅƒÐ(,~ÚÃqÝ™MhÔªZOŠZzg—j,²~Ðåîg6,0*uƒ**X

òÆ›yZL**ŠZy7gzVÅßgÉðÆ³~ZLnªñµÅ`X@*ëZ[ÌŠzuZñµZyÆañŠìXŠzu}ñµÃZEw™Æz{Z[Ìz{ƒ¼qÝ™MhTÃz{eTX

182

-VÅpl¬ìZ#z{„CÙªñµÅ™Šzu}ñµÆŠzg~ŠZ4 òtÅ (global village) ‚g~i}Zq-¬@ÇƒV ŠHW Šiâ:~Z(Zz[ p ƒñÂ

q0_ìX (relative) ßg]Z(g™_ìXZ[(ÏÂxÅp~pŠZq-ZŸ°6qÑ]~ZKyÆneƒŠHìz{i}ÆZq-Í~g{™¬@g*‡ì™nXz{„CÙÓäZMZg6,Ã,:ƒDƒñÌz{‚g}ZZ+qÝ™nŠ*iâ:~Üs(„zÓ#Ö»zŒYD¸X

ñŠ{iâ:~ZkÅVwê7gZzgY0*y‰´Xz{„CÙözŠ'ZBÆâ´ƒDƒñ¬@'ZBÆZZ+qÝ™gìX¸¬@Zk**]ò-VÆaÌ7g~§bAƒñXÆªz{ŠZøqZ:¿Æfg=ZyÃZLh~ZEw™ÃX

ŠzâVÅÛALZ(ƒ@*ìËi}6,ŠzWŠñVc*Šz¤/zƒVÆŠgxy4,ZqƒYCìX

i}»¼zZq-¤/z{Æ0*kƒ@*ìZzg†zŠzu}¤/z{Æ0*kXZ[Zq-ßg]tìŠzâVZq-Šzu}ÆzÃ8¢ÆnW:~±DgÔŒVJ-ŠzâVn{ƒYNXŠzu~ßg]tìŠzâVZk6,gZèƒYNzT¤/z{Æï~ìÔz{ZkÆ0*kgìZzgŠzâV!*b±ZðÃgh™ZLZLzÅyzF,¹~^zsƒYNX4,ZqÆiÆZk§iÃZ%OZ˜b~Ô~ÌƒÔ?Ìò

¹Y@*ìX (win-win solution)

~&ƒV§VZzgòÆÎZw6,Z&+c*Zzg0*ÎyÆn¸4+‡.Þ¿ÃgñÑìXŠzâV”VÆï~§Vzò»Zq-Zq-zìXŠzâVZ¤/ÌyÌyÎß×

ÆZßw6,ZLZLz6,gZèƒYNZzg×}»gZ3gh™qÝ”{Åy6,ZK½7gÃÒÎŠ,ÂDîg6,tŠzâV”VÆn.e$ÆU*"$ƒÇXŠzâVÆŒV

183

F,¹»z{ÑzqƒYñÇDæ]Ðg»ƒZìXt9ì0*ÎyÆ0*kgc*„§Vzò»zìz{£&Ïî EGSÁìX1Š/

C@*ìZkŠ*~gKÅ¶c*Åw¡ZŸ°ìXZÝZÌtìZLqÝ”{gKÃœZzgŠZøq~Æ‚BZEwHYñX

Š*~ZkÅVBÒ]ÐñŠX}ŠÐÔ;8-»8-Ô@*ðzZyÔê7gÔz){gKÆZ±gÐ¹gLÔ1F,¹Zzgp¥àÆZ±gÐz{¹Ð(,}(,}”VÐ4qª~X

ZKyZq-;C‘tìXtŠgZÝ;]ìËZKyÅ,Åú™CìXŠ/C@*ìËZKyÆZ0+gZ¤/t;]aZƒYñÂZkÅ7g~,t

,0YñÏXZkÆ',@Z¤/ËÅ;]µ;]0YñÂZkÅ7g~,µ,~eRYñÏX

ÐZ&+c*Zzg0*ÎyÆŠgxyÒ»:L¯ƒZìXZkD 1947 §Vzò»Xæ]~ŠzâVZq-Šzu}ÃwpÅÃÐŠÙgìXŠzâV»Zˆktg;ìÛ$þGLU*ãäZk»hág3ìXZkŠz§†Zˆk»³tƒZŠzâVÍc*÷÷~Ì;gZÔ?Ì;g}óóÅ;]~ògìXŠzâV7,z±VÆŠgxyz{5wc!*¹:g„ŠzâV„ÅF,¹Æa¢zg~¶X

Z[Z¤/ŠzâVoŠZøq~Ð»xfeƒñ÷÷~Ì;gZÔ?Ì;g}óóÅt;]Ð!*CÙWYNZzgZkÆOñÔŠzâV÷÷~ÌƒÔ?ÌòóóÆµÃgñáÃZ(g™BÂZe7-ŠzâV”VÆŠgxyZKãF,¹Æ6ŠgzZi}ÁYNÐXZk

Æˆz{ÇZ&+c*Zzgz{Ç0*ÎyàCÑzqƒYñÇT»pZ[ŠzâV”VÆ!*EVäŠ¬åX

184

Z[J-ŠzâV7,zÏoZkZˆk~ògìuuÆŠzu~§sÐZ7Zq-ŠÔo»ç{Šg7ìÔZkÆˆŠzâVtCk™ä'ÐuuÆŠzu~§sZy»Zq-Šz„oñŠìXZ[J-ŠzâVoøzòÆZˆk~Ygì

ÔZkÆˆŠzâVoc*ÄÆZˆk~ë'ÐXZ[J-ŠzâVoZLW\Ã)b~yZƒZBÔZkÆˆŠzâVotCk™,Ðz{AƒññZµÆŠgxyX„CÙ'Z°Zzg(Ï„Æ!*zŠŠzâV”VÆŠgxyZq-',F,ZKãZzgy~zu]‡ìƒYñÏXZzgtƒ™ÖƒÇZk!*]»ŠzâVäÌyÌyÎC×Æ§iÃZ(g™1X

iÅ§s

ìz{/g~Ó#ÖZzgY (choice) ñŠ{qª~0*ÎyÆnZN[Ó#ÖÆŠgxy7ìÉÇZN[XŠzqpVÆŠgxyìz{t0*Îy»^

6,W™guŠHìz;VÐz{ZLW\Ãïw™ZCŠz!*g{Ñzq (impasse) TÈ‹™}c*z{ZÏÈ‹~$+2g7,ZgìXŒVJ-z{ñVÆ¬@gze!Ð)ñŠƒYñX

@*ìZ#¸x»F,ªCguY@*ìXZk W ËxÅi0+Ï~‰Zz‡]Z(œz‰Ü¢zg]ƒCìZq-P]qZ:êHYñ@*Šz!*g{x»^5wZ0+Zi~Yg~ƒnXZkn»**iuêZÒZz‡]úZò_.!*]ÆÜsƒ@*ìX¸zzìZkn»P]qZ:êZÒZ,ZÛZŠ™D¯YxZVÅwgnpƒVX/g~

xZVZkn»P]qZ:ê7áYXYVz{úZxÅgZ-VÐ`™Ó#ÖJ-(ìÔZk¯6,ZkÆnZ(ÃðZz!ê¢8**eƒY@*ìúZòZˆ‚]Ð_“:g‚rƒX

185

ŒV~ZkâÎÅŠzVB7™zVÇX›@*gõ~ZkÅZq-Vw&bY(ÅìX&bZ−+»tx»g**)ŒY@*ìZkä° 1193 Z−+Z-!)zÃ]

¸ñVÅ¯Y»gÐ›Š*ÃXc*X1&bZ−+Ãt¤!gq¾:wùBZ#z{ZCtxgzwZŠZ™nX6¥xìÔ&bZ−+Z-!ÆÎyâgZ−+i»Zq-¯YZfåXÎyâgZ−+Åñ]ÆZ¤/pZkÆdWñŠÔp&bZ−+äÓ#Ö6,ï™ÆÎy»£qÝ™1X›ñgðä¬xîg6,&bZ−+ÆZkïÅ»ggzZðÃY,ŒÛZgŠc*ìXYVtïZ¤/p„CÙ)WñåpZL³ÆZ±gÐz{Zq-x(ÏÃZ+{»:L¯XZÏä&bZ−+Z-!ÆnZkZ%Ãe¯c*z{ZsxZzg›âVÆDÆaZCz{x™ŠZgZŠZ™nZkäZkÆZŠZHX

(ÅìXz{ÛZ÷Å¯`~Zq- 1970 Šzu~VwÛZ÷ÆegÖeuw)zÃ]¾wåXZkÆZkäqÑ]ÐÃZ+{ZV™ÛZ÷Æ(ÏZMZg6,ï™1X„CÙtZq-)/g~¿å1ÛZ÷Å]ÆneuwäZq-Z(»xHÃð/g~xZV

7™YåXYVxZVúZxÆzzIVÐÉƒ™Wñz{úZò_.!*]ÃÃZ0+Zi™ÆÃð

P]qZ:ê7áYXZ#‰qÑ]~Ë¸xÅ]Æa¢zg~ƒY@*ìúZò_.!*]ÃÃZ0+Zi™ÆZq-P]qZ:ê1YñX

6¥xìÔZkz‰ÜÛZ÷äZÛiÆF”V}Z4Z],Ôz){6,ï™g3IZ:0*ŒÛZ÷ÆnZâ | HåXt) (provinces) åZzgZyÃÛZ÷Æß"

ic*Š{$U*"$ƒðŠzu~¬@kBÆˆYg~ƒäzZàF,ªCŠzh~z{-g\»Zq-÷÷%ŠFgóó0ŠHXeuwä¸ò_.!*]ÐZµƒ™ZkX6,gHXZkÅ™~Wc*

ZkX»zZuitìZÛiÅÛZú»ßEVÃq-§†îg6,WiZŠ™Šc*YñXt

186

ZŠZxÛZ÷ÆúZxÆ_.!*]ÆuZuÜså1¸z{)=wêìTäÛZ÷Ã].h+F,ªCŠzh~Zq-(,~¤‰ÜÅwŠ}Š~X

0*ÎyÅñŠ{ßg]qwÌ½"5é GES¸ìXòÆÎZw6,Z&+c*ÆÜs0*Îyä0*ÎyÃJvyàc*ìXŠ*ZkÃZq- (undeclared war) ÅšZ´ykB

(investment) )ôpoÆîg6,Š÷[ìX¬@â1CZŠZg}0*Îy~uât»g~Æn»g7X0*ÎãúZxÅ"ìäo~$+Z*Üßg]qwaZ™Š~ìXoÆèIZzg(ZzgpDZŠZg}CRu¤/ñVÆ%œ/0‰X

(brain drain) ZyyZçV»ƒÐic*Š{Z0+zxuZxz{ìTÃ',+eg+¹Y@*ìXZKy¡~îg6,F,¹ÅŠzh~WÐ(,−eLìXZknËoÅF,¹ÆnÜsZÚ»°ìz;VßÍVÃ¿ÆAñZµŠ3ðŠïƒVX}z;VZðƒÔ

ƒXWŠòÃZKœ»7gZ,MƒZÃWñXZ¤/Ëo (infrastructure) 4+ZÐZ7š~tñZµ7g~§bñŠƒVÂZko~CÙWŠòZLW\u¤/xƒYñÇZzgopŠlŠF,¹™äÑÇX1$+¬Ð0*Îy~Z(:ƒeX0*Îy~÷÷¬ßg]ñŠ{

îg6,uòßg]qw!*¹ìXz;Viîg6, Ú Ã$+ßóóÆÃtÆ³~ (statusquo)

ZÛZŠÆnøDj,»xÆñZµ¹²+Að X‰XOç9j,qZzg!*&¢AZÛZŠ0*Îygh™!*CÙ−‰XZ%MÆzVÆŠzgZy~äZ%M~}¹Ð0*ÎEVÐ7YW\ZLoÃgh™ŒVYVW‰X½ãƒ»Zq-„Z[åZ%M~»xÆñZµZ#0*Îy~»xÆñZµ7X

òÆ!*g}~0*ÎyÅ)|IZ:0*Œ0*ÎyÆF,ªCc[ÆµƒðìXtZq-|ì0*ÎyñŠ{iâ:~F,ªC (trap door) nÈŠgzZi{

Šzh~ôŠHìX0*ÎyÃZkô}6Ðï%ÅÜsZq-„ßg]ìXz{t

187

ñŠ{ äÅ0*ŒZ(g™}X ™ (avail) 0*Îy)bÐ”ZäÆOññZµÃZEw(statusquo) Îã7gòÆçn~ßg]ñŠ{ 0* qÑ]~ZkÅißg]tìÃ¼ (LoAC) Ãdqhâ+6,gZèƒYNXŠzu}/V~tò~ïÅÑí

¢zg~Zi+óÆ‚BŠzâV”VÆŠgxyt”{uuŒÛZgŠ}Šc*YñXZkçn0(political statusquo) ~y*yZzg0*ÎyÆŠgxy'Z°Zzg(ÏZ·Ã

Ð',Z', 1968 ŠHìZkÃây™ZkXÃåÆa»™Šc*YñXZKZkgZñÃ~7™g;ƒVX'×h+tZk§b»Zz!êÜsZq-)/g~xZV„™YìXË/g~xZVÆaZ()_.!*Cê¢8e7X

„CÙZ(¥xƒ@*ìœg6,zm,æsÆa¸@*g]»xlgìXZkçn~ßvœgæsÆhZMZg6,ÎZwZVgìZy»Z[‚.¯Yœg·MYZ/ÅVw~ñŠìXZkÐ¬¾w·MYZ/ä¸Hå0*ÎyÆZMZg6,Y

ïHXZzgQZq-»ggzZðÆfg=ZLœgƒä»Z´y™Šc*XZkz‰Ü0*ÎyÆZsxIzVÐá™Z%MÆY!{gzJ-CÙZq-äZkÃJw™1Zzg‡âyè¢zg]

ÆZkÃY,ŒÛZgŠc*Xtn»°ìœg6,zm,æsÃÌZÏ (law of necessity)

™ŠZgì˜VfZCZÚ†Š3ðŠ}z;VWŠò Z Š?Æ‚BJw™1YñXtZq-ŠCÙ6,l0YñZzg˜VfZCZÚ†»çn:ƒz;Vz{Wà?xÅ!*]™äÑX

ÃoÆœgÅ 2001y 20 0*Îy~¾w6,zm,æs»ZMZgeÜZzgQwÐÕ¢8„CÙZq-)WñzZ§ìÔ1÷}4,Šq-z{Zq-!*Ç',z‰ÜzZ§ìXñŠ{ßg]qw~0*ÎyÃP]qZ:ê¢8ìz{œg6,zm,æs6¯YxZV„áYìXZN!*]Æfg=“WzZáË/g~xZVÆnZ()_.!*Cê¢8e7X

188

ZkX»zZu´`tì0*ÎyZK_.!*C0*ŒÃgh™|IZ:0*ŒZ(g™}Xz{òÆÎZw6,y*yÐõM™á@*o~ZðÅcaZƒZzg±fgZùÃy~u¤/ñVÅ§sñhZYnX

ò ³³³³³³ ‚wÐ0*ÎyÅ(„Zq-„ÎZw6,%6g„ìXZzgz{ì 55ÔÃ$+ÜXZ[Wy~îg6,tU*"$ƒ[ì (political statusquo) ~‡ì”{(Ïqª

t0*ŒZq-n{Á0*ŒìXz{u}ÐÃðµ³aZ™äzZà„7Ô:âèZzgqwÆZ±gÐZzg:„wÆZ±gÐX

èÃg{n»Zz!ê¢8Dîg6,Zq-Â»xìXpZ¤/Zq-!*gÈ™Æ0*ÎyZ(êááÂZkÆ7ZCË',WæƒVÐXZ&+c*ÆÜsšZ´ykBÅqª»ƒ™Zð‡ìƒYñÇX0*Îã¸xÅtÎaµÎa~psƒYñÏX!*bˆg]ÆŠgzZi}ÁYNÐX½ZzgpÄZzg(s#ÆyZy~ŠzâV”V

ŠgxyAŠ+ÑzqƒYñÇXßZÅŠz§†WæzgÄÆ³~ŠzâV”VÆ ÆŠgxyßxV»ƒYNÏZzg',ZŠgZ:âjw‡ìƒYñÇXZ&+c*Zzg0*ÎyÅi!*yZzg

(distant ×(,~uJ-Zq-ìXZkÆ!*zŠŠzâVZq-Šzu}ÆnŠzgÆ7,zÏ¶ƒñXZkÆˆtƒÇŠzâVŒÛd$Æ7,zÏ0YNÐ6 neighbours)

z{°ZßZµXZÝtìZ#ÌÃðÛŠc*¸x»x™**eìÂZkz‰Ü!qÑ]Æ³~Zq-

ñŠgSìXZ[ÎWÆŠz§jXZq-t¬ (statusquo) ißg]qwÃ$+ÑYñ@*¿™äÆgZ5aZƒVXŠzu}t (statusquo) ñŠßg]qw

ñŠßg]ÃZLqw6,ghDƒñ†eyZâV~ZC¿Yg~™**XHƒVÔ= (positive statusquoism) t§iTÃ~µZ·ÃZix

189

Æ_.ìXªZ#Wàs»”we:ƒÂ6,l6,gZèƒY**XpŠZsxÅ½Ì(Xª4,Z¦ç5] 128 )ZûY ]Ö³³×³xìn ¸ìXOçŒÛWy~t¬Šc*ŠHì

~ƒÐic*Š{4ZzgÆ0*ŒõMÅ0*ŒìXŠzu}/V~tZ%°ñZµ6,”Zƒ»§igh™r»§iZ(g™**X

Ãâ…ƒñ©]ÃxãCŠ6,Z2Zg™äÅt?m, (statusquo) Z_54øHGÃ

Ãð57XZCÙÑw1zÆiâ:~ŠzâV§sÅÓ‘Ÿîg6,Zk?m,6,gZèƒ_‰X‚·†ZvŠzâVÆÖ@~Zq-ŠgxãWŠòÆîg6,0*ÎyV`¸X11zÅZe7-ñ]ÐZk@*gõ‚iµ/6,¿ŠgWæ:ƒe:

By 1956, Nehru had publicly offered a settlement of Kashmir withPakistan over the ceasefire line (now converted into the LoC). OnMay 23, 1964, Nehru asked Sheikh Abdullah to meet Ayub Khan inRawalpindi in an effort to resolve the Kashmir imbroglio'thePakistani leader agreed to a summit with Nehru, to be held in June1964. This message was urgently telegraphed to Nehru on May 26.But just as Nehru’s consent reached Karachi, the world also learntthat Nehru had died in his sleep. And with that a major opportunityfor a peaceful solution over Kashmir was also lost. (The HindustanTimes, June 18, 2001)

6,gŸqƒ™ (statusquo) 0*ÎyZ¤/Z(™}òÆ!*g}~ßg]ñŠ{ZkÃxÈznÆîg6,Jw™áÂZk~0*Îy»c*zWF,sV~I0»Ãð

vy7Xò»´‘0*ÎyÐ].ZƒäÆÌ$+2gZq-›¸Æîg6,ZK(!*¹gìÇXQZk~WyvyÅH!*]X'×h+tŠ/C@*ì',RyÆ›yZ&+c*Ða}z{W`0*ÎyZzg@Š÷Æ›âVÐic*Š{4qª~XZkÛt

ÅZq-äVwtìy*yÆœ†Z?™r#Zzg0*ÎyÆœ·G™r#q¸ð¸XŠzâVä(,}(,}»xGX1œ·G™r#Ã™Zc~O™Šc*ŠHX

190

Z#œ†Z?™r#ZðÆ‚BZC»x™DgìXŒVJ-Š‹~ZyÅ8zÃ]ƒðX

Šzu~!*]t0*Îy»y*yÐr™**Ãð‚Š{!*]7XtZL¤!g7,zÏÐ4,ZqÃ»™**ìXZzgZL7,zÏÐ4,ZqÃ»™**Íc*ZLZz6,CÙnÅF,¹ÆŠgzZi}ÅÜìXZLwpÐ4,ZqÃ»™**¾§bF,¹»iÜáCìÔZkÅZq-VwñŠ{Y0*yìXŠzu~¬@kBÐ¬Y0*yZzgZ%MZq-Šzu}ÆŠÔ¶ƒñ¸XkBÆˆY0*yäZ%MÐår™àXZkr»³tƒZY0*y¬@u~ZOŠ~c.ç NF0*zg0™Z½Wc*X

0*ÎyZKñŠ{0*ŒÐZsxÅ$+**ò»:L0g;ìXZKñŠ{0*ŒÅ¯6,0*ÎyÃt™**7,ZZkäZ&+c*ÐÐ]ÃZLaòZŠ»fg=¯c*XZkß0*Œ»

³tƒZ0*Îy)øwæ¹0*Îy(ÆßvZsxÆ**x6,Â:ƒn1Z&+c*ÐÐ]Æ**x6,z{åîg6,ÃWDXZkVwÅ¯6,Š*Ãtì»ñµ5ZsxÆZ0+gt¤‰Ü7z{›âVÃ!*ë™nXZÏf‚ÅF,)ãŠ‹ÆZôm,~Z¶g

Y(ÆZq-*y~Zk§bÅˆìZsx0*ÎyÃ 2001 y 18 y*yN*'.øJ

)äZkÃ™Šc*: # :™eÔ1y*yŠ

Islam does not hold Pakistan togetheranymore, but anti-Indianism does.

0*ÎyÅrÒ:0*Œ»³tƒÇZI0*ÎyÆZ0+g*µf‚Ûzr0*ñÇXZkÆˆZI0*ÎyZq-6Šzg~ŠZ4ƒYNÐZ#ZyÆòZŠÅãCŠ

f‚ƒYñXtÃZ+{ (pro-Islam) ZAZ&+c*f‚:ƒÉZyÆòZŠÅãCŠ6,zZsxZÚxì=7ZkÆˆ0*ÎyÆZz6,ZvÅgØÆÓxŠgzZi}ÁYNZzgZkÅgØ»ÃðŠgzZi{QkÆZz6,È:gìX

191

ŠzgÒyÐI5ƒZâZ?xizg9*îGZv ',ZŠgHx6,j+i+.$6,zm,æs™r#

Ñð(ëƒÆnpÙ»!*)ìXZv¬\ 16X15 Z&+c*ÆnW\»Šzg{)ZkZŠZxÃå»x!«ÛâñX

ÃZ#Zv¬\äW\ÃZq-ZkãƒZðqŠXÐXc*Zzg0*Îy 1999 ZÆ', 12Æ(ÏZMZg6,uÛZiHÂ=gZ',^¯-»zZ§c*ŠWc*XZq-ZkãqŠXÐvÆ¯-Åi!*yÐtZÖp†¸:}.Zä?ÃË(,}»xÆnXc*ìXZzgZkÆZkäzZ¢œî GGS',¤ã@*gõ~Zq-(,Z»xZxŠc*X~&ƒV¸@*gõW\Æ‚BŠCÙZðYäzZàìX=Z(Ckƒ@*ìZväW\ÃZKSàæŠÐXc*ì@*W\',Ry~ªxZð»z{¢zg~™ŠZgZŠZ™ÃT»@*gõÃÛœ~ÐZOgìX

Z#tWðW\Ó#ÖyÅŠú]6,Z&+c*»Šzg{™äzZáÂZkŠzg{Æ!*g}~~äF*y‘ŒVÆZgŠzÔy~ZzgZôm,~Z¶gzV~áùƒñX

(The Hitavada) VwÆîg6,‚ƒBZ&+c*ÆMZÑá®)Zôm,~gzi**)>ØzZŠ~ÖXZk~T~gz°ÅwÐ 2001y 30 ~÷ZZq--ZÚz-ZkÆÑg{

~äW\»6,izgŠÃqHåXOçZ¶gäZkZÚz-ÃYíƒñZk»tÄZyŠc*:Military ruler is a blessing for Pakistan

Z¤/W\ZYi]Š,Â~IeƒVÇòÆçn~0*ÎyÃz„0*ŒZ(g(„e»Wgì: ³³³³³³ ™**e’gZôm,~k!~Zk§bÒyÅìPolitics is the art of the possible.

~Zq-ÍpZ{ÅwÐòÆX6,ZkÆW¸i„Ðg™@*g;ƒVXÐ~äZkñçq6,rÑzqHZzgZgŠzZzgy~ZzgZôm,~6,ö~!*g!*gq 1968

g;ƒVXZkX»)Y—ZgZ:Y,{feƒñ÷~¬gZñìòÆ!*g}~

192

XZq-tZkçn~0*Îye~˜ (options) 0*ÎyÆnÜsŠzeZN[Z(g™}XªòÆZØÃ6,Zð„zïÆ{:~eZs (delinking policy) 0*Œ

ƒñ†ÓxZñg~y*yÐ**gï©]‡ì™áXZzgŠzu}t§Vzò~0ŠHìZkÃxuuÆîg6,ây™ZkXÃ (statusquo) 'Z°Z±gÐZ·Ã

åÆn»™Š}XZkÆÎZÃðŠZZN[iîg6,e7XŠ~ßg]Dîg6,Üsn„Åßg]ìÔ:F,¹Zzg»x!Åßg]X

Zkçn»Zq-Zzg.e$ZëUìXW\Y…ñŠ{iâ:~Z£â]`ðYg„ìÔZy~ÐZq-úc*V**xò»ìX (militancy) 6,˜ŠÆ**xÐ$Ó454gö LGHE

Zk$Ó454gö LGHE»ÃZ+{Â¼7ƒZXZ%Zk»Zq-xvytƒZZsxÅZßZq-zZ&Ò3ï JEH

ÅƒXZk$+**òäñŠ{iâ:~ZsxÆWàc*ÑŠ (violent religion) è<ØÃgzuŠc*Zq-DÙZg‚wÐÚ‚g~Š*~`Wg;åX (ideological march) âga

=Z(Ckƒ@*ìZväW\ÆntgzwlgHìW\ZsxÆZk(peace treaty) ŠúCÃŠz!*g{Yg~™,XZ¤/W\Z&+c*Æ‚Bxn»Zq-5R,¨

™BÂZk»ÃZ+{:Üs0*ÎyÃAÇÉZkÆ³~7g~›Š*~Zq-*¡q6,Z‹Yg~ƒYñÇXZkÆˆtƒÇñŠ{{ŠZ:gDyZq-6,ZðŠúCgDy~$+wYñÇXßv**gïc~Zsx»_·™ä'ÐX

Æ(nuclear flashpoint) ñŠ{–+0*ÎyÃZkãîg6,Eä¡Ó4øE

GI0*zîg6,ŠÙXpZ¤/W\P]zÈÐ»xá™ui6Zq-5R,¨™BÂ

0YñÇX (dawah flashpoint) 0*Îy',@îg6,Šú{¡Ó4øE

GI0*zZq- **W\Å=qÆa ™ Z(g Œ Æçn~rÅ0* ò =Z0+Zi{ì

æ]Ö×xìn Åwg‚rìX1ZkZ0+6»Z[ŒÛWy~tŠc*ŠHì: (risk) §‹

193

(Xª*4ìXZk»ÈtìZ%°ç5]~”ZƒÅ0*ŒÃgh 128 )ZûY™rÅ0*ŒZ(gÅYñÂ³ÆZ±gÐz{ic*Š{4U*"$ƒÏX

i0+Ï~CÙ(,~»x!»mg‹Ðƒ@*ìXW\Y…ZÛi~ÛZ÷ÅâW!*Šc*C0*ŒäÛZ÷Ã"u$zg™Šc*åX¾weuwäP]™Æq-§†îg6,Zk0*ŒÃ»™Šc*XZk»³tƒZÛZ÷~¾weuwÅ=q¹ÁƒX1W`SkeuwZixÃZq-»x[{gz0*ŒŒY@*ìXYVZÏ0*ŒÆ³~Šzu~¬@kBÆÛZ÷Ã5¤‰ÜBX

Zzg Islam Rediscovered g;ƒVXZq-ZKÂ[ Ÿ B~Šzq, ‚ ZkâÆX=ZyìW\ZkÃ7,"Æn¼z‰Ü 2001 Šzu}Ôâx)Z°‚!»Ñg{Z~

ïwÃÐXZk_·Ð÷Zæ¬'×h+zZãƒYñÇXZv¬\CÙ§bW\»æŠÇgƒXŠ¬Íz©Z−+ 2001 Ñð 9 5Š‹

$mh45åEIGEzÇz',{]45åGE

ÃZsxW!*ŠÐŠ‹WñXŒV 2001 Ñð 14 0*ÎyÆœg¾w6,zm,æsy*yÆzik,ZWZTÞ·g~zZfÐZyÅ0*õ!*g5‡]ƒðXZk5‡]»{mÑ

ÅgZ]ÃzZ:ƒ™ 2001 Ñð 16 òÆX»iˆl™**åX1!*]’A**»xg„Zzgz{ZsxW!*Š−‰X

ZkZdÒ!*]’AÅ**»ò»:LHåXZ:¬]Æ_.ÔZk»:Ltåy*ãzik,ZWeT¸§Vzò~Z&+c*Zzg0*ÎyÆŠgxy(ÏZzg'Z°

‡ìƒìÔZkÃZqh!*¹gnpƒñŠzu} (statusquo) Z±gÐzZªqªÓxZñg~ŠzâV”VÆŠgxy5w©]bw™aYN@*ŠzâV”VÆŠgxyF,¹»g»ƒZ^Yg~ƒnX10*ÎãœgÃÅ5éEStZÜZgå¬§VzòÅ

194

ÃÂh™ZyÆŠúòÆ_.7g~gc*„6,0*Îy»h (statusquo) ñŠ{qªtHYñXZkÆˆ„z{ŠzâV”VÆŠgxy5w©]Æªx6,gZèƒVÐXy*ãzik,ZW0*ÎãœgÅ!*]:âynX³tƒZŠzâV”VÆŠgxy!*]’A**»xƒ™g{X

TÐZ0+Zi{ ½ zq~ZrVäZ+!*] Ñ Z#y*yWñÂ sæm, ¾w6,zƒ@*åz{r»ZgZŠ{á™y*yWñX}ZrVägZ»ìÈy)5Š‹(

e7XZÏ (military solution) ~½k,™Dƒñ¹åòÆ4,Zq»Ãð¯Yi

Å (acceptance of reality) §bW¤/{Å6,ö»Ð÷~ZrVä|ÆZ‹Zs!*]½XZrVätÌ¹~Af‚Æ‚BZ&+c*Wc*ƒVX1Ãz{|IZ:

rG%0*ÎyzZ:−‰X˜VJ-÷ZZ0+Zi{ìÔZyÃÅ5éES0*ÎãúZxÅ§sÐJ_.!*Cgœ¿»Z0+6

åÔZk¯6,z{r»§iZ(g:™nZzg**»xzZ:−‰XZq-–ÆZÖp~Ô£¨~ZK Æ y~Z&+c* Z Æy – x™ Zú _.!*C ÆyÎ0* Ã¥xå s 6,zm,æ w¾

;gÃ',ŠZ“7™0*DÔz{ò~Z&+c*Æ£¨~ZK(Ï;gÃù',ŠZ“™ÃÐX1tÃð‚Š{çn7X0*ÎyÆœgÃY'e’Zy»‚oÜsZq-X

Z¤/z{òÆçn~Z&+c*Ðr — Ð7ìÉz{àz‰ÜŠzZÆŠgxy»§iZ(g™,Â0*ÎyÆúZxZkÃZK(Ï;g™™¾w6,zm, (compromise)

æsÐ×ƒYNÐXpŠzu~§stJF,XìZ¤/z{òÆÎZw6,r:™,Â0*ÎyÅZOŠ~n„~'×h+ZŸ†ƒÇXZkÆ³~0*Îy~â-Ï“ÏZzg0*ÎãúZxÅÃ~z{)£[xZV0YNÐXZzgQz{ÌZÏ§b(ÏizZw»DgƒVÐT§bZyÆ7gzÇZÏ:LÐ(ÏizZw»DgƒñX

195

Z+qª~0*ÎyÆYœgÆ‚tàz‰ÜŠz',ZÇV~ÐZq-ÆZN[»Xì:ÜsZq-',Zð»XXz{Ëqw~ÌZL(ÏPk,Ã',ZðÆ

XÐX7MhXZ[Z7tê™**ìèÃg{ŠzâV',ZÇV~ÐÃyÏgK',ZðX(greater evil) ìZzgÃyÏ(,~',Zð (lesser evil)

Zkçn~Z¤/=gZñŠbƒÂ~¼VÇòÆ!*g}~y*ãñÃt™¢80*ÎãœgÆagK%æENZðìXYVZ+qª~¼ƒÇz{Üst

Zq-qTÃ0*Îy!*wÅ[ìÔZkÆÅñYä»Z‹Zs™1YñX0*ÎyÃZkÅt×7AÏZkÅyzF,¹ÆÓxŠgzZi}Ze7-ÁYNÐZ[J-Íc*ZkÆZz6,È7,}ƒñ¸X

ZkÆ',@Z¤/0*ÎyÅÓ#ÖòÆ!*g}~y*ãñÃt:™}Zzgy*yÐZKšZ´y±ZðYg~gÇÂZk»n{ÁvytƒÇTqÐ0*Îyøzxƒ[ìÔZkÐZkÅøzòÂ$+2g‡ìgìÏX'×h+tvyƒÇ0*ÎyÅZOŠ~n„~Zzgic*Š{ZŸ†ƒÇÔ¬„**‡.Þ',ŠZ“uÃV_ìX

plÍZgW¸iÔ**plÍZgZx0*Îy»Zsî¤/z\ZzgZ&+c*»-$45Òiï EHH¤/z\ŠzâVÆo}„CÙZq-

Šzu}ÐZµX1iîg6,ŠzâV»R½ã7VìXŠzâV»Šúòìz{ZLZL”VÆzZu]Šy{X1tÌZq-|ìZyŠzâV¤/zƒVäZLZL

”VÃAvyàc*ìZÚvyáh+ËZzg¤/z{ä7àc*XZkßg]qw»œu:LtìŠzâVZ¤/pZLZLZ±gÐzíÆ

XZzg (extremists) ípZ{X1ZÏÆ‚BŠzâV„7Vîg6,Z•IZ•I~Æ‚BZq-yÃÌ»x!Æ‚B7`c*YYXQ7g}oÃ¾§b

196

Z•I~Æfg=»x!Æ‚B`c*YYìX‚wÐ0*Îy~ 55 Z[0*ÎyÆZs¤/z\ÃkXtßvÔ½ã

u¤/xXZLF_]]ÃëZä~Ì„CÙz{»x[ƒñX1ZyÅt»x!zWF,sV~ZyÆoÆnµ³»:L:0mX

Æò 0*ÎyÅ(„ÐZkÅ¹ÏVB7ÅY$ËXŒVëÜsH XÃBÐXZkçn~0*ÎyÆZs¤/z\äZLºm'×Z`Æt

ZrVäZKò~’q-Ãò’q-:CDƒñZkÃ˜Š»ÄZyŠ}Šc*X¸ò’q-~åêÁqi›ëƒDXZk¯6,ò’q-~åE

ZzgZi+¡4ÅRögS7õ XX1˜ŠZq-èIo{Å!*]ìXZ#ËçnÃ˜Š»çnŒÛZgŠ}Šc*YñÂZkÐzZhßÍV~EZzgZi+ó»'×Z`»ƒY@*ìXYV˜ŠÆ!*g}~Zy»o{tC@*ìZ¤/?ZkgZ{~¼qÝ:™jA$ÌZk~YyŠb„vg~»x!ìXYè˜ŠÆgZ3~%™?¦ñ¼A~VYƒÐX

zZu]CD0*Îy»°¡òÆçn~Z&+c*Æ‚BZi+óÅ0*ŒZ(g™ä6,f6îg6,gZèìX1z;V»Zs¤/z\Zkçn~ZyÆÜs

»™ŠZgZŠZ™g;ìXZkä6,l½k,,™ÆZkçnÃZÚic*Š{ (rearguard) ×H_.!*C¯Šc*ìZ[0*ÎyÆ¹ÐßvtKÑëuEJ-qc*:q1ZkgZ{~±™ë¼AJ-¢zgVMhXZk§b0*Îy»Zs¤/z\

(Å0*ŒZ(g™ä~Zq-xg»z^0ŠHìÔZ# adjustment) Zi+ó@*gõ»Š/C@*ìZi+óÅ0*Œ„ËxÆn»x!»zZufg=ìX

Z[Z&+c*ÃkXZ&+c*»-$45Òiï EHH¡ÌZLqÑ]ÆZ±gÐz„t™ŠZgZŠZ™g;ì0*Îy»Zs¡ZLqÑ]ÆÒpÐZŠZ™g;ìXèI-$45Îæ EHExÐ

197

»'×Z`aZ™@*ìXZk (self righteousness) ZK¡]Å¯6,ZLW\Ã',hK'×Z`»'×h+³tƒ@*ìWŠòÆZ0+gZ•I~ZzgË6Å;]aZƒYCìXZ,ßÍV»qwtƒ@*ìz{ZLW\ÃY…1z{ŠzuzVÃ7Y…Xz{ZLW\ÃCÙqw~Šg„ZzgŠzuzVÃCÙqw~**Šg„BXz{ÜsZLW\Ãg¬e$»

BÔŠzuzVÅg¬e$™**ZyÅz„ZÜt~áï7ƒ@*XWiZŠ~Æˆy*yÅ@*gõ~Zk-$45Òiï EHH™ŠZgÅVBÒ]Ð0*ðYC

XŒVëòÆmÐZkçnÅZq-@*i{VwÜ™,ÐXÓ#ÖyÅŠú]6,0*ÎyÆœg¾w6,zm,æsäZ&+c*»Šzg{HXz{

ÅgZ]ÃzZ:‰XZkŠzgZyŠ‹Zzg 2001 Ñð 16 ÅðÃŒVWñZzg 2001 Ñð 14W¤/{~ZyÅ5‡'Z&+c*Æ7gzVÐƒNXZ’ZY~„CÙ5‡]»t6,z¤/Zx¹ZyZ‚ÛZåX1ÃZ+ÒaZƒðÃðœuZ´yYg~G%taK»Ð÷»ƒXŠzg{**»xƒ™g{ŠHX

Zk**»ò»:LHåX÷}4,Šq-Zk»:Løg}ŒVÆ¼-$45Òiï EHH

7gzV»"EgztìXz{ZLèÃg{f‚Å¯6,5wZ0+Zi~0*ÎãœgÐçn:™nZzgaK»Ð÷**»xƒ™g{X

~fZCîg6,Ô½ãe:‚wÐtgZñg‚rƒVòÆX»zZueitìñŠ{kBÈ~Ñíc*ÑíWsZ&¼BðGFwNzwÃZ&+c*Zzg0*ÎyÆŠgxy

xuuÆîg6,ây1YñXpªCÙì0*ÎyÆatZq-.e$š/zZ˜.$ìXZkaZk?m,ÃzZ§¯äÆa…uŠgzÕZzgŠZøq~Ð»x¢8

XZLwpÃ"³]™ÆW\ZÐÛA 7 ƒÇXZkÆ%Zkçn~»x!e7MhÔZ%g¬e$Zzg›»çn™ÆDîg6,W\ZkÃÛAMhX

198

(5åXtâ 2001 Ñð 9 ~äœg6,zm,æsÆÐ¬Z7Zq-â)Z,Zág} F ik,Ãù·~áïìXœg6,zm,æsZ#y*yWñÂZrVä

ÐZ0+Zi{ƒ@*åz{¢ÈZzgr6,»gXZrVä¹~Af‚ X ŠñÆ‚BŒVWc*ƒVXŠ‹~ZLW!*ðkyÅSàic*g]™ÆZrV (open mind)

ZKaZöÆZ±gÐZq-y*ãƒVÔZka¡~îg6,÷}Šw ~ ät@*W,Šc*ñŠìXgZ»ìÈy5Š‹Å0*gK (soft corner) ~y*yÆaZq-3,xÍ

~ZrVä½k,™Dƒñ¹òÅ4,Zq»Ãð¯YiñŠ7:There is no military solution to the Kashmir dispute.

Å!*]½X (acceptance of reality) ¤/{Å6,ö»Ð÷~Z‹Zs| W ZrVäWÐ(,−ƒÇÔz){X (step by step) ZrVä¹…iÜ/iÜ

0*ÎãœgÆZknÆZág}zZãîg6,tCgì¸z{rÒ:Z0+ZiZ(g™äÆa»gXz{òÆ4,Z¦XÃ»™ä»ZgZŠ{á™WñX1øg~7g

ÃS (gestures) ’ZLèÃg{-$45Òiï EHH'×Z`Å¯6,0*ÎãœgÆZyZágzV:™mXZq-@*gõ‘W‘Wg{X (cash)

VwÆîg6,øg}-$45Òiï EHH7gzVÃY'ecå¾w6,zm,æsÌç@{™,ÔZkÆˆZ7ZLo0*ÎyzZ:Y**ìXZkaCÙ!*]Z,¦:Z0+ZiÐ½Yñ6,zm,æsZ#zZ:ƒ™ZsxW!*ŠqÂz;VZy»ZLw»á

}zVÐ:HYñX1øg}7gzVÆ"EgztZzg)ŠZøqZ:x»³tƒZrÅWgZ{6,WäÆˆZe7-ZkZxÐŠzegƒðTÃZq-y*ãô°

ÆÂÐHåXplÍZgW¸i»t**plÍZgZx (dramatic turn) äegZâðñhYVƒZÔZkÅ»°,zc*~W_ìXŒVZkÃŠCÙZäÅ¢zg]7X

4,Z¦Zñg»Y~ŠZøq~Æ‚BÛ&U*ãÅåg¬e$»¤ƒ@*ìX199

fZCZÚ†Æçn~CÙWŠòÃ¥xìXÆiÆaZyŠzâVUƒV»ÒpZ•ð¢zg~ìX1Z#çnòZÚ†»ƒÂßvZk|ÃZk§bÈwYD

‰z{ZkÃY…„:ƒVX™ä»»x

ÔŠzÎ‚wÆZ±gÐòÅ@*gõÃŠ¬YñÂz{&(,}ŠzgzVÐ¦/gDƒñŠ3ðŠ}ÏX¬Šzg~òÆßvßAVÐOW,ƒñXò~ßAV»W**ò-VÆnZkZ±gÐÆU*"$ƒZZyÆfg=Ðò-VÃZsx»j5Xò-VÅ¹(,~ZÒe$ZsxÆŠZ],{~ŠZ4ƒX

ß5Yäò-VÃèIZ±gÐZsxÂŠc*1z{ò-VÃzWF,!š-öEW~i0+Ï»Ãðu:Š}nXZk»³tƒZò-VÆnZsxic*Š{F,×Æë!š-öEW0™g{ŠHXzWF,sV~Z¹z{ÅgZzgz{6,z¤/Zx75ò-VÅ7g~i0+ÏÃZq-Yì¶K:Š}nX¸zzìëtŠÙòÆ9ßÍVÅi0+Ï),gÍVÅGzVc*ŠgÇƒVÆZgŠ¤/ŠäìXºmnÆZzgZŠzzªÃz{ZãZÈxÆ‚þþB7,_

‰z„‚gZZsxƒXZkŠgÇ„Zsxc*×wZsx»tvyƒZò-V~z{ÅgF,¹:™ezWF,p~ZyÆZ0+g9ZzgßÅ×aZ™}XZÏ"Åg~»t³ƒZz{!*g!*gZ+t(„~C_ƒDgìT»ÃðÇmZsxÐ:åX‚ŠE~Z±gÐÌZk»ÃðÃZ+{ò-VÃYzZÑ:åX

Zsx»Zq-ÃZ+{tìz{WŠòÃZq-gzqã%œ/Š}Ôz{WŠòÃ}.ZÅ„Š]Æ§jCñÔz{WŠòÃZq-g!*ã×«™}X˜VJ-÷ZZ0+Zi{ìÔò~ßvZkUÐÂZsxÐWÙƒñ1Zq-ZzgUÐz{(,~uJ-ZsxÆZZ+Ð"¾{gìX

tŠzuZUz{ìTÃ$™-.çG

GLf‚¹YYìXò-VÅ½zF,šMZkÕ6,:ƒm

200

ZyÆZ0+g9ZsòÅgaZ™}XZ7ÎWÆz{§jCñTÅgzÝ~z{i0+ÏÆZ‡V~ZsxÆ_.êáÃXtIáh+Šg„ƒÇò-VÃèIZ±gÐÂZsx51Åg~Zz[ÆZ±gÐz{(,~uJ-ZsxÐZCz:0*nX

~ßv‚.ez¤/{gZ`Æ ò ZkŸ»ªzZ§z{ìZ#¼7gzVÆÈ{6,ÜsÃuƒñXZsò!ÃÐŠ¬YñÂtZq-_.!*Cu)WgZð¶XOçëŠÙ„CÙ»x[ƒäÆ!*zŠò-VÆwÅy~Zk’q-»Ãðz

7Xez¤/{gZ`ÆÜst’q-ic*Š{F,¼7gzVÆ(Ïj,»ZÖg¶Ô:ÇsV~ZsòÅg»³X

Æˆò-VÆŠgxy’rV»*ŠzgÑzqƒZXZkŠzg~òÆúZxŠz 1947(,~’rVÐOW,ƒñXZq-z{°ixÆ**x6,Z_ZzgŠzu~z{ZsxÆ**x6,Z_XtŠzâV„’¹Šz!*g{¼7gzVÆ(Ï³ZìÅaZzZg‰Ôz{ÇsV~ZsòÅgÆaZ7ƒNX

ÆWiZŠòc*0*ÎãòÆ**x6,ZK’¹`NX 1947 °7gzVäZy’rV»tÃZ+{ÂƒZ¼7gzVÃà]ZzgâŠ~ÃZ+}qÝƒñ1ò~úZxÆ

nz{Zq-Z,¶K:Å§sŠzhäÆë!š-öEW¶TÅÃð2w7XT»W¸iÂì1Zk»ÃðZ!x7X

ŠzuZ¡z{ìTäZsòòZzgÂx½Æ**x6,ZK’q-`ðXtßv„CÙZsx»**xfe1ZyÆ0*kplVZzg_.!*LMÆÎZÃðZzguât:åXz{ZLgzâã_.!*]ÆúŠzhgìZzgŠzuzVÃŠzhZgìZzgz{B¸z{ZsxÅ

2wÅ§sYgìX1|t¶ZyÅ’q-ZsxÆaÂŠg)gÔpŠŠ*ÆZ±gÐÌÃðzZªÃZ+{ò-VÃŠ¶zZà:¶XtŠ*›ëÅŠ*ìXŒV_.!*C

201

(„Æfg=Ãðµ³',Wæ™**e7XÆŸŠÅgZ{6,^ 1989 Zy’rV»"³ƒä„»tZxìò~’q-

7,~XWy~Šzg~ŸŠÅn{Á’q-ò-VÆŠgxyZ½~z{ŠgZÝò-VÅâ-‚:;]»³¶X¬z{ZL**ŠZy7gzVÅcz~~"³gZƒVÅ§sŠzh}ZzgZ#¡]Æ‡âyÆZyÅ’rV»Ãð³‚t7Wc*Ââ-ÏZzgß?Ø»

Dgƒ™ZrVä!hÑ

÷O

].z4Ñzq™Š~Xò-VÆn9§itìz{ZL7g}âè»ZiaçLâZ0+Zi{

,Xz{âèÅ!V»Z‹Zs™ÆZLwÅy»*µ/ ™ (reassessment)

`XZ[ZyÆ Å (first chance) ¯NXtZq-|ìò~ßvªñµÃÅg~îg6,−Zzg (second chance) neßg]Üstìz{Šzu}ñµ

ŠwÅ7g~WâŠÏÆ‚BZkÃZLh~ZEw™,Xò-VÆnZKi0+ÏÅy»*6,z¤/Zx&ï]6,ŒƒYìXz{&

½ÔZOŠc*]ÔŠú]X — ï]tò-VÃe’z{(„ZzgÏgÐåîg6,"mƒYNXz{ZK7g~

±Ã½ÆgZ36,ÎŠ,X§VzòÆ7g}´‘~(,}e:6,ZjwZzgægÐ‚wJ-z{t™,ZL”VÃCÙŠzu~u¤/òÐU™Üs 25 ÅáYNXÁZiÁ

½ÆgZ36,ÎŠ,XŠzuZyZyZOŠc*]»ìX§VzòÅgc*„~g]ZzgÅÆ)©à

ñZµñŠXò~›âVäZÌJ-ZyñZµÐ¹ÁÃZ+{ZVc*ìXZ[Z7e’z{6f‚Æ7g~§b;ƒ™g]ZzgÅÅ§sázƒYNX

ŠZyZyŠú]»ìXŠú]Ð÷~%ZŠZsx»x)ÇVJ-à**ìX

202

ZkZ±gÐò-VÆnŠz¹(,}yZyAƒñXZq-z{)›ßv§Vzò~sƒñZzgz;VÆgc*4!*°{XŠzu}z{)›ßv(bÆîg6,

ò~WDXò~Z¤/Zð‡ìƒYñÂz;V(s#»¹(,ZyZyÁYñÇXt(s#

Æ0*k ŠZ¦ pŠ æú Zq-Z±gÐZ&+7~ìZzgŠzu}Z±gÐZk»ÈtìWŠHXt(‚ZkyZÚ(,ZìZ¤/òÆßvZkÃŠg„îg6,ZEw™,Âz„ZyÅŠ*ZzgWy]ŠzâVÅ»x!Æn»°ƒYñX

ò¼AnòÃôzV‚wÐ¼An¹Y@*åXª¼A»%:XZq-ÃgÏá²ä

Z#òÃŠ¬ÂZkäòÆ!*g}~tÄ¹Z¤/¼Ai}6,ìÂz{¸òì:Z¤/ÛŠzk',gzñi}Z„6)4è XGEZ„z6)4è XGEZ„z6)4è XGEZ„

ÔiââV~Z#òÃ¼An¹Y@*åÔZkz‰Üò~÷÷ò~úZxóóÅÓ#Ö:¶X¬ŒV¦V»gZ`åXZkÆˆŒVZôm,Ó#Ö™äÑXZkÆˆŒVez¤/{gZzÅÓ#Ö‡ìƒðXZk7g~æ]~òZq-¼An¸¯g;X‚g~Š*ÆßvZkÃŠÚÆnWDgìX',Ry~@*ûZ¤/qgCŒ»Zd%:åÂ

òŠgCŒ»Zd%:XZk@*gõÐtU*"$ƒ@*ìòÃò¯äÆaZkÅ¢zg]7z;V

**x.Šîg6,÷÷ò~úZxóóÅÓ#ÖƒX(ÏZMZgŠgZÝZq-n»(ÏŠg›uìXt(ÏŠg›upZ{TÆz~WñÔò$+2gògìÇXò~…zZáßÍVÅZKy~u¤/ñVÆÎZòÅF,¹ÆaËZzgqÅ¢zg]7X

y~CÙZkq»f™ìZKyÆaíÅwgBbìX1ŒÛWy~WiZŠ~ WŒÛ

203

c*we$»f™7MXZk»:LtìWiZŠ~¡Zq-6,Ûd$ÂìÔZkÅÃðÇse$7XZk»zZãio]tìñŠ{iâ:~½ã‚J›oMVäi',Š„ŒÛ!*ãÆWiZŠ~ÃqÝ™1X1tÓxÆÓxon)WiZŠ¶ƒñXZkÅŒÛR

”V~tƒZWiZŠ~Å{gY±Zð › yZzgZjjîyZzg@Š÷Ôz){XZy Î VB0*Xc*Âz{ZK**x.ŠWiZŠ~ ì -VÆnÌ¸Zxlg ò ð0X Z±b gÅ!* Z Wy~ZM

g]Z(g ß tì{gY±ZðŠZ½±ZðÅ$F, s T»Wy~ZxÜ O ÅkBYg~g™áXc*z{ZKñŠ{(Ï±ZðÃ»™ÆZK‚g~Ã@VÃyzF,¹Æ»x~ÎŠ,X

ÆWy~~Zq-ßÆaÎ,gC~åXtZq-ZÚD 2001 Ñð»Ð÷ÅŠú]6,ƒZXz{ßvëÃÎ,gCÆZ£â]6,á‰ZzgZk§bëÃÎ,g

‚!ò~{ÂyÌ‰XZrVä 80 CÆ9{ÃŠÚ»ñµ5Xøg~š~Zq-Z#Î,gCÆŒÃŠ¬Âz{"Z(ggzä'XZyÅi!*yÐøgZòÌZ(„pzg]å1W`z{n{ƒ[ìX

òÃ¾än{HXòÅn„Åf)ŠZgÃðÓ#Ö7XZkÅf)ŠZg~ÓxF,Zy**ŠZy7gzV6,ìMVäZK6,l’k,z½k,Ðò~âZâVÃ¿»c*ZzgZ7n{Á

§ðÆgZ36,eZwŠc*Xt7gZ¤/ò~âZâVÃ½ZzgyÆgZ36,eZsÂW`òáh+Î,gCÐÌ4ƒ@*X1**ZI7gzVÅ**ZIgÉðäòÃZÚ(,Zvyàc*ì

TÅˆ°Æaáh+Zq-œ~Åæ]Ì**»°ƒX¢zg]ìZ[òÆúZxzpZm§ðÆgZ3Ãåîg6,ZzgåÆa

ghŠ,Xz{6,ZðyÆ§iÃZ(g™BXZ¤/òÆßvÇêÆ‚BZky~— gZ3ÃZ(g™BÂz„z{z‰ÜƒÇZ#òÅzZŠ-V~CÙ§stWzZi‹ðŠ}

YvZVòX

204

amne-aalam-part-2

Documents

z gqwazymzzxg

z jqjq

x hxqyqz

gl interaction z

piw q g

zq nmv zp

hyxz q

zkb zcvgz c